AIM： To determine the and clinical features of prevalence, histologic types primary epithelial tumours of the vermiform appendix in a predominantly black population.METHODS： All cases of primary tumours of the appen...AIM： To determine the and clinical features of prevalence, histologic types primary epithelial tumours of the vermiform appendix in a predominantly black population.METHODS： All cases of primary tumours of the appendix identified by review of the histopathology records at the University of the West Indies between January 1987 and June 2007 were selected. Relevant pathologic and clinical data were extracted with supplementation from patient charts where available. Non-epithelial tumours were excluded. The total number of appendectomy specimens over the period was also ascertained.RESULTS： Forty-two primary epithelial tumours were identified out of 6 824 appendectomies yielding a prevalence rate of approximately 0.62%. Welldifferentiated neuroendocrine cell tumours （carcinoids, 47.6%） and benign non-endocrine cell tumours （adenomas, 45.2%） were most common with nearly equal frequency. The median age was 43 years, with no sex predilection. Carcinoid tumours occurred in younger patients （mean age 32 years）, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2：1. A clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was the most common reason for appendectomy （57.1%） and was histologically confirmed in 75% （18 of 24） of cases. In total, 16.7% of cases were diagnosed after incidental appendectomy.CONCLUSION： Appendiceal epithelial tumours are rare in our experience, and are represented principally by carcinoid turnours and adenornas. Carcinoid tumours occurred in younger patients but were slightly more common in men than women. Tumours were not suspected clinically and were diagnosed incidentally in specimens submitted for acute appendicitis supporting the need for histological evaluation in all resection specimens.展开更多
The paper examines the development of ＂Negro poetry＂ from the Negritude movement through the analysis of Sartre as featured in Black Orpheus （1976）. Following the analysis of Sartre, the author looks at the Black/...The paper examines the development of ＂Negro poetry＂ from the Negritude movement through the analysis of Sartre as featured in Black Orpheus （1976）. Following the analysis of Sartre, the author looks at the Black/White binary and its cultural and political context, which is based on the dominance of Europeans over Blacks. Then the author examines how Blacks have attempted to subvert this binary through alternative political stands, such as the practice of anti-racism, and innovative cultural art and literary forms, such as the Negritude movement. Like Sartre, the author focuses on ＂Negro poetry＂ and examines its limits and the challenges it put forth against the White supremacist elements in White dominant culture. The author concludes that while ＂Negro poetry＂ reflects a step forward in the anti-racist development of Black political and cultural identities, it is a limiting method of approach that does not subvert enough White dominant culture. This position enables the author to argue that, for example, the essentialist, racist, and gender--and sex--biases within the representations and images of the ＂feminine＂ and Black women are not sufficiently critically re-represented in ＂Negro poetry＂ of the Negritude movement. The method of this approach is （1） to look at Sartre＇s writing in Black Orpheus, （2） to include the secondary literature of this text within my analysis, （3） to examine sections of ＂Negro poetry＂ as featured in Black Orpheus, and （4） to critically access the racial, sex, and gender dimensions of ＂Negro poetry＂ as they relate to the achievements of the men or artists of the Negritude movement.展开更多
文摘AIM： To determine the and clinical features of prevalence, histologic types primary epithelial tumours of the vermiform appendix in a predominantly black population.METHODS： All cases of primary tumours of the appendix identified by review of the histopathology records at the University of the West Indies between January 1987 and June 2007 were selected. Relevant pathologic and clinical data were extracted with supplementation from patient charts where available. Non-epithelial tumours were excluded. The total number of appendectomy specimens over the period was also ascertained.RESULTS： Forty-two primary epithelial tumours were identified out of 6 824 appendectomies yielding a prevalence rate of approximately 0.62%. Welldifferentiated neuroendocrine cell tumours （carcinoids, 47.6%） and benign non-endocrine cell tumours （adenomas, 45.2%） were most common with nearly equal frequency. The median age was 43 years, with no sex predilection. Carcinoid tumours occurred in younger patients （mean age 32 years）, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2：1. A clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was the most common reason for appendectomy （57.1%） and was histologically confirmed in 75% （18 of 24） of cases. In total, 16.7% of cases were diagnosed after incidental appendectomy.CONCLUSION： Appendiceal epithelial tumours are rare in our experience, and are represented principally by carcinoid turnours and adenornas. Carcinoid tumours occurred in younger patients but were slightly more common in men than women. Tumours were not suspected clinically and were diagnosed incidentally in specimens submitted for acute appendicitis supporting the need for histological evaluation in all resection specimens.
文摘The paper examines the development of ＂Negro poetry＂ from the Negritude movement through the analysis of Sartre as featured in Black Orpheus （1976）. Following the analysis of Sartre, the author looks at the Black/White binary and its cultural and political context, which is based on the dominance of Europeans over Blacks. Then the author examines how Blacks have attempted to subvert this binary through alternative political stands, such as the practice of anti-racism, and innovative cultural art and literary forms, such as the Negritude movement. Like Sartre, the author focuses on ＂Negro poetry＂ and examines its limits and the challenges it put forth against the White supremacist elements in White dominant culture. The author concludes that while ＂Negro poetry＂ reflects a step forward in the anti-racist development of Black political and cultural identities, it is a limiting method of approach that does not subvert enough White dominant culture. This position enables the author to argue that, for example, the essentialist, racist, and gender--and sex--biases within the representations and images of the ＂feminine＂ and Black women are not sufficiently critically re-represented in ＂Negro poetry＂ of the Negritude movement. The method of this approach is （1） to look at Sartre＇s writing in Black Orpheus, （2） to include the secondary literature of this text within my analysis, （3） to examine sections of ＂Negro poetry＂ as featured in Black Orpheus, and （4） to critically access the racial, sex, and gender dimensions of ＂Negro poetry＂ as they relate to the achievements of the men or artists of the Negritude movement.
