The mechanical properties of colluvium strongly govern the stability of colluvial slopes, and they arc essential for the related analysis and design. Nevertheless, their measurement is not easy on account of heterogen...The mechanical properties of colluvium strongly govern the stability of colluvial slopes, and they arc essential for the related analysis and design. Nevertheless, their measurement is not easy on account of heterogeneity in property and difficulty of sampling. This study attempted to evaluate the shear strength of remolded colluvium by means of a simple direct shear test in the field. A portable direct shear tester was designed to overcome the inconvenience and expensiveness of the conventional large-scale in-situ direct shear test. It can be easily assembled and applied for the silnplc field direct shear test. For calibration, the results of the portable direct shear tester were compared with the results of the laboratory direct shear tester for four different types of soil samples, i.e. standard sand, slate debris, arenaceous shale debris and mixture of gravel and sand. Correlation formulas were established based on the calibration, enabling the portable direct shear tester to measure and estimate the shear strength of remoldcd colluvium in field. This study primarily focuses on the colluvium in Central Taiwan, including the lateritic Dadu Terrace and the arcnaceous shale of Taiping-Wufcng mounts. The portable direct shear tester was applied to sites selected in these areas, and the results were furthcr analyzed and discussed.展开更多
The present research was conducted in Line X tester analysis for estimating combining ability and heterotic effects,restorers malesterile(CMS) crossed with seven tester lines 3x7 21 F_1 hybrids of sunflower were furth...The present research was conducted in Line X tester analysis for estimating combining ability and heterotic effects,restorers malesterile(CMS) crossed with seven tester lines 3x7 21 F_1 hybrids of sunflower were further used to estimate their general combining ability(GCS),specific combining ability(SCA) and heterosis effects on main traits of sunflower during 2009.For this study,seven lines of sunflower were tested with three testers 7x3 of sunflower to obtain twenty one F_1 genotypes from Line X tester mating design.It was concluded from present study that among the lines,0505 Cms-6,Peshawer-93 Cms-11,Peshawar-93 Cms-12 were the best general combiners to play the vital role in flowering,maturity,plant height,head diameter,seed index,grain per head and 100-grain yield per plant.While RHP-53,RHP-42,RHP-46 were also the best combiners for all the traits.However,hybrid 54CMS-1 x RHP-42 showed best specific combiners,while Peshawer-93 exhibited good specific combiners for grain yield per plant,the hybrids,plant height,head diameter,seed index,grain per head and grain yield per plant,respectively.Significant differences among the tested sunflower genotypes with regard to mean values of all the investigated traits were determined.The analysis of variance of combining abilities and the analysis of genetic variance components confirmed the non-additive component.展开更多
Background Genomic selection involves choosing as parents those elite individuals with the higher genomic estimated breeding values(GEBV)to accelerate the speed of genetic improvement in domestic animals.But after mul...Background Genomic selection involves choosing as parents those elite individuals with the higher genomic estimated breeding values(GEBV)to accelerate the speed of genetic improvement in domestic animals.But after multi-generation selection,the rate of inbreeding and the occurrence of homozygous harmful alleles might increase,which would reduce performance and genetic diversity.To mitigate the above problems,we can utilize genomic mating(GM)based upon optimal mate allocation to construct the best genotypic combinations in the next generation.In this study,we used stochastic simulation to investigate the impact of various factors on the efficiencies of GM to optimize pairing combinations after genomic selection of candidates in a pig population.These factors included:the algorithm used to derive inbreeding coefficients;the trait heritability(0.1,0.3 or 0.5);the kind of GM scheme(focused average GEBV or inbreeding);the approach for computing the genomic relationship matrix(by SNP or runs of homozygosity(ROH)).The outcomes were compared to three traditional mating schemes(random,positive assortative or negative assortative matings).In addition,the performance of the GM approach was tested on real datasets obtained from a Large White pig breeding population.Results Genomic mating outperforms other approaches in limiting the inbreeding accumulation for the same expected genetic gain.The use of ROH-based genealogical relatedness in GM achieved faster genetic gains than using relatedness based on individual SNPs.The GROH-based GM schemes with the maximum genetic gain resulted in 0.9%-2.6%higher rates of genetic gainΔG,and 13%-83.3%lowerΔF than positive assortative mating regardless of heritability.The rates of inbreeding were always the fastest with positive assortative mating.Results from a purebred Large White pig population,confirmed that GM with ROH-based GRM was more efficient than traditional mating schemes.Conclusion Compared with traditional mating schemes,genomic mating can not only achieve sustainable genetic progress but also effectively control the rates of inbreeding accumulation in the population.Our findings demonstrated that breeders should consider using genomic mating for genetic improvement of pigs.展开更多
Objective: To demonstrate whether the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) affects the level of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. Methods: First, recombi...Objective: To demonstrate whether the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) affects the level of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. Methods: First, recombinant plasmids DNA (rSIRT1) and siRNA targeting SIRT1 were constructed which were transfected into Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell (HEK293) cells, respectively. Then, the generation of intracellular ROS in cells was examined by flow cytometry using the oxidation-sensitive probe. Last, the expressions of TGF-β1, smad3, P53, mTOR, p-mTOR, LC3-I and LC3-II in cells were detected to observe the effect of SIRT1 on TGF-β1 Pathway by western blot analysis. Results: We demonstrated that overexpressing of SIRT1 may decrease TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. In addition, the result is the opposite when SIRT1 was silent in HEK293 cells. Conclusions: SIRT1 is closely related to TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway that correlates with the regulation of mTOR and ROS generation and causes diabetic nephropathy. The available evidence implies that SIRT1 has great potential as a clinical target for the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis in the development of DN.展开更多
Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in p...Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in pear peel coloration is still unknown. To evaluate and identify the MATE gene family members which are involving in anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in pear. In this study, 85 MATE genes were identified in the reference pear genome of ‘Dangshansuli’ through genome-wide identification. Based on gene structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, the MATE family was divided into five subfamilies. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRTPCR) indicated that the expression patterns of PbrMATEs were tissue-specific. 28.24%(24) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the fruits, and44.71%(38) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the leaves. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of PbrMATE9, PbrMATE26,PbrMATE50, and PbrMATE69 in debagged fruits with red peel were significantly higher than those in bagged fruits without red peel, according to our bagging/debagging treatment of ‘Mantianhong’. The expression pattern of PbrMATE9 was consistent with the variation trend in anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light exposure. Subcellular localization showed that PbrMATE9 was a membrane protein. More strikingly, the transient overexpression of PbrMATE9 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of pear, and the expression of structural genes(PbrCHI, PbrANS, PbrDFR, and PbrUFGT) in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway also increased significantly. Through co-expression network analysis, the transcription factors were identified, such as WRKY, COL,GATA, and BBX, which might be involved in the regulation of PbrMATE9. The study has enriched the genetic resources and improved the understanding of the regulation network of anthocyanin accumulation in pear.展开更多
In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase ou...In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase our understanding of the mechanism of shoot architecture formation.In this study,we identified mutant mnd8ynp5 that shows an increased rate of leaf emergence and a larger number of nodes in combination with a dwarfed growth habit from an EMS-treated population of the elite barley cultivar Yangnongpi 5.Using a map-based cloning strategy,the mnd8 gene was narrowed down to a 6.7-kb genomic interval on the long arm of chromosome 5H.Sequence analysis revealed that a C to T single-nucleotide mutation occurred at the first exon(position 953)of HORVU5Hr1G118820,leading to an alanine(Ala)to valine(Val)substitution at the 318th amino acid site.Next,HORVU5Hr1G118820 was defined as the candidate gene of MND8 encoding 514 amino acids and containing two multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE)domains.It is highly homologous to maize Bige1and has a conserved function in the regulation of plant development by controlling the leaf initiation rate.Examination of modern barely varieties showed that Hap-1 was the dominant haplotype and was selected in barley breeding around the world.Collectively,our results indicated that mnd8ynp5 is a novel allele of the HORVU5Hr1G118820 gene that is possibly responsible for the shortened plastochron and many noded dwarf phenotype in barley.展开更多
基金support of the National Science Counci(NSC94-2211-E-005-022),Taiwan,China
文摘The mechanical properties of colluvium strongly govern the stability of colluvial slopes, and they arc essential for the related analysis and design. Nevertheless, their measurement is not easy on account of heterogeneity in property and difficulty of sampling. This study attempted to evaluate the shear strength of remolded colluvium by means of a simple direct shear test in the field. A portable direct shear tester was designed to overcome the inconvenience and expensiveness of the conventional large-scale in-situ direct shear test. It can be easily assembled and applied for the silnplc field direct shear test. For calibration, the results of the portable direct shear tester were compared with the results of the laboratory direct shear tester for four different types of soil samples, i.e. standard sand, slate debris, arenaceous shale debris and mixture of gravel and sand. Correlation formulas were established based on the calibration, enabling the portable direct shear tester to measure and estimate the shear strength of remoldcd colluvium in field. This study primarily focuses on the colluvium in Central Taiwan, including the lateritic Dadu Terrace and the arcnaceous shale of Taiping-Wufcng mounts. The portable direct shear tester was applied to sites selected in these areas, and the results were furthcr analyzed and discussed.
文摘The present research was conducted in Line X tester analysis for estimating combining ability and heterotic effects,restorers malesterile(CMS) crossed with seven tester lines 3x7 21 F_1 hybrids of sunflower were further used to estimate their general combining ability(GCS),specific combining ability(SCA) and heterosis effects on main traits of sunflower during 2009.For this study,seven lines of sunflower were tested with three testers 7x3 of sunflower to obtain twenty one F_1 genotypes from Line X tester mating design.It was concluded from present study that among the lines,0505 Cms-6,Peshawer-93 Cms-11,Peshawar-93 Cms-12 were the best general combiners to play the vital role in flowering,maturity,plant height,head diameter,seed index,grain per head and 100-grain yield per plant.While RHP-53,RHP-42,RHP-46 were also the best combiners for all the traits.However,hybrid 54CMS-1 x RHP-42 showed best specific combiners,while Peshawer-93 exhibited good specific combiners for grain yield per plant,the hybrids,plant height,head diameter,seed index,grain per head and grain yield per plant,respectively.Significant differences among the tested sunflower genotypes with regard to mean values of all the investigated traits were determined.The analysis of variance of combining abilities and the analysis of genetic variance components confirmed the non-additive component.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundations of China(No.32172702)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1301101)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP-IAS02)。
文摘Background Genomic selection involves choosing as parents those elite individuals with the higher genomic estimated breeding values(GEBV)to accelerate the speed of genetic improvement in domestic animals.But after multi-generation selection,the rate of inbreeding and the occurrence of homozygous harmful alleles might increase,which would reduce performance and genetic diversity.To mitigate the above problems,we can utilize genomic mating(GM)based upon optimal mate allocation to construct the best genotypic combinations in the next generation.In this study,we used stochastic simulation to investigate the impact of various factors on the efficiencies of GM to optimize pairing combinations after genomic selection of candidates in a pig population.These factors included:the algorithm used to derive inbreeding coefficients;the trait heritability(0.1,0.3 or 0.5);the kind of GM scheme(focused average GEBV or inbreeding);the approach for computing the genomic relationship matrix(by SNP or runs of homozygosity(ROH)).The outcomes were compared to three traditional mating schemes(random,positive assortative or negative assortative matings).In addition,the performance of the GM approach was tested on real datasets obtained from a Large White pig breeding population.Results Genomic mating outperforms other approaches in limiting the inbreeding accumulation for the same expected genetic gain.The use of ROH-based genealogical relatedness in GM achieved faster genetic gains than using relatedness based on individual SNPs.The GROH-based GM schemes with the maximum genetic gain resulted in 0.9%-2.6%higher rates of genetic gainΔG,and 13%-83.3%lowerΔF than positive assortative mating regardless of heritability.The rates of inbreeding were always the fastest with positive assortative mating.Results from a purebred Large White pig population,confirmed that GM with ROH-based GRM was more efficient than traditional mating schemes.Conclusion Compared with traditional mating schemes,genomic mating can not only achieve sustainable genetic progress but also effectively control the rates of inbreeding accumulation in the population.Our findings demonstrated that breeders should consider using genomic mating for genetic improvement of pigs.
文摘Objective: To demonstrate whether the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) affects the level of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. Methods: First, recombinant plasmids DNA (rSIRT1) and siRNA targeting SIRT1 were constructed which were transfected into Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell (HEK293) cells, respectively. Then, the generation of intracellular ROS in cells was examined by flow cytometry using the oxidation-sensitive probe. Last, the expressions of TGF-β1, smad3, P53, mTOR, p-mTOR, LC3-I and LC3-II in cells were detected to observe the effect of SIRT1 on TGF-β1 Pathway by western blot analysis. Results: We demonstrated that overexpressing of SIRT1 may decrease TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. In addition, the result is the opposite when SIRT1 was silent in HEK293 cells. Conclusions: SIRT1 is closely related to TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway that correlates with the regulation of mTOR and ROS generation and causes diabetic nephropathy. The available evidence implies that SIRT1 has great potential as a clinical target for the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis in the development of DN.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31820103012)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (Grant No. CARS-28)the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System [Grant No. JATS (2022)454]。
文摘Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in pear peel coloration is still unknown. To evaluate and identify the MATE gene family members which are involving in anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in pear. In this study, 85 MATE genes were identified in the reference pear genome of ‘Dangshansuli’ through genome-wide identification. Based on gene structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, the MATE family was divided into five subfamilies. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRTPCR) indicated that the expression patterns of PbrMATEs were tissue-specific. 28.24%(24) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the fruits, and44.71%(38) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the leaves. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of PbrMATE9, PbrMATE26,PbrMATE50, and PbrMATE69 in debagged fruits with red peel were significantly higher than those in bagged fruits without red peel, according to our bagging/debagging treatment of ‘Mantianhong’. The expression pattern of PbrMATE9 was consistent with the variation trend in anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light exposure. Subcellular localization showed that PbrMATE9 was a membrane protein. More strikingly, the transient overexpression of PbrMATE9 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of pear, and the expression of structural genes(PbrCHI, PbrANS, PbrDFR, and PbrUFGT) in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway also increased significantly. Through co-expression network analysis, the transcription factors were identified, such as WRKY, COL,GATA, and BBX, which might be involved in the regulation of PbrMATE9. The study has enriched the genetic resources and improved the understanding of the regulation network of anthocyanin accumulation in pear.
基金funded by the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement,China(XZNKY2021-C-014-K01)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(19KJA560005)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-05)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China。
文摘In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase our understanding of the mechanism of shoot architecture formation.In this study,we identified mutant mnd8ynp5 that shows an increased rate of leaf emergence and a larger number of nodes in combination with a dwarfed growth habit from an EMS-treated population of the elite barley cultivar Yangnongpi 5.Using a map-based cloning strategy,the mnd8 gene was narrowed down to a 6.7-kb genomic interval on the long arm of chromosome 5H.Sequence analysis revealed that a C to T single-nucleotide mutation occurred at the first exon(position 953)of HORVU5Hr1G118820,leading to an alanine(Ala)to valine(Val)substitution at the 318th amino acid site.Next,HORVU5Hr1G118820 was defined as the candidate gene of MND8 encoding 514 amino acids and containing two multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE)domains.It is highly homologous to maize Bige1and has a conserved function in the regulation of plant development by controlling the leaf initiation rate.Examination of modern barely varieties showed that Hap-1 was the dominant haplotype and was selected in barley breeding around the world.Collectively,our results indicated that mnd8ynp5 is a novel allele of the HORVU5Hr1G118820 gene that is possibly responsible for the shortened plastochron and many noded dwarf phenotype in barley.
