草丛神探鼠

两个盗贼胆大包天，接二连三犯案，挑战鼠探长的神威。劝走了心存疑虑的慢慢牛，鼠探长胸有成竹地展开了他的抓捕计划——

草丛神探鼠

神探鼠断定偷小蜜蜂大眼妹妹花粉的是一只戴着墨镜的小田鼠。窃贼还没归案，又来了新案情——

草丛神探鼠

请来了小蛐蛐儿做帮手，神探鼠信心满满地开始了他的抓捕计划。一张网悄悄地张开了——果然，暗夜里，小蛐蛐儿背后出现了两个鬼鬼祟（sui）祟的黑影——

草丛神探鼠

小田鼠既然有“神探鼠”的美名，办案自然应该非同一般。刺猬先生丢了南瓜花，探长出马，是否能很快地锁定罪犯呢？拭目以待——

草丛神探鼠

作恶多端的两个坏蛋——小蚂蚱和小蝈蛔儿最终受到了法律的制裁。受到表扬的花大姐立志要成为一名小神探。

草丛神探鼠

第十一集 小蚂蚱又逃跑了 第二天早晨，神探鼠睡得正香，花大姐也趴在神探鼠的枕边，打着呼噜。

草丛神探鼠

气急败坏的小蝈蝈儿交代了同案犯小蚂蚱的行踪。神探鼠判连续作案多次的小蚂蚱死刑、决定派野鸡阿姨去执行。

草丛神探鼠

第十集 抓住罪犯 小嘟嘟听到神探鼠的声音后，急忙往前一跳，那两个黑影愣了一下，也急忙往前一跳。

草丛神探鼠

一波刚平，一波又起——神探鼠刚锁定了偷南瓜花的罪犯，小蜜蜂又来报案——花粉被偷。

土家织锦“老鼠嫁女”图纹的意义解读

土家织锦"老鼠嫁女"图纹蕴寓了丰富的文化内涵,它不仅反映了土家人对鼠神的崇拜,寄寓着土家人多子多孙、生生不息的生命意识,也折射出土家人避鼠除害,希望人寿年丰的功利追求。同时,对于聪明灵巧的土家族姑娘而言,编织"老鼠嫁女"的图纹还是一种追求爱情婚姻幸福美满的理想寄托。

《大唐西域记》中关于于阗的三则故事小考

玄奘法师在《大唐西域记》中用大量的篇幅对于阗的情况做了论述,其中有三则耐人寻味的故事,将对鼠壤坟传说、蚕种传入故事、龙鼓传说进行探讨,并挖掘这三则故事的文化内涵。三则故事对于阗产生了重大影响,它们同时出现在丹丹乌里克佛教遗迹中不是偶然的。在中西、中印文化交流中,受到多元文化的影响,形成了独具魅力的于阗文化。

Effect of Weak Noise on the Frequency Tuning of Mouse Inferior Collicular Neurons

In order to study the effect of weak noise on the sound signal extraction of mouse (Mus musculus Km) inferior collicular (IC) neurons from environments,we examined the changes in frequency tuning curves (FTCs) of 32 neurons induced by a weak noise relative to 5 dB below minimum threshold of tone (reMT-5 dB) under free field stimulation conditions.The results were as follows:① There were three types of variations in FTCs,sharpened (34.4%),broadened (18.8%),and unaffected (46.9%),nevertheless,only the alteration of sharpened FTCs was statistically different.② Sharpness of frequency tuning induced by a reMT-5 dB noise was very strong.Q 10 and Q 30 of FTCs were increased by (34.42±17.04)% (P=0.026,n=11) and (46.34±22.88)% (P=0.009,n=7).③ The changes of inverse-slopes (ISs,kHz/dB) between high (IS high) and low (IS low) limbs of FTCs were dissymmetry.The IS high of FTCs decreased markedly (P=0.046,n=7),however,there was little change (P=0.947,n=7) in IS low.Our data revealed for the first time that the weak noise could sharpen frequency tuning and increase the sensitivity on the high frequency of sound signal in IC neurons of mouse.

Neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the enteric neurons in the small intestine of diabetic rats. METHODS: Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), diabetic group (D) and diabetic-treated (DT) daily with EGb 761 extract (50 mg/kg body weight) for 120 d. The enteric neurons were identified by the myosin-V immunohistochemical technique. The neuronal density and the cell body area were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the neuronal population (myenteric plexus P = 0.0351; submucous plexus P = 0.0217) in both plexuses of the jejunum in group D when compared to group C. With regard to the ileum, there was a significant decrease (P = 0.0117) only in the myenteric plexus. The DT group showed preservation of the neuronal population in the jejunum submucous plexus and in the myenteric plexus in the ileum. The cell body area in group D increased significantly (P = 0.0001) in the myenteric plexus of both segments studied as well as in the ileum submucosal plexus, when compared to C. The treatment reduced (P = 0.0001) the cell body area of the submucosal neurons of both segments and the jejunum myenteric neurons. CONCLUSION: The purified Ginkgo biloba extract has a neuroprotective effect on the jejunum submucous plexus and the myenteric plexus of the ileum of diabetic rats.

Evoked membrane potential change in rat optic nerve fiber:Computer simulation

Objective The optic nerve is a key component regarding research on visual prosthesis.Previous pharmacological and electrical studies has pinned down the main features of the mechanisms underlying the nerve impulse in the rat optic nerve,and this work proposed a mathematical model to simulate these phenomena.Methods The main active nodal channels：fast Na^＋,persistent Na^,slow K^＋ and a fast repolarizing K^＋（A-current）were added on a double layer representation of the axon.A simplified representation of K^＋ accumulation and clearance in the vicinity of the Ranvier node was integrated in this model.Results The model was able to generate the following features.In the presence of 4-aminopyridine （4-AP）,spike duration increased and a depolarizing afterpotential（DAP）appeared.In the presence of 4-AP and tetraethylammonium（TEA）,the DAP was followed by a hyperpolarizing afterpotential（AHP）and the amplitude of this AHP increased with the frequency of the stimulation.In normal conditions（no drugs）：DAP and AHP were absent after a single action potential（AP）and a short train of AP;there was a relative refractoriness in amplitude lasting for 30 ms after an AP;an early AHP was revealed by a continuous depolarizing current;and there was a partial spike adaptation for a long current step stimulus.Conclusion The model successfully reproduced previous experiments results including long-lasting stimulation experiment,which is known to modify nerve physiological parameter values and is a key issue for visual prosthesis research.

The Role of β3-adrenergic Receptor Gene in Neuropeptide Y Y5Receptor Antisense Gene Therapy of Diet-induced Obese Rats

Objective: To study the role of β3-adrenergic receptor gene in neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y5 receptor antisense gene therapy of diet-induced obese rats.Methods: The diet-induced obese rats were prepared by feeding a high-nutrition diet. Lateral ventricular was cannulated in obese rats which then received an intraventricular injection of either 5 μg/μl NPY Y5 receptor antisense or 10 μl missense oligodeoxynucleotide or saline of 10 μl respectively in every rat. When the rats were killed, the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the level of serum lipid and lipoprotein were measured. Total RNA from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue was extracted and the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR.Results: ①The wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were greatly higher in diet-induced obese rats than those in normal rats. However, there were much lower β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression levels in retroperitoneal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats as compared with those in normal rats. ②After the diet-induced obese rats were intraventricularly administered with NPY Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, the levels of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats were strikingly up-regulated, whereas the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were markedly reduced.Conclusion: Intraventricular administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to NPY Y5 receptor could significantly reduce the abdominal adipose tissue and the levels of serum lipids in diet-induced obese rats by up-regulating the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue.

Identification of differentially expressed genes in dorsal root ganglion in early diabetic rats

Objective To screen and identify differentially expressed genes in the dorsal root ganglion （DRG） in early experimental diabetic rats. Methods Diabetic model rats were induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ）. At the second week after STZ injection, the sensory nerve conduction velocities （SNCV） of sciatic nerve were measured as an indicator of neuropathy. The technique of silver-staining mRNA differential display polymerase chain reaction （DD-PCR） was used to detect the levels of differentially expressed genes in rat DRG. The cDNA fragments that displayed differentially were identified by reverse-hybridization, cloned and sequenced subsequently, and then confirmed by Northern blot. Results The SNCV in the diabetic model group [n = 9, （45.25±10.38） m/s] reduced obviously compared with the control group [n = 8, （60.10± 11.92） m/s] （P 〈 0.05）. Seven distinct cDNA clones, one was up-regulated gene and the others were downregulated ones, were isolated by silver-staining mRNA differential display method and confirmed by Northern blot. According to the results of sequence alignment with GenBank data, majority of the clones had no significant sequence similarity to previously reported genes except only one that showed high homology to 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase mRNA （accession No., BC059140）, which had not been reported to relate to diabetic neuropathy. Conclusion These differentially expressed genes in the diabetic DRG may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Heat shock induction of a 65 kDa ATP-binding proteinase in rat C6 glioma cells

The 45, 55, 65 and 100 kDa ATP-binding proteinases (ATP-BPases) of the heat-shocked (44 ℃ for 30 min, recovery for 12h) rat C6 glioma cells were purified by DEAE-ionexchange and ATP-affinity chromatography. Their molecular masses, isoelectric points (pI), pH-optima and other properties were analyzed by native proteinase gels.It was shown that the 65 kDa ATP-BPase is specifically induced by heat shock and not detectable in control cells.Its N-terminal 1-9 amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation, but no homologies to other proteins in the protein data bases were found. 30 and 31 kDa proteinases can be cleaved from the 45, 55 and 65 kDa proteinases to which they are linked. A possible relationship of the heat-induced 65 kDa ATP-BPase with the ATP-dependent proteinases (ATP-DPases) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is discussed.

Study on the neurotoxic effects of low-level lead exposure in rats

Objective: To investigate effects of developmental lead exposure on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in different brain regions and on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats. On the basis of these observations, we explored possible mechanisms by which lead exposure leads to impaired learning and memorizing abilities in children. Methods: A series of rat animal models exposed to low levels of lead during the developing period was established (drinking water containing 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.075% lead acetate). NOS activities in the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and the brain stem were determined with fluorescence measurement and levels of mRNA expression of the NMDA receptor 2A (NR2A) subunit and NMDA receptor 2B (NR2B) subunit in the rat hippocampus were measured with Retro-translation (RT-PCR). Results: There were no differences in the body weight of rat pups between any of the groups at any given time (P>0.05). The blood lead level of Pb-exposed rat pups showed a systematic pattern of change: at 14 d of age, it was lower than that at 7 d of age, then rising to the peak level at 21 d and finally falling to lower levels at 28 d. The hippocampal NOS activities of lead-exposed groups were all lower than that of the control group on the 21 st and 28th day (P<0.01). NOS activities in the cerebellum of lead-exposed groups were all lower than that of the control group on the 21 st and 28th day (P<0.001) and the NOS activity of the 0.025% group was significantly lower than that of the 0.05% and 0.075% groups on the 28th day (P<0.05).NOS activity in the cerebral cortex of the 0.075% group was significantly lower than that of the control, 0.025% and 0.05% groups on the four day spans (P<0.001). There was no significant difference of NOS activity in the brain stem between any lead-exposed group and the control group on the four day spans. In the 0.05% and the 0.075% groups, the level of NR2A mRNA expression was higher than that in the control group at 7 d and 14 d of age (P<0.05). In the 0.025% group, the level of NR2A was found to be higher than that in the control group at 7 d of age only (P<0.05). No significant differences were found for the levels of NR2B mRNA expression between any of the groups at any given time. Conclusions: NOS activity in the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum are inhibited by lead exposure. The degree of the inhibitory effect depends on the time span of exposure and the lead concentration. Developmental low-level lead exposure was found to raise the level of NR2A mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats. Developmental low-level lead exposure does not affect the level of NR2B mRNA expression in the hippocampus.

N-nitro-L-arginine Attenuates Morphine and Dihydroetorphine-induced Place Preference in Mice

Opiate dependence has become one of the most urgent problems of modernsociety. Opiate dependence involves physical and psychical dependence. Although many addicts can bedetoxified, the relapse ratio of 95% in 5 a demonstrates that opiate psychical dependence is aproblem more troublesome. It has been reported that acute and chronic administration of L- NNA canmarkedly retard the development of tolerance to physical dependence on morphine, and suppress theabstinence syndromes precipitated by naloxone in opiate dependent rodents, and even reverse theexisting morphine tolerance. However, the effect of L-NNA on the positive reinforcement ofpsychically active substances and its possible mechanism have not yet been reported. In presentstudy, the effect of L- NNA en the psychical dependence induced by opiates was evaluated on thebasis of conditioned place preference.

Isolation of neural progenitors from midbrain of newborn rats

Objective: To isolate neural progenitors from midbrain of new born rats. Methods: Cell groups with cloning capability were obtained from midbrain of new-born rats by using serum-free and floating cell culture. Immunocytochemistry was applied to detect antigens such as BrdU, Nestin and specific markers for mature neural cells. Results: Cell groups isolated from midbrain propagated in succession and shaped 'neuro-spheres'. Nestin antigen was expressed in the course of proliferation. After differentiation, epitopes of neuron , astrocyte and oligodendrocyte were all found in the neural progenitors-derived cells, the most majority were astrocyte-epitoped cells. Conclusion: Cell groups expressing Nestin isolated from midbrain of new-born rats have properties of propagating, multi-potency differentiating and self-renewal. It is demonstrated that the cell groups are stem-like neural progenitors in the central nervous system, which are qualified for cell therapy of diseases in central nervous system.