Pneumocystis pneumonia in stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma with immune-related acute kidney injury and thoracic radiotherapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are therapeutic agents for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high clinical antitumor efficacy.However,immune-related adverse events occur in 20%of these patients and often requiring treatment with immunosuppressive agents,such as corticosteroids.Consequently,this may increase the risk of patients to opportunistic infections.Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP),a rare but serious opportunistic infection typically observed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,can also occur in cancer patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid treatment.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 56-year-old male with squamous NSCLC treated with triplimab combined with paclitaxel,carboplatin,and radical thoracic radiation therapy.Following this regimen,he developed acute kidney injury(AKI)with elevated creatinine levels.After concurrent radical chemoradiotherapy ended,he developed a grade 3 immune-related AKI.High-dose corticosteroids were administered to treat AKI,and renal function gradually recovered.Corticosteroids were reduced to a dose of 10 mg prednisone equivalent daily eight weeks later;however,he developed severe pneumonia with spontaneous pneumothorax.Next-generation sequencing of the bronchoscopic lavage revealed PJP co-infection with herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus.The inflammation was more severe in areas exposed to radiation.Piperacillin-tazobactam,acyclovir,sulfamethoxazole,and trimethoprim were used to control the infection.The patient recovered,and immunotherapy was terminated.CONCLUSION PJP is rare but can occur in patients with ICI adverse events and should be differentiated from tumor progression or immune-related adverse events.Thoracic radiation may increase risk,necessitating careful monitoring and prevention.

Next-generation sequencing technology for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompetent female:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

Analysis of 8 chronic kidney disease patients complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with PCP(excluding renal transplant patients) were examined retrospectively.Results The most common presenting symptoms at admission were fever(100%),cough without or with a little sputum(87.5%),and exertional dyspnea(75%).Beside these,they complained of chest tightness,fatigue,sweating and chills.Six patients(75%) presented with hypoxemia were diagnosed with type 1 respiratory failure during the course of illness.The most common CT feature was bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass opacities.Five patients had peripheral blood lymphocyte count less than 1 ×109/L.Four patients had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3.Serum LDH level was elevated in 5 patients(582±222.55).Among the 8 patients,2 patients died within 20 days of PCP diagnosis.Conclusion Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic and serious complication in chronic kidney disease patients treated with immunosuppressants.The disease progression is fast and patients with respiratory failure have a high mortality rate.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for better prognosis.

Clinical Analysis of 15 Cases of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Complicated with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Treated with R-CHOP Regimen

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Rituxan.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy in our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020,of which 15(16.7%)patients,combined with PCP clinical data,including clinical symptoms,physical signs,chest imaging examination and treatment data were used for to analysis and summarization.Results:The clinical features of R-CHOP chemotherapy combined with PCP were fever,cough,and sputum.Some patients had fewer clinical symptoms.Common imaging manifestations were double lung membrane glass shadow,patchy shadow,and flocculent shadow.It can occur in all clinical stages,and the incidence of late stage is high,and there is no clear correlation with bone marrow suppression.Pneumocystis was found in 2 cases of sputum,and the rest of the patients were clinically diagnosed.The main therapeutic drugs are sulfamethoxazole(8/15),compound sulfamethoxazole(6/15),clindamycin(1/15,sulfa drug allergy),and adrenal cortex hormones(4/15).Fourteen cases were cured and 1 case died.Conclusion:The incidence of R-CHOP in advanced non-Hodgkin^lymphoma of PCP is high.Patients with clinical use of R-CHOP chemotherapy will encounter fever,cough,chest computed tomography(CT)film glass shadow,and diffuse patch shadow.Patients should be alert to the possibility of PCP and take sulfonamides as soon as possible for medical treatment.

Do inhaled corticosteroids increase the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with lung cancer?

Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with formoterol and a moderate daily dose of inhaled budesonide. He had also advanced stage non-small lung cancer treated with concurrent chemo-radiation with a cisplatin-etoposide containing regimen. The diagnosis of PCP was suspected based on the context of rapidly increasing dyspnea, lymphopenia and the imaging findings. Polymerase chain reaction testing on an induced sputum specimen was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. The patient was treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticotherapy and had showed clinical and radiological improvement. Six months after the PCP diagnosis, he developed a malignant pleural effusion and expired on hospice care. Through this case, we remind the importance of screening for PCP in lung cancer patients under chemotherapeutic regimens and with increasing dyspnea. In addition, we alert to the fact that long-term inhaled corticosteroids may be a risk factor for PCP in patients with lung cancer. Despite intensive treatment, the mortality of PCP remains high, hence the importance of chemoprophylaxis should be considered.

Protective effect of DNA vaccine with the gene encoding 55kDa antigen fragment against Pneumocystis carinii in mice

Objective:To evaluate the protective effect of DNA vaccine with the gene encoding 55kDa antigen fragment of Pneumocystis carinii(P.carina) against P.carina in mice.Methods:The fragment of the antigen within p55(p55-582) was cloned.Then recombinant plasmid was constructed based on the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+).BALB/c mice were used as experimental models to examine the immunogenicity of pcDNA3.1(+)-p55-582.ELBA and RTPCR were used to evaluate the role of this kind of DNA vaccine.Results:The results of western blot indicated that the recombinant DNA[pcDNA3.1(+)-p55-582]could be expressed correctly and had antigenicity in transfected COS-7 cells.ELBA and RT-PCR showed that pcDNA3.1(+)- p55-582 elicited antibody production,stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and provided partial protection by reducing the P.carina burden.Conclusions:The data demonstrate that pcDNA3.1(+)-p55-582 might be potent vaccination that can afford the partial protection for the immunized animals.

Treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients using a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.

Lack of Response in Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia to Combined Caspofungin and Clindamycin Treatment: a Case Report

PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for that condition given its efficacy,approximately one third of patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity.1 For cases of severe to moderate PCP,if TMP-SMX treatment fails or is contraindicated,primaquine combined with clindamycin or intravenous pentamidine is recommended as second line therapy.2 However,both primaquine and pentamidine are associated with severe adverse reactions and often unavailable at hospitals in China.3 As a result,other treatment options have been explored.

Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after total hip arthroplasty in a dermatomyositis patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients,the most important risk factor for PJP is the use of glucocorticoids in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments.The management of glucocorticoids during the perioperative period in patients with dermatomyositis requires special care.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of PJP in the perioperative period.A 61-year-old woman with a history of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty in the orthopaedic department for bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head.She was given intravenous drip hydrocortisone before anesthesia and on the first day after surgery and resumed oral methylprednisolone on the second postoperative day.On the fifth day after surgery,the patient suddenly developed dyspnea.The computed tomography scan showed diffuse grid shadows and ground glass shadows in both lungs.Polymerase chain reaction testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci.The patient was eventually diagnosed with PJP and was administered with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.At the 6-mo review,there was no recurrence or progression.CONCLUSION Continued perioperative glucocorticoid use in patients with anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis may increase the risk of PJP.

A Study on Using Improved Methenamine-silver Stain to Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii

Lung smears of mice and lung sections of rats or human case with Pneumocystis cariniiinfection were stained using the Grocott's modification method of Gomori's methenamine-silver nitratetechnic, in which 5% sodium periodate and 5% chromic acid were used as oxidant respectively. Theoxidation time for the mouse lung smears was 5,15,60 minutes and the oxidation temperature was 20℃.The time of silver impregnation was 90 minutcs and the temperature was 60℃ for the all smearo. Whenthe oxidation time was under 15 minutes. Pneumocystis cariniic cysts showed light or dark brown, and theparenthesis-like structure could clearly be found in part of the cysts. However, if the time of oxidationWas longer, the cysts showed black and secmed to have damaged. In the same batch of the mouse lungsmears oxidated for 5 minutes, the samiples oxidated by sodium periodate showed more the cysts with theparen thesis-like structure than those oxidated by chromic acid.In the rat or patient's lung sectionsoxidated by. sodium periodate, this structure could also be found. The result of the experiment showsthat sodium periodate as an oxidant in the subsequent step of the the silver impregnation is preferable tochromic acid. And then,it is useful to clinical practice that the step of sodium bisulfate can be omittedin the study.

Pentamidine in Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in heart transplant recipients

Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective To investigate the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods The data of 98patients with suspected pulmonary infection after alloHSCT who underwent pathogen detection from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between June 2016 and August 2023 at Nanfang Hospital were analyzed.

Pulmonary coinfection by Pneumocystis jiroveci and Cryptococcus neoformans

We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Our review of literature identified this coinfection as unusual presentation.Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are increasingly recognized.It may occur at an early stage of HIV-infection.Whereas concurrent opportunistic infections may occur,coexisting Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PCP)and disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal pneumonia is uncommon.The lungs of individuals infected with HIV are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours and over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease.Pneumonia is the leading HIV-associated infection.We present the case of a man who presented dual Pneumocystis jiroveci and cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with HIV.Definitive diagnosis of PCP and Cryptococcus requires demonstration of these organisms in pulmonary tissues or fluid.In patients with<200/microliter CD4-lymphocytes,a bronchoalveolar lavage should be performed.This patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.After 1 week the patient showed clinical and radiologic improvement and was discharged 3 weeks later.

对耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者进行复方磺胺甲唑治疗药物监测的重要性研究

耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)是人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodefi-ciency virus,HIV)患者较为常见和严重的机会性感染之一。随着免疫抑制剂及化疗药物等的使用,目前国内报道PJP多数为非HIV免疫抑制患者。复方磺胺甲唑(sulfamethoxazole complex,SMZco)是治疗PJP的一线药物,其药动学存在广泛的个体差异。本文通过引用1例药物监测下SMZco治疗PJP的病例,从SMZco的药代动力学、剂量相关不良反应以及最佳治疗剂量研究等方面进行系统综述,旨在表明对PJP患者进行SMZco治疗药物监测的重要性,通过药物监测以确保患者达到有效治疗浓度,减少不良反应的发生。

中国肾脏移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床诊疗指南

肾脏移植术后受者因使用免疫抑制药长期处于免疫抑制状态,是耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PJP)感染的高危人群。肾脏移植术后6个月内和强化抗排斥反应治疗后是PJP发生的高危期,发热、干咳、进行性呼吸困难和低氧血症是肾脏移植术后PJP常见的临床表现。甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑(TMP-SMX)可有效预防和治疗PJP,显著降低PJP的发生率和患者病死率。为规范肾脏移植术后PJP的诊断、治疗和预防,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织国内相关专家,从临床关注问题出发,制订《中国肾脏移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床诊疗指南》,指导肾脏移植术后PJP的预防和临床综合治疗。

肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎的临床表现及诊治分析

目的分析探讨肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)的发病情况及临床诊治情况。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2021年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的肾移植术后PJP患者的临床表现、实验室及影像学结果以及诊治过程。结果本研究共收录肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者34例,其中男性21例,女性13例。感染时间为肾移植术后8.5(6.0,18.0)月;主要临床表现为发热31例(占91.2%)、干咳14例(占41.2%)及喘憋13例(占38.2%);相关感染指标中(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖[147.7(60.0,258.7)pg/mL]、乳酸脱氢酶[(393.94±107.94)U/L]及C-反应蛋白[30.5(12.8,57.5)mg/L]明显升高,与出院时结果差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);病原学检查以痰耶氏肺孢子菌PCR检测为主,阳性率为56.7%,肺泡灌洗液(BALF)PCR、痰液、肺泡灌洗液及血液的宏基因组二代测序(macrogenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)检测阳性率为100%;研究中有25例(占73.5%)患者使用标准剂量复方磺胺甲噁唑(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,TMP-SMZ)抗感染治疗,9例(占26.5%)病变相对严重或合并肾功能不全者使用低剂量TMP-SMZ联合卡泊芬净,两组治愈率均为100%;治疗中共出现骨髓抑制12例(占35.3%)、Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭11例(占32.4%)、急性肾损伤9例(占26.5%)、急性肝损伤3例(占8.8%),两组间各并发症发生率无统计学差异(P=0.439,1.000,0.386,0.549)。结论可疑的临床及肺CT表现结合(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖的升高及痰耶氏肺孢子菌PCR检测有利于PJP的早期诊断,BALF的PCR及相关标本mNGS检测可协助提高诊断阳性率,标准剂量TMP-SMZ或低剂量联合卡泊芬净对PJP疗效值得肯定,但骨髓抑制、肝肾功能损伤等合并症仍需关注。

亚洲诺卡菌合并耶氏肺孢子菌感染1例并文献复习

肺诺卡菌病与肺孢子菌肺炎均是临床少见的机会感染性疾病,均好发于免疫力受损的患者。然而,两者合并感染鲜有报道,临床及影像学表现复杂,诊治困难。本文报告1例亚洲诺卡菌合并肺孢子菌感染患者的诊治经过并进行文献复习,以提高对该病的认识。

基于VOSviewer和CiteSpace实体器官移植术后真菌感染研究热点和趋势的可视化分析

目的 对国内外实体器官移植术后真菌感染的研究热点和趋势进行知识图谱可视化分析。方法 检索中国知网和Web of Science核心合集数据库建库至2023年7月收录的实体器官移植术后真菌感染相关文献,运用VOSviewer 1.6.16和CiteSpace 5.7.R5软件对发文量、作者、发文国家和关键词进行分析,并绘制比较国内外关键词的可视化图谱,以分析国内外的研究热点。结果 共纳入1 822篇文献,实体器官移植术后真菌感染相关研究发文量从2000年开始明显增加。中文文献中朱有华是国内发文量最多的作者。关键词聚类分析,中文文献有6个相关聚类。突现关键词检测得到中文文献中最近的研究热点主要集中在耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、危险因素、临床药师和药学监护等方面。英文文献中Husain是发文量最多的作者。美国是发文量最多的国家,美国与其他国家合作关系最密切。关键词聚类分析,英文文献有4个相关聚类。突现关键词检测得到英文文献的研究热点则主要包括耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、毛霉病、泊沙康唑、抗真菌药物管理和指南等。结论 我国的实体器官移植术后真菌感染研究正处于发展阶段。应结合国内外的研究热点,开展国内的抗真菌药物管理,并重视耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、毛霉病等方面的研究,完善和细化国内的指南,以促进该领域的进一步发展和创新。

复方磺胺甲噁唑血药峰浓度测定对治疗非人类免疫缺陷病毒感染患者耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎的临床意义

目的:探索监测复方磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole complex, SMZco)中SMZ血药峰浓度对接受SMZco片治疗的非人类免疫缺陷病毒(immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染患者耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia,PJP)疗效和安全性的指导意义。方法:采集2019年1月至2023年5月在瑞金医院住院治疗的非HIV PJP患者的临床数据,回顾性分析患者SMZ血药峰浓度与疗效和不良反应发生情况的关系。结果:共纳入47例患者,SMZ的血药峰浓度范围为87.49~334.31 mg/L,中位数(四分位间距)为168.62(79.72)mg/L,64%的患者血药峰浓度>150 mg/L。患者30 d全因死亡率为28%,治疗阳性反应率为66%。其中,SMZ血药峰浓度≤150 mg/L患者与>150 mg/L患者30 d全因死亡和治疗阳性反应率差异无统计学意义。29例(62%)患者发生不良反应。相比SMZ血药峰浓度≤150 mg/L的患者,>150 mg/L的患者血小板减少(40%比6%,P=0.025)和血红蛋白降低(37%比0,P=0.013)等不良反应发生率更高,且严重不良反应的发生率更高(43%比12%,P=0.026)。结论:SMZco片用于治疗非HIV PJP患者时,SMZ血药峰浓度≤150 mg/L的患者较>150 mg/L的患者可获得相当的疗效,且发生严重不良反应的风险更小,建议该类患者常规监测SMZ血药峰浓度。