从家庭、市民社会到国家——黑格尔教育的实现途径

黑格尔把教育看作是培养人的艺术。人具有可塑性,教育使人成为人。人性恶优于人性善的人性观是教育的逻辑起点,教育的本质在伦理中。人要想达到自在自为的普遍必然性,必须通过家庭、市民社会和国家的教化实现:在家庭中要培养人的爱,灌输伦理原则和服从原则,反对儿童教育游戏说,重视母爱教育;市民社会具有理论教育、实践教育的职责,教育机关和同业公会是主要的培养方式,目的是为了培养人的权利和义务观,使人的权利和义务达到统一;国家具有监督的权利和教育民众的职责,在国家中培养人的爱国情感,注重宗教对民众的教育方式,强调公共舆论的教育作用,培养公民良好的行为习惯。

论黑格尔“伦理地塑造人”的教育观

黑格尔将教育学视为使人们合乎伦理的一种艺术,并由此形成了独具特色的“伦理地塑造人”的教育观。首先,“伦理地塑造人”的教育是除去“自然的质朴性”的教育。黑格尔认为,教育在本质上是伦理性教育,作为人类自我完善的中介,教育超越个体自然本质,促使人从简单的自然欲望向着具有自由精神和普遍伦理精神的存在者发展为目标。其次,“伦理地塑造人”的教育是实现自我解放的教育。黑格尔认为,教育是获得自我解放和自由的基础性环节,通过教育,人能够从消极无我或者恣意妄为的状态中解放出来。教育即是对人进行道德教化,以培养合格公民为旨归,而一个合格公民即是获得自我解放和拥有自由的个体。最后,“伦理地塑造人”的教育是立足于伦理共同体的教育。黑格尔认为,个体的道德实践只能从家庭、民族和国家等诸种共同体的现实伦理精神出发,教育只有立足于并依托于伦理共同体,才能培育健康的人性和优良的品性,才能展开其促进人的公共性普遍伦理精神成长的实践图景。

Taking Nature Seriously： Hegel on Nature and the Education of the Mind

The incredible extent of current environmental destruction justifies the modern concern to resist the alienated view of nature as a resource to exploit a totality of dead and meaningless objects, a totally disenchanted world. In this spirit, modern philosophy tries to take nature seriously by recapturing a sense of nature＇s intrinsic value. Hegel respects nature to the extent that it bears the trace of the human mind, to the extent that it is forced ＂to speak the voice of reason.＂ Although there are grounds for being critical of the Hegelian project, especially because Hegel remains silent on the issue of our duties towards nature for the sake of nature and his argumentation serves the primordial desires of human reasoning and not the rights of nature itself, it is suggested that no matter how much inauthentic and incomplete is the recognition that the human mind acquires in its dialectical confrontations with nature. Hegelian phenomenology grants the human mind with a remarkable degree of self-certainty, necessary for all its subsequent educational enterprises.