规整填料内鼓泡流动下液相流场的测量

采用三维激光多普勒测速仪对Mellapak350Y填料内部鼓泡流动时的液相流场进行了测量,考察了气体流动及填料内部结构对液相时均速度场的影响.实验结果表明,规整填料对气泡具有切割和分散作用;受相间作用力影响,距离气泡越近,液体的速度越大,并且随着气相流量的增大,其对液相流场的影响也逐渐扩大;规整填料特有的内部结构对流速分布也有一定的影响.

超声对气液鼓泡流中气泡发生频率的作用

在内径160 mm,高300 mm 的玻璃槽中,采用0～200 W 可调功聚能型超声波发生器研究了超声波功率、聚能头与进气管距离、聚能头放置方式、聚能头投入深度、进气流量和反射室直径等因素对气液鼓泡流中气泡发生频率的影响。实验结果表明,聚能头竖直放置时,随着功率的增加,单位时间内气泡数目先减少而后急剧增加;聚能头水平放置时,单位时间内气泡数目随着功率增加而增加;聚能头距分布管越远,超声波对气泡的破碎作用越小,气体流量越大,单位时间内气泡数目越多,反射室直径在一定范围内越小,单位时间内气泡数目越多。

气氡观测中的恒流鼓泡式脱气-集气装置研制与应用

利用20 cm不锈钢高压锅作为集气室,在锅的两边上、下分别打一个进出水孔,用15 mm不锈钢管道件连接,把进水口制作成高于锅内液面,出水口与锅内液面为同一水平面,形成一高一低,一小一大两个相对稳定的动态水平液面,在进水管中引入气泵输出气体,使集气室内进水同时进行自动连续鼓泡,把水中气体脱出,在输气管中接入玻璃转子流量计控制气体流量,进行恒流鼓泡。并应用于小流量冷水井气氡观测,效果显著。

C_2液相加氢用固定床鼓泡反应器的适宜操作区

本文以氢气为气相介质、甲苯为液相介质。研究了:气液通过φ39固定床鼓泡反应器时。反应器内流体的流动状态,确定了适宜的操作区,以便应用于碳二液相催化选择性加氢脱炔工艺研究。

气液固三相并流系统流型的混沌识别

运用确定性混沌分析技术,研究了气液固三相并流系统散式鼓泡流、聚式鼓泡流、柱塞流、泡沫流及环状流压力波动信号的混沌动力学行为。结果表明,吸引子可以用来表征气液固三相并流系统的动力学行为, 混沌特征参数相关维D2和K熵可以用来定量识别以上五种流型。以混沌定量识别为基础,给出了三相并流系统的流型图。

气－液两相湍流流动的双流体模型与模拟

按双流体模型的基本思想，分别将鼓泡流中的气液两相视作连续介质，用Ｅｕｌｅｒｉａｎ坐标系中多流体模型统一描述两相各自的运动，提出包括气相（气泡）湍动动能及其耗散率的ｋ＿１－ε＿１－ｋｂ－ε＿ｂ两相湍流模型。以鼓泡塔内两相湍流流动为例进行的数值模拟结果表明：预报结果与实测数据符合良好，在预示湍流输运性质上较之已有模型有明显改进。为鼓泡流研究提供了一种新的途径。

Numerical simulation on the fluidized bed gasification and CaO dechlorination of refuse derived fuel

A three-dimensional numerical model verified by previous experimental data is developed to simulate the fluidized bed gasification of refuse derived fuel （RDF）. The CaO dechlorination model obtained by the thermal gravity analysis （TGA） is coupled to investigate the process of CaO dechlorination. An Eulerian-Eulerian method is adopted to simulate the gas-solid flow and self-developed chemical reaction modules are used to simulate chemical reactions. Flow patterns, gasification results and dechlorination efficiency are obtained by numerical simulation. Meanwhile, simulations are performed to evaluate the effects of Ca/Cl molar ratio and temperature on dechlorination efficiency. The simulation results show that the presence of bubbles in the gasifier lowers the CaO dechlorination efficiency. Increasing the Ca/Cl molar ratio can enhance the dechlorination efficiency. However, with the temperature increasing, the dechlorination efficiency increases initially and then decreases. The optimal Ca/Cl molar ratio is in the range of 3. 0 to 3. 5 and the optimal temperature is 923K.

Fluidization characteristics of magnetic particles and determination of stable fluidization zone in magnetically fluidized bed

To determine and calculate the stable fluidization zone in a magnetically fluidized bed, the fluidization characteristics of magnetic particles are investigated. Four kinds of magnetic particles with different average diameters, ranging from 231 to 512 μm, are fluidized in the presence of magnetic fields with specified values of the intensity in the range of zero to 7330 A/m, and the particle fluidization curves are plotted. For marking the stable fluidization zone in the curves, the minimum bubbling velocities of particles are measured by the pressure-drop fluctuation. Based on the fluidization curves, the influences of the average particle diameter and magnetic field intensity on the zone are analyzed and discussed. A correlation to determine the stable fluidization zone is derived from the experimental data, using three dimensionless numbers, i. e., the ratio of magnetic potential to gravity potential, the Reynolds number and the Archimedes number. Compared with available data reported, it is shown that the correlation is more simplified to predict relative parameters for the bed operating in the state of stable fluidization under reasonable conditions.

小球藻生长及关键营养元素代谢规律的研究

[目的]探索小球藻生长过程中关键营养元素代谢的基本规律,优化小球藻大规模培养工艺。[方法]以新型、高效的平板气升环流式光生物反应器为模式反应器培养小球藻,定时检测均匀鼓泡流下小球藻的生长状况和培养液中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁等关键营养元素的浓度。[结果]小球藻在264 h内的干重浓度接近线性增加趋势;铁元素在48 h后几乎消耗殆尽;氮和磷元素在168 h后降至较低水平;镁和钙元素在96 h降至较低水平后不再明显下降;钾元素虽然是小球藻生长的重要组成元素,但其浓度始终处于波动状态,变化并不显著。[结论]小球藻的元素代谢主要发生在168 h前,各种元素的代谢速率有显著差异;生长后期虽然大多数营养元素比较缺乏,但在持续光照和通入足够二氧化碳的条件下小球藻仍然可以继续生长一段时间。

Applicability of Markov chain-based stochastic model for bubbling fluidized beds

A Markov chain-based stochastic model （MCM） is developed to simulate the movement of particles in a 2D bubbling fluidized bed （BFB）. The state spaces are determined by the discretized physical cells of the bed, and the transition probability matrix is directly calculated by the results of a discrete element method （DEM） simulation. The Markov property of the BFB is discussed by the comparison results calculated from both static and dynamic transition probability matrices. The static matrix is calculated based on the Markov chain while the dynamic matrix is calculated based on the memory property of the particle movement. Results show that the difference in the trends of particle movement between the static and dynamic matrix calculation is very small. Besides, the particle mixing curves of the MCM and DEM have the same trend and similar numerical values, and the details show the time averaged characteristic of the MCM and also expose its shortcoming in describing the instantaneous particle dynamics in the BFB.

竖直和水平圆管换热器在内热源液池内的两相换热特性

针对溶液堆整体模拟试验模型的结构尺寸和运行工况,建立了内热源液池内自然对流和鼓泡驱动同时作用下竖直和水平圆管换热器的两相流动和换热模型,进行了相应的数值模拟计算。数值计算得到不同加热强度和鼓泡流量下的对流换热性能,与相应试验结果进行了比较分析。利用相似理论和量纲分析,推导了内热源液池内两相流动换热的无因次准则关系式,根据数值计算结果总结出换热Nu数的经验关系式。最后,分析比较了竖直和水平圆管换热器的两相对流换热特性,为溶液堆内换热器设计和布置提供理论参考。

Comparison of a Full Second-Order Moment Model and an Algebraic Stress Two-Phase Turbulence Model for Simulating Bubble-Liquid Flows in a Bubble Column

A full second-order moment (FSM) model and an algebraic stress (ASM) two-phase turbulence modelare proposed and applied to predict turbulent bubble-liquid flows in a 2D rectangular bubble column. Predictiongives the bubble and liquid velocities, bubble volume fraction, bubble and liquid Reynolds stresses and bubble-liquidvelocity correlation. For predicted two-phase velocities and bubble volume fraction there is only slight differencebetween these two models, and the simulation results using both two models are in good agreement with the particleimage velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Although the predicted two-phase Reynolds stresses using the FSM are insomewhat better agreement with the PIV measurements than those predicted using the ASM, the Reynolds stressespredicted using both two models are in general agreement with the experiments. Therefore, it is suggested to usethe ASM two-phase turbulence model in engineering application for saving the computation time.

Large-eddy Simulation of Bubble-Liquid Confined Jets

The Large-eddy simulation (LES) with two-way coupling is used to study bubble-liquid two-phase confined multiple jets discharged into a 2D channel.The LES results reveal the large-eddy vortex structures of both liquid flow and bubble motion,the shear-generated and bubble-induced liquid turbulence,and indicate much stronger bubble fluctuation than that of the liquid,the enhancement of liquid turbulence by bubbles.Both shear and bubble-liquid interaction are important for the liquid turbulence generation in the case studied.

Influence of impeller diameter on overall gas dispersion properties in a sparged multi-impeller stirred tank

The impeller configuration with a six parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoil propellers, identified as PDT + 2CBY, was used in this study. The effect of the impeller diameter D, ranging from0.30 T to 0.40T(T as the tank diameter), on gas dispersion in a stirred tank of 0.48 m diameter was investigated by experimental and CFD simulation methods. Power consumption and total gas holdup were measured for the same impeller configuration PDT + 2CBY with four different D/T. Results show that with D/T increases from 0.30 to 0.40, the relative power demand(RPD) in a gas–liquid system decreases slightly. At low superficial gas velocity VSof 0.0078 m·s-1, the gas holdup increases evidently with the increase of D/T. However, at high superficial gas velocity, the system with D/T = 0.33 gets a good balance between the gas recirculation and liquid shearing rate, which resulted in the highest gas holdup among four different D/T. CFD simulation based on the two-fluid model along with the Population Balance Model(PBM) was used to investigate the effect of impeller diameter on the gas dispersion. The power consumption and total gas holdup predicted by CFD simulation were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

Effects of bubbly flow on bending moment acting on the shaft of a gas sparged vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine

The bending moment acting on the overhung shaft of a gas-sparged vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine,as one of the results of fluid and structure interactions in stirred vessels,was measured using a moment sensor equipped with digital telemetry.An analysis of the shaft bending moment amplitude shows that the amplitude distribution of the bending moment,which indicates the elasticity nature of shaft material against bending deformation,follows the Weibull distribution.The trends of amplitude mean,standard deviation and peak deviation characteristics manifest an "S" shape versus gas flow.The "S" trend of the relative mean bending moment over gas flow rate,depending on the flow regime in gas-liquid stirred vessels,resulted from the competition among the nonuniformity of bubbly flow around the impeller,the formation of gas cavities behind the blades,and the gas direct impact on the impeller when gas is introduced.A further analysis of the bending moment power spectral density shows that the rather low frequency and speed frequency are evident.The low-frequency contribution to bending moment fluctuation peaks in the complete dispersion regime.

Wall-Liquid Mass Transfer for Taylor Bubbles Rising Through Liquid in a Vertical Tube

Wall-liquid mass transfer for Taylor bubbles rising through liquid column in vertical tubes is an important and fundamental topic in industrial processes.In this work,the characteristics of wall-liquid mass transfer for this special case of slug flow were studied experimentally by limiting diffusion current technique (LDCT). Based on the experimental results and the analysis of hydrodynamic mechanisms,it was proposed that four different zones exist,i.e.the laminar falling film zone,the turbulent falling film zone,the wake region and the remaining liquid slug zone.The corresponding correlations for all these zones were developed.

Wavelet Transform of Velocity-Time Data for the Analysis of Turbulent Structures in a Trayed Bubble Column

Hydrodynamic and turbulent structures in the trayed bubble column with 1.2 m inner diameter have been characterized from liquid-phase velocity-time series data obtained by the hot-film anemometer. Wavelet transform analysis was used for denoising the measured data and also for evaluating quantifiers of turbulence, viz., local intermittency measure, intermittency index and flatness factor. These quantifiers help in detecting the passage of bubbles and reveal the hidden structures and patterns in data. Also, the wavelet scalewise analysis of the turbulence at various locations in the column and under different operating conditions could be used to build a direct relationship between the local gas holdup and flatness factor. The methodology is therefore suitable for online evaluation of the trayed bubble column performance and shows promise for developing strategies for improving process performance.

An Experimental Investigation of Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass Blended from Wood, Miscanthus, Straw and other Industrial Bioresidues

In order to identify potential wood substitutes for the production of energy by gasification, binary blends （wood/miscanthus, miscanthus/straw and wood/straw） and ternary blends （wood, miscanthus and organic residue） were systematic tested in a laboratory bubbling fluidized bed gasification system. The results of experiments were compared with results of wood gasification. Of the binary blends, wood and miscanthus exhibited great potential as a wood substitute in fluidized bed gasification in terms of process stability and product gas quality. Adding 10 wt. % of organic residues to form ternary blends further improved the product gas quality. Gasification of fuels blended with straw tended to agglomerate in the fluidized bed because of straw＇s low ash melting temperature. This can be counteracted by adding Ca（OH）2 to fuels. Nonetheless, fuels blended with straw with higher percentages of Ca（OH）2 need further study to establish the optimal additive ratio.

Bubble Column Reactor Fluid-dynamic Evaluation at Pilot-plant for Residue and Extra-heavy Crude Oil Upgrading Technology

Bubble column reactors are multiphase contacting devices used in a wide variety of industrial application. Inrtevep S. A. is working on developing technologies to convert heavy and extra-heavy crude oil using this type of reactors. Volumetric gas hold up, flow pattern, average gas bubble size, average interfacial area, RTD （residence time distribution）, dispersion coefficient, Peclet number are important design parameters for a proper scale up of them. Several cold model experiments have been proposed to determine the previously mentioned parameters at atmospheric conditions, using a plexiglas bubble column reactor at pilot plant scale unit （12 cm diameter）. It was also evaluated our own design of internal trays （plates） in the reactor. Air-tap water and air-light oil systems have been used. A wide operating condition range was applied, superficial gas velocity between 0.5-10 cm/s, liquid flowrate between 15-65 I/h. Generally speaking, working without internal trays was found that gas hold up increase along the reactor and it was possible to identify heterogeneous bubble, transition and turbulent flow pattern areas for the air-light oil system. Average gas bubble size increase along the reactor at bubble regime from 2-5 mm but at turbulent regime, stay oscillating between 1-3 mm. Average interfacial area increases exponentially with superficial gas velocity at any reactor height, till 1,412 m2/m3 for the air-light oil system but, at bubble flow regime, the average interfacial area is lower than 100 m2/m3, which negatively impact the reactor performance. Internal trays in the reactor always increase gas hold up at any condition or system used. Residence time distributions curves, Peclet numbers and dispersion coefficients founded, show that this reactor with this kind of design internal trays still tends to be a complete mixing reactor under the operating conditions used.

Investigation of drying characteristics of low rank coal of bubbling fluidization through experiment using lab scale

Lignite is a low rank coal which is evenly distributed throughout the world and accounts for 45% of the total coal reserves. As it has a higher moisture content, its moisture content must be reduced in order to utilize it in power plant. In the present work, experiments on lignite has been done using a lab scale fluidized-bed reactor. Drying lignite through fluidized-bed reactor has a higher drying rate because there is good contact between particles and gas in the fluidized-bed reactor. Fluidized-bed drying can use air of 1.5 times of the minimum fluidizing velocity performance at bubbling fluidized-bed. Experiments have been performed on coal particle sizes of 0.3-1 mm, 1-1.18 mm and 1.18-2.8 mm, with operating temperatures being 100℃, 125℃ and 150℃, respectively. It is found that fluidization has a higher drying rate due to the heat transfer rate through air velocity. Hence, moisture content in lignite can be dried to a desired value with a time interval of 10 rain. The experiment through fluidized-bed reactor is expected to be useful for saving money and time.