目的:应用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据集,在皮肤黑色素瘤中进行神经母细胞瘤大鼠肉瘤(NRAS)基因突变分析。方法:从TCGA数据库收集471例皮肤黑色素瘤病例数据集,统计患者临床信息、应用c Bio Portal网站、SPSS统计学软件对数据集进行突变...目的:应用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据集,在皮肤黑色素瘤中进行神经母细胞瘤大鼠肉瘤(NRAS)基因突变分析。方法:从TCGA数据库收集471例皮肤黑色素瘤病例数据集,统计患者临床信息、应用c Bio Portal网站、SPSS统计学软件对数据集进行突变分析、基因共表达分析、生存期及基因调控网络等分析。结果:在471个病例中,NRAS基因突变98例(占20.80%),其中Q61R为主41例,占41.84%(41/98),Q61K突变31例,占31.63%(31/98),Q61L突变10例,占10.20%(10/98),Q61H突变4例,G12A突变1例,G12D突变1例,G12R突变2例,G13D突变1例,G13R突变2例,其他突变5例。结论:NRAS基因突变在皮肤黑色素瘤中有较高的发生率,占比20.80%,且以Q61突变为主,占比87.75%(86/98),此位点对黑色素瘤的靶向药物研发有着重要的作用。展开更多
Although tau is mainly known as an axonal microtubule-associated protein,many studies indicate that it is not restricted to this subcellular compartment.Assessing tau’s subcellular distribution,however,is not trivial...Although tau is mainly known as an axonal microtubule-associated protein,many studies indicate that it is not restricted to this subcellular compartment.Assessing tau’s subcellular distribution,however,is not trivial as is evident from transgenic mouse studies.When human tau is over-expressed,it can be immunohistochemically localized to axons and the somatodendritic domain,modeling what is found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.Yet,in wild-type mice,despite its abundance,tau is difficult to visualize even in the axon.It is even more challenging to detect this protein in the nucleus,where tau has been proposed to protect DNA from damage.To establish a framework for future studies into tau’s nuclear functions,we compared several methods to visualize endogenous nuclear tau in cell lines and mouse brain.While depending on the fixation and permeabilization protocol,we were able to detect nuclear tau in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells,we failed to do so in N2a murine neuroblastoma cells.As a second method we used subcellular fractionation of mouse tissue and found that in the nucleus tau is mainly present in a hypophosphorylated form.When either full-length or truncated human tau was expressed,both accumulated in the cytoplasm,but were also found in the nuclear fraction.Because subcellular fractionation methods have their limitations,we finally isolated nuclei to probe for nuclear tau and found that the nuclei were free of cytoplasmic contamination.Together our analysis identifies several protocols for detecting tau in the nucleus where it is found in a less phosphorylated form.展开更多
文摘目的:应用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据集,在皮肤黑色素瘤中进行神经母细胞瘤大鼠肉瘤(NRAS)基因突变分析。方法:从TCGA数据库收集471例皮肤黑色素瘤病例数据集,统计患者临床信息、应用c Bio Portal网站、SPSS统计学软件对数据集进行突变分析、基因共表达分析、生存期及基因调控网络等分析。结果:在471个病例中,NRAS基因突变98例(占20.80%),其中Q61R为主41例,占41.84%(41/98),Q61K突变31例,占31.63%(31/98),Q61L突变10例,占10.20%(10/98),Q61H突变4例,G12A突变1例,G12D突变1例,G12R突变2例,G13D突变1例,G13R突变2例,其他突变5例。结论:NRAS基因突变在皮肤黑色素瘤中有较高的发生率,占比20.80%,且以Q61突变为主,占比87.75%(86/98),此位点对黑色素瘤的靶向药物研发有着重要的作用。
基金supported by the Estate of Dr.Clem Jones AO and the Aus-tralia-China Joint Laboratory of Neuroscience and Cognition,as well as grants from the Australian Research Councilthe National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia to Jürgen Gtz
文摘Although tau is mainly known as an axonal microtubule-associated protein,many studies indicate that it is not restricted to this subcellular compartment.Assessing tau’s subcellular distribution,however,is not trivial as is evident from transgenic mouse studies.When human tau is over-expressed,it can be immunohistochemically localized to axons and the somatodendritic domain,modeling what is found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.Yet,in wild-type mice,despite its abundance,tau is difficult to visualize even in the axon.It is even more challenging to detect this protein in the nucleus,where tau has been proposed to protect DNA from damage.To establish a framework for future studies into tau’s nuclear functions,we compared several methods to visualize endogenous nuclear tau in cell lines and mouse brain.While depending on the fixation and permeabilization protocol,we were able to detect nuclear tau in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells,we failed to do so in N2a murine neuroblastoma cells.As a second method we used subcellular fractionation of mouse tissue and found that in the nucleus tau is mainly present in a hypophosphorylated form.When either full-length or truncated human tau was expressed,both accumulated in the cytoplasm,but were also found in the nuclear fraction.Because subcellular fractionation methods have their limitations,we finally isolated nuclei to probe for nuclear tau and found that the nuclei were free of cytoplasmic contamination.Together our analysis identifies several protocols for detecting tau in the nucleus where it is found in a less phosphorylated form.
