Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Different Callus Structures in Heiya No.14

[ Objective] The aim was to observe the ultrastructure of different callus structures in Heiya No. 14 by transmission electron microscopy. [Methods] Sample preparation and observation were both carried out by conventional transmission electron microscopy. [ Results] It was showed by transmission electron microscopy that the initial callus cells had a large central vacuole, which squeezed its cytoplasm to be a thin layer around the brim of cell, Meanwhile the nuclear was also squeezed to distribute in the corner of cell, but its nucleolus could be still observed; Compared embryogenic callus with initial callus, its cell wall became thick, and many starch grains and chloroplasts including starch grains could be observed in the cytoplasm area of cell membrane; In non-embryoenic callus, no organelles except for the vacuole could be observed; In browning callus, there was almost no organelles in cells. [ Conclusion] There are significant differences in different types of flax callus at the cell ultrastructure level, which can be as an index for reflecting the differentiation ability of callus cell.

Grain-filling Characteristics of Two Differentpanicle Type Rice Cultivars in Heilongjiang Province

The grain-filling processes at different grain positions of curved-panicle type Longjing 29 and semi-erect-panicle type Longjing 31, two major rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars in Heilongjiang Province, were simulated by Richards growth eq-uation, so as to determine the reason of great differences in head rice rate of different rice cul- tivar among different years and to improve the processing quality of different rice cul- tivar through cultivation regulation measures. The results showed that the yield of Longjing 29 was slightly higher than that of Longjing 31, but the head rice rate of Longjing 29 was significantly lower than that of Longjing 31. More grains on sec- ondary rachis branch resulted in lower plumpness, lower seed-setting rate and lower milled rice rate of Longjing 29. The grain-filling rates at the six grain positions of Longjing 31 reached the peaks simultaneously, so the synchronous grain filling char- acteristic of Longjing 31 was more obvious. The grain-filling rate on the primary rachis branch of Longjing 31 was higher, and it reached the peak in the middle peri- od. Although the grain-filling rate on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 31 was lower, it early reached the peak. In addition, the middle and late filling period of Longjing 31 was longer, resulting in plump and compact grains on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 31. After the grain-filling rate on the primary rachis branch was decreased, the grain-filling rate on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 29 started to be increased greatly, characterized by asynchronous grain filling. In the early grain filling stage, the grains on the upper, middle and basal secondary rachis branch were all significantly suppressed by those on the primary rachis branch of Longjing 29. The initial growth potential and maximum filling rate of grains on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 29 were all lower. The grain-filling rate on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 29 late reached the peak. Even worse, the mid- dle and late filling period of Longjing 29 was shorter. Therefore, the grains of Longjing 29 had poor plumpness. Synchronous grain filling led to small difference in grain quality within the same panicle, and this was also the reason for stable head rice rate of Longjing 31 among different years. In contrast, asynchronous grain filling led to great difference in grain quality within the same panicle of Longjing 29. In addi- tion, low temperature often occurred during the fast filling of grains on the secondary rachis branch of Longjing 29. Thus, the head rice rate of Longjing 29 was decreased.

Variation Characteristics of Water Budget Condition of Heilongjiang Province in Recent 50 Years

Based on the 1961-2010 weather data from 65 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, using the statistic software and GIS, the change characteristics of water budget, including the precipitation, reference evapotranspiration and water budget in the whole year and the temperature-defined growing season, were analyzed. The results indicated that the both the precipitation during the whole year and that of during the temperature-defined growing season from 1961 to 2010 all decreased, while the annual reference evapotranspiration decreased, but the reference evapotranspiration during the temperature-defined growing season presented an increasing trend. The water resources were generally characterized by water deficit, especially in the beginning of 21 st .

Taxomomic review of Cleridae(Coleoptera) in Heilongjiang Province with one new record species from China

Seven species of family Cleridae are reported from Heilongjiang Province in the present paper, including one species, Orthrius striatulus （Motschlsky）, which is firstly recorded from China. Distributional data and adult photos for all the species and brief diagnosis for new record species are also provided.

Changes of Soil Labile Organic Carbon in Different Land Uses in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province

In the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,the natural wetland is undergoing a rapid conversion into agricultural land,which has resulted in drastic ecological changes in the region. To investigate the effects of different land uses on soil labile organic carbon,soils of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland,Carex lasiocarpa wetland,dry farmland,paddy field,forest land and abandoned cultivated land were collected for measuring the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC),dissolved organic carbon (DOC),readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) and carbohydrate carbon (CHC). The results show that soil organic carbon contents follow the order: Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland>forest land>paddy field>dry farmland. The contents of MBC and DOC in Calamagrostis angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa wetlands are significantly higher than those in other land use types. The contents of CHC and ROC are the highest in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland and the lowest in dry farmland. The contents of all the labile organic carbon increase along with the years of abandonment of cultivated land. The ratios of MBC,DOC and ROC to SOC also follow the order: Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland>forest land>paddy field>dry farmland,while the ratio of CHC to SOC is paddy field>forest field>Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Carex lasiocarpa wetland>dry farmland. When natural wetlands were cultivated,the activity of soil organic carbon tends to reduce in some extent due to the disappearance of heterotrophic environment and the reduction of vegetation residue. Thus,the abandonment of cultivated land is an effective way for restoring soil organic carbon.

Remote Sensing Monitoring of Gullies on a Regional Scale: A Case Study of Kebai Region in Heilongjiang Province, China

Gully erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation in most areas and attracts increasing attention from researchers. We monitored gullies in the Kebai region in Heilongjiang Province of China by using remote sensing data and found that gully density increased with the increase in slope when the slope was less than 3°. Gully density in sunny slopes or windward slopes was greater than in shady slopes or leeward slopes because of the impacts of freezing and thawing, wind and solar radiation. Specifically, the gully density in northeast slope was the greatest and in southwest was the smallest. Gully density was reduced with increasing slope length and the longer the slope length, the less the gully density changed between 1965 and 2005. Affected by runoff, gullies most easily to occur in concave slopes and the critical elevation for gully erosion was 250–275 m. Moreover, hilly regions had the greatest gully density, followed by tableland regions, whereas the gully density in flatlands was the lowest. However, the gully density of these three types of landforms all increased between 1945 and 2000, and the portion of increase was 57.45%(hill), 52.91%(mesa) and 25.32%(plain), respectively.

Estimation of the carbon storage of forest vegetation and carbon emission from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,China

The forest resource of Heilongjiang province has important position in china. On the basis of the six times of national forest inventory data （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） surveyed by the Forestry Ministry of P. R. China from 1973 to 2003, the carbon storage of forests in Heilongjiang Province are estimated by using the method of linear relationship of each tree species between biomass and volume. The results show that the carbon storage of Heilongjiang forests in the six periods （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） are 7.164×10^8 t, 4.871×10^8 t, 5.094×10^8 t, 5.292×10^8 t, 5.594×10^8 t and 5.410×10^8 t, respectively., which showed a trend of decreasing in early time and then increasing. It indicated that Heilongjiang forests play an important role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during past 30 years. Based on the data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 and ground biomass estimation for some forest types in Heilongjiang Province, it is estimated that the amount of mean annual consumed biomass of forests is 391758.65t-522344.95t, accounting for 6.4%-8.4% of total national consummation from forest fires, and the amount of carbon emission is 176 291.39t-235 055.23t, about 8% of total national emission from forest fires. The emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and NMHC from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province are estimated at 581761.6-775682.25 t, 34892.275-46523.04 t, 14091.11-18788.15 t and 6500-9000 t, respectively, every year.

Late Cretaceous biota and the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg)Boundary in Jiayin of Heilongjiang,China

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.

Sustainable development of coal cities in Heilongjiang province based on AHP method

The sustainable development of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province has important effect on the economic stability and development of Heilongjiang, Northeast China, and China at large. To further the sustainable development evaluation system of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province, based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method combined with operational and scientific principles using Saaty＇s 1-9 scale method to construct the judgment matrix from five aspects, such as economic development and environmental quality, this paper establishes the comprehensive evaluation index sys- tem of sustainable development of coal mining cities in Heilongjiang province, including comprehensive index of industrial economic benefits and the contribution rate of science and technology. In addition, using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, a comprehensive evaluation is made on the indices of the four major coal mining cities of Heilongjiang. The result shows that the coal mining cities are not bet- ter than Datong of Shanxi province in many indices. The economic development and environment quality are the most important indices of the targeted layer influencing the sustainable development of coal min- ing cities of HeilonKiiang, and their index weights are 0.4358 and 0.2844, respectively. These two indices including comprehensive index of industrial economic benefit and the ratio of environmental protection investment to GDP are the key elements influencing the two aspects.

Effects of Snow Cover on Ground Thermal Regime： A Case Study in Heilongjiang Province of China

The important effects of snow cover to ground thermal decades. In the most of previous research, the effects were usually regime has received much attention of scholars during the past few evaluated through the numerical models and many important results are found. However, less examples and insufficient data based on field measurements are available to show natural cases. In the present work, a typical case study in Mohe and Beijicun meteorological stations, which both are located in the most northern tip of China, is given to show the effects of snow cover on the ground thermal regime. The spatial （the ground profile） and time series analysis in the extremely snowy winter of 2012-2013 in Heilongjiang Province are also performed by contrast with those in the winter of 2011-2012 based on the measured data collected by 63 meteorological stations, Our results illustrate the positive （warmer） effect of snow cover on the ground temperature （GT） on the daily basis, the highest difference between GT and daily mean air temperature （DGAT） is as high as 32.35℃. Moreover, by the lag time analysis method it is found that the response time of GT from 0 cm to 20 cm ground depth to the alternate change of snow depth has 10 days lag, while at 40 cm depth the response of DGAT is not significant. This result is different from the previous research by modeling, in which the resnonse denth of ground to the alteration of snow depth is far more than 40 cm.

Reconstruction of October Mean Temperature since 1796 in Wuying Based on Tree Ring Data

The monthly mean temperature for October in the Fenglin National Natural Reserve of Wuying, in Heilongjiang province, was reconstructed for the period running from 1796 to 2004 using RES tree ring chronology. The explained variance of the reconstruction is 34.8%. In the past 209 years, there are 4 colder and 4 warmer periods according to the reconstructed series. A period of 3.33-year is found significant based on the power spectrum method. Abrupt changes are also detected in the reconstructed series with 30-year time scale based on the smoothing t-test, smoothing F-test and Le Page test methods. Significant abrupt changes in mean value are observed for around 1871 and 1900, and a significant abrupt change in standard deviation is observed for around 1851.

The Natural Forest Protection Program in China： A Contingent Valuation Study in Heilongjiang Province

In 1998, the Chinese Government implemented the NFPP （Natural Forest Protection Program）, which included logging restrictions, protected areas, replanting, and a range of other policies aimed at safeguarding the state of the country＇s forests and reducing the risk of erosion and flooding. A second phase of this program is currently being discussed. In this paper, contingent valuation is used to estimate the WTP （willingness to pay） for maintaining the program among the inhabitants in Heilongjiang Province in northern China. The results show that, even with fairly conservative assumptions, the aggregated WTP for maintaining the program for another five years is some 3.24 billion yuan per year. This can be compared with the current cost of the Program in the province, which is some 1.57 billion yuan per year.

Geochemistry and metallogenic age of Sishanlinchang gold-silver deposit in Jidong of Heilongjiang

the Sishanlinchang gold-silver deposit is mainly composed of gold-quartz vein type ores. It has many kinds of sulfides and gold in high grade. The Au has a close correlation with As, Pb, Ag and Cu. Geochemi- cally, the deposit is characterized by relatively enrichment in LREE with moderate or lower Eu negative anoma- ly. Sulfur isotopes appear as single and deep source, and lead isotopes indicate the Pb is from the earth＇s mantle and crust, which mainly are orogenic belt Pb, the ore-forming fluid has a temperature of 215~C -350~C and a low salinity with a mixture of characteristics of magmaitc hydrothermal and meteoric water. The ore-forming age is 111. 1 - 111.4 Ma. The deposit is formed in mineralization and precipitation of metallogenie materials caused by the mixture of the magmatic hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water.

Genetic Parameters for Yields and Reproductive Traits of Chinese Holstein Cows in Heilongjiang Province

[Objective] This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield and age at first freshening of Chinese Holsteins first lactation cows in Heilongjiang under frigid-temperature and temperature zone. [Method] Records of yield and reproduction from 8 868 Chinese Holstein first lacta- tion cows from 21 herds were utilized to evaluate genetic parameters for Hei- Iongjiangs＇ Chinese Holsteins. Restricted maximum likelihood （REML） method was used with an animal model. [Result] The heritabilities were 0.16 to 0.34 for yields and fat percentage, 0.38 for reproduction （age at the first freshening）, which were similar to estimates for temperate areas from similar methods, except for constituent percentage. Also, the estimates of genetic correlation were high between milk yield and fat yield （0.97）, but were low between milk yield and fat percentage （-0.24）, age at the first freshening （-0.29） and generally antagonistic. [Conclusion] Thus, es- timates of genetic parameters in this frigid and frigid-temperate environment did not differ appreciably from those that occur in temperate dairy areas.

Lipovtsy flora of Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin,Primorye region,Russia

The Lipovtsy flora originates mostly from the synonymous Formation exposed at the coal quarries in the Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin in Heilongjiang Province( China) and Primorye Region( Russia). The thorough study of this flora has revealed its high diversity and abundance. One of the most prominent groups in the Lipovtsy flora is the ferns. Next in diversity are conifers( Miroviaceae,Taxodiaceae,Podozamitaceae,Taxaceae,Cephalotaxaceae). It was revealed the remarkable quantity of bennettitalean remains( 24 taxa). The main peculiarity of this flora is the appearance of first angiosperms( pollen,dispersed cuticle,leaves). The fine preservation of the cuticles from the coals allows us to research the taxonomical composition of peat-forming plants and clear main components of the swamp plant communities. These plants supplied the material for the accumulation of resinite coals on the territory of Razdolnaya River Basin were conifers Miroviaceae,taxodialeans,bennettites,as well as gleicheniaceous and cyatheaceous ferns.

Risk Assessment and Zoning of Agricultural Drought Disaster in Heilongjiang Province

In this study,we first zoned the drought degree in the years from 1971 to 2000 in Heilongjiang Province by using precipitation anomaly equation as an indicator,and analyzed the temporal distribution characteristics and laws of arid disaster in different periods.Using the method of human being habitat risk assessment,we further studied and zoned the drought disaster risk index(DDRI)of maize cultivated in 74 stations in Heilongjiang Province via GIS software.The results showed that(1)the occurrence frequency of moderate and heavy drought in Heilongjiang Province was 1970s>1990s>1980s,and(2)the high risk area of drought disaster for maize production mainly assembled in Qiqihar and Daqing regions in west Heilongjiang Province,where agricultural drought should be highly concerned,while low risk and slight risk areas mainly distribute in middle areas and east plain areas in Heilongjiang Province.Our study provided basis for the defense of agricultural drought disaster.

The Development of Soybean Byproducts in Heilongjiang, China

The Heilongjiang Soybean Research Institute not only focuses on improving yield and quality of soybean, but also exploring the development of various high quality soybean byproducts. Currently, the institute uses advanced extraction technology, the institute also produces new soybean chips and vitamin E from soybean pulp, soybean peptides, phosphatides and oligosaccharides. 120 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 5 chicken in each replicate. The authors studied influence on performance and body quality of broiler chicken by using soybean phosphatides to take the place of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% corn of basal daily grain. Conclusion indicated that rates of broiler chicken weight gain were 2.1%, 4.4% and 8.7%, feed utilization rates raised 3.5%, 5.2% and 8.1%, costs reduced 2.3%, 3.5% and 5.8%, chest muscle rates improved 14.7%, 0.9% and -0.49%, belly fat rates improved 11.06%, 20.28% and 44.75% by using soybean phosphatides to take place of corn in daily grain after 42 days. More recently, the study is also involved in the research on improving the meat quality of chicken by adding extracted soybean peptide and phosphatides into feed. Furthermore, nearly 98% post-consumer waste oil with high acid value can be converted into biodiesel by using an effective supercritical methanol method.

Early Cretaceous flora from coal-bearing strata of Markovsky Peninsula in South Primorye,Russia

The Early Cretaceous flora from the coal-bearing strata （Ussuri and Lipovtsy formations ） in the Markovsky peninsula of South Primorye, Far East Russia, is reported in some detail in this paper. The flora containing over 80 species of about 50 genera can be divided into two assemblages. The paleofloristie characteristics and the comparisons of this flora with its coeval floras from the adjacent region of the eastern Heilongjiang of Northeast China, indicate the flora and its coal-bearing strata of the Markovsky peninsula can be compared to those of the Chengzihe and Muling formations of the Jixi area of Heilongjiang, representing probably the late Barremian and Aptian age, respectively.

Metallogenic origin of Sipingshan hot spring gold deposit in Hulin of Heilongjiang and its metallogenic mode

Sipingshan gold deposit is gold-bearing sillcalite in type. There only exist a few kinds of sulfide in the ore and it is lower in content. The gold degree is lower. Au is closely related to the Ag, Cu, Pb, As and Hg elements. The upper sillealite has Eu and Ce negative anomaly, and the lower sillealite has Eu positive anomaly, however, the hot spring cemented breccia and rhyolite porphyry have Eu negative anomaly; the S isotope component has deep-seated magmatic sulfur and terrestrial sulfate characteristic; and the Ph isotope has the character of the mixture origin of crust and mantle that is mainly dominated by Pb in the orogenic beh. The oreforming tluid temperature is 180℃-244℃ , characterized by magmatie hydrothermal and meteoric water; and the ore-forming age is 87 Ma. The deposit was formed by the metallogenic fluid in the tectonic fault zone overtlowing near the earth＇ s surface and leading to the metallogenic funetion and the metallogenic substar,ee deposition.

基于中俄蒙经济走廊建设的黑龙江省协同发展模型应用研究

摘要:以