Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Plant Growth Habit in Peanuts Using the USDA Public Data

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production is valued at $1.28 billion annually in the USA. Plant growth habit can be used to determine plant population density and cultivation practices a given farmer uses. Erect plants are generally more compact and can be more densely planted unlike plants with more prostrate growth. The objectives of this study were to analyze publicly available datasets to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with plant growth habit in peanuts and to conduct genomic selection. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify SNPs for growth habit type among 775 USDA peanut accessions. A total of 13,306 SNPs were used to conduct GWAS using five statistical models. The models used were single-marker regression, generalized linear model (PCA), generalized linear model (Q), mixed linear model (PCA), and mixed linear model (Q) and a total of 181, 1, 108, 1, and 10 SNPs were found associated with growth habit respectively. Based on this dataset, results showed that genomic selection can achieve up to 61% accuracy, depending on the training population size being used for the prediction. SNP AX-176821681 was found in all models. Gene ontology for this location shows an annotated gene, Araip.0F3YM, found 2485 bp upstream of this SNP and encodes for a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying molecular markers linked to plant growth habit type in peanuts. This finding suggests that a molecular marker can be developed to identify specific plant growth habits in peanuts, enabling early generation selection by peanut breeders.

BEAR1, a bHLH transcription factor, controls seedling growth by regulating gibberellins biosynthesis in rice

The genetic pathways of rice seedling growth have a major impact on seedling emergence from soil and development.In this study,we identified a new bHLH transcription factor,BEAR1,from rice RNAi mutant library.Both the BEAR1-RNAi and bear1 CRISPR mutants had accelerated seedling growth.Histological section of leaves showed accelerated development of lacuna and vascular bundles in bear1 mutant.GUS staining revealed that BEAR1 was highly expressed in coleoptiles and leaves at seedling stage.Expression analysis of gibberellin(GA)biosynthesis and metabolic genes and content determination of active GAs indicated that the expression of GA biosynthesis genes,especially OsKS4 and OsCPS2,were upregulated and the GAs content were significantly increased in bear1,which correlated with the seedling phenotype of bear1 mutant.Molecular and biochemical assays revealed that BEAR1 directly binds to the promoter of OsKS4,thereby repressing its expression.Haplotypes analysis showed clear differentiation in indica and japonica rice varieties,and a strong correlation with seedling height.These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of seedling growth in rice.

Parameters in wind-wave frequency spectra and their bearings on spectrum forms and growth

The spectrum variance m0, peak frequency ω0 and peakness factor p are expressed in terms of nondimensional fetch and duration by making use of relations which are derived through comparing and analyzing existing empirical formulas for the growth of significant wave height and period. The main features of spectrum growth as specified by these parameters agree with those of the JONS-WAP experiments. For given wind speed and fetch, the high frequency parts beyond the peaks of shallow water spectra almost coincide with that of the corresponding deep water spectrum, whereas the low frequency parts differ appreciably. The method developed in this paper predicts smaller significant wave height as well as smaller wave period for shallow water spectra in contrast to the theoretical result of Kitaigorodskii ef al, in which the peak frequency, and consequently the significant wave period, remains basically unchanged for different water depths. Spectra are further reduced to a form in which only significant wave height and period are left as parameters, the peakness factor being replaced by the wave steepness through an empirical relation between them. Spectra in this form have been verified by observations.

Regulation of soybean stem growth habit:A ten-year progress report

Stem growth habit dictates plant architecture and influences flowering and podding(seed setting),making it an essential morphological and breeding agronomic trait of soybean(Glycine max).Stem growth habit in soybean is affected by photoperiod and environment and is determined by genetic variation at major genes.Classical genetic analysis identified two critical loci,designated Determinacy 1(Dt1)and Determinacy 2(Dt2).Dt1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)and specifies an indeterminate stem growth habit,whereas Dt2 specifies a semi-determinate growth habit.MADS-box proteins,including Dt2,SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1(GmSOC1)and MADS-box genes downregulated by E1(GmMDE),repress Dt1 expression.Photoreceptors encoded by the E3 and E4 loci regulate the expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T(GmFT)orthologs via circadian clock genes and E1,and GmFTs compete with Dt1 to regulate stem growth habit.Study of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of stem growth habit in soybean has focused on the repression of Dt1 expression.Here we provide an overview of progress made in elucidating the genetic and molecular bases of stem growth habit in soybean,with emphasis on the molecular components responsible for integrating photoperiodic flowering and stem growth habit.

Growth and feeding habits of invasive Pseudorasbora parva in the Chabalang Wetland(Lhasa,China) and its trophic impacts on native fish

In recent years, fish invasion has become one of the main reasons for the decline of native fish stocks. Pseudorasbora parva is considered one of the major invasive species worldwide. The present study investigated the fish resources of the Chabalang Wetland (Lhasa, Tibet) during diff erent seasons in 2009 and 2013. Four hundred and twelve individuals were subsampled to estimate age, growth, and feeding habit of P . parva . Furthermore, food relationships between P . parva and the native Schizothoracinae fish were also examined. The results revealed a significant shift in species composition and community structure characterized by the disappearance of native fish and outbreak of non-native fish. The percentage of nonnative P . parva in the fish collections significantly increased from 33.64% in 2009 to 64.08% in 2013. The standard length (SL) ranged from 22.00 to 78.71 mm, and their age was 1–5 a. The von Bertalanff y function was used to model the observed length-at-age data as L t =112.19(1–e^-0.1495 ( t +0.8012)) for females and as L t =123.12 (1–e^-0.1500 ( t +0.7132)) for males. The results indicated that P . parva in Tibet has lower growth and mortality rates compared with that from the native ranges. Ninety-seven prey taxa belonging to 9 prey categories were identified in the gut of 38 P . parva . P . parva can be considered a generalized and opportunistic predator, competing with the native fish, especially Schizothorax o’connori , Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi , and Ptychobarbus dipogon , for Bacillariophyta and Chironomid larvae. This is an important reason for the decline in native fish population.

X-ray Multiple Diffraction Topographic Imaging Technique For Growth History Study of Habit Modifying Impurity Doped Crystals

A novel crystal characterization instrument has been built up in which a combination of X-ray multiple diffraction and X-ray topography is applied to enabling the cross-correlation between micro-crystallographic symmetry and its spatial dependence in relation to lattice defects. This facility is used to examine, in a self-consistent manner, growth sector-dependant changes to both the crystallographic structure and the lattice defects associated with the action of habit-modifying additives in a number of representative crystal growth systems. In addition, the new instrument can be used to probe micro-crystallographic aspects(such as distortion to crystal symmetry) and relate these in a spatially resolved manner to the crystal defect structure in crystals doped with known habit modifiers.

Polar Growth Habit of KABO Crystal

The polar growth habit of KABO crystal was discussed by the growth-units model of anionic coordination-polyhedra (ACP), and the relationship between stabilities of incorporation of those growth-units into various group faces and their corresponding morphologies was studied. It is put forward that the growth interface of crystal will be concave when negative plane is used as growth interface. Concave growth interface is very unfavorable for the quality of the crystal, because it is unsuitable for the transfer of the latent heat and impurities released during the deposition.

Growth Habit of the Basic Oxysulfate Magnesium Whisker

The growth habit of the basic magnesium oxysulfate whisker was investigated based on the theoreticalmodelof anion coordination polyhedron growth units.It is found that typicalbasic magnesium oxysulfate whisker growth is consistent with anion tetrahedralcoordination incorporation rules.The growth units of basic magnesium oxysulfate whiskers are [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） and HSO_4^-.[Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） is the favorable growth unit and whisker growth is in the direction of the [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） combination.A plurality of [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） s combine and become a larger dimensionalgrowth unit in a one-dimensionaldirection.Then HSO_4^- and larger dimensionalgrowth units connect as basic magnesium sulfate whiskers,according to the structuralcharacteristics of the basic magnesium sulfate whisker,which can guide the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide whisker.

Diversity of Growth Habits and Their Association with VRN Allele of 81 American Wheat Lines

Eighty-one wheat accessions including 50 southern regional performance nursery （SRPN） lines and 31 northern regional performance nursery （NRPN） lines from the United States were tested to evaluate the growth habit by chilling treatments and to estimate the VRN allele variation with 19 pairs of published VRN primers. Two spring wheat accessions and 44 semi-spring wheat accessions were confirmed based on their chilling days＇ requirement and polymorphism was found at VRN loci. The Vrn-A1 allele had the highest frequency in the RPN accessions and VA1-CAPs markers identified growth habit of RPN lines. No polymorphism was found at the VRN3 loci and some polymorphism at the region of promoter and the first intron of VRN1 was not always consistent to growth habit in the wheat RPN accessions. The existence of variation in VRN alleles suggested that singly using the dominant Vrn allele is possible to extend the diversity of wheat accessions and improve their adaption to different environments in autumn-sowing region. This information will be useful for the cultivars exploitation and wheat breeding program.

Studies on the Growth Habits and Characteristics of Two Polyploid Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice with Powerful Heterosis

Based on a series of polyploid indica-japonica hybrid plant lines obtained from a new breeding strategy of using double predominance of wide cross and polyploidization to breed super flee, two polyploid indica-japonica hybrids, PSR073 and PSR120 were studied in their growth periods to show the powerful heterosis in a larger scale and to study the characteristics of polyploid indica-japonica hybrids more elaborately. The leaf age, tiller growth, flowering habits, and agronomic traits of them were observed to analyze their growth habits and characteristics. The results showed that the.agronomic traits of PSR073 and PSR120, such as the plant height, panicle length, grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight, all acquired obvious predominance of polyploidy, and that the seed setting rate was more than 83%. No significant difference was observed between the two tetraploids and common diploids in the leaf age, tiller growth, and flowering habits. It was concluded that the characteristics of the two powerful heterosis polyploid hybrids were different from those of the polyploid rice reported earlier. Wide cross and polyploidization had no negative effects on their growth habits and characteristics; on the contrary these had powerful heterosis. This had provided theoretic and practical evidences for their application to agricultural production.

Bonding Energy and Growth Habit of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals

On the basis of crystallographic structure of lithium niobate (LN), the bonding energy was quantitatively calculated by the bond valence sum model, which was employed to investigate the crystal growth. A possible relationship between the crystal growth habit and chemical bonding energy of LN crystals are found. It is found that the higher the bond energy, the slower the growth rate, and the more important the plane. The analytical results indicate that (012) plane is the most influential face for the LN crystal growth, which consists well with the standard card (JCPDS Card: 20-0631) and our previous experimental observation. The current work shows that the chemical bond analysis of LN crystals allows us to predict its growth habit and thus to obtain the expected morphology during the spontaneous growth.

Experimental Crystallization of Synthetic V-bearing Steelmaking Slag with Al_2O_3 Doped

The phenomenon of crystallization was implemented in the synthetic V-bearing steelwork slag based on the composition of factory slag from the Masteel Co., and the possibility of undercooling as a technique to precipitate V-concentration phase was demonstrated. The effect of 20wt% Al_2O_3 additive introduced into the slag on intensifing the precipitation was also investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to investigate the slag after heat treatment. It is demonstrated that gehlenite and grossite are the major crystalline phases. Whitlockite with a high content of V_2O_5 (called V-concentration phase hereafter) nucleates homogeneously and hetergeneously and grows with decreasing undercooling. At 1548 K, the crystals of V-concentration phase grow up as the duration of time, with a medium grain size of 25 μm at 300 min holding time.

3个甜樱桃品种在不同砧木上的生长结果表现

【目的】对9个不同砧穗组合甜樱桃植株的生长结果情况进行调查,明确西北山地条件下各种砧木对不同甜樱桃品种生长结果的影响,为西北地区甜樱桃种植砧穗组合的选择提供理论依据与参考。【方法】以红灯、美早、萨米脱3个甜樱桃品种与中国樱桃、ZY-1、吉塞拉6号3种砧木不同砧穗组合植株为试材,调查研究各砧穗组合的生长及结果情况,了解其生长结果习性。【结果】红灯、美早、萨米脱3个甜樱桃品种与矮化砧木吉塞拉6号组合可以明显降低的树体的高度,吉塞拉6号为砧木的组合较其他组合的花束状果枝比例明显增多,且其坐果率及产量较其他组合显著增多;以吉塞拉6号为砧木的甜樱桃品种生长结果表现优良。【结论】在实际生产中,为促进树体早结果、早丰产、早收益,生长势较强的品种可选择搭配矮化或半矮化砧木,生长势中庸偏弱的品种应尽量避免选用矮化砧木,以免在树体进入盛果期后树体早衰而缩短结果年限。

幼儿膳食营养存在的问题与对策研究

3~6岁的幼儿正当生长发育的重要时期,每天需要从膳食中获取必要的营养物质,才能满足其身体发育需要。均衡的膳食营养是保障幼儿健康的核心因素之一,幼儿膳食长期营养不良会导致其缺乏某些必要营养和热量供应,不但影响幼儿的正常身体发育,还会引起许多幼儿疾病。合理的膳食营养是保证幼儿身体健康的基本前提,因此,需要科学地安排幼儿每日所需膳食营养的摄入。本文阐述现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养的重要性,分析现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养存在的问题,并提出改善我国幼儿膳食营养的应对策略。

变桨轴承用42CrMo钢疲劳裂纹扩展试验及螺栓孔裂纹扩展特性研究

以风电变桨轴承用材料42CrMo钢为基础,从轴承应力集中部位取紧凑拉伸试样(CT试件),在不同载荷和应力比条件下进行CT试件的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,对裂纹扩展过程进行Paris疲劳裂纹扩展模型的数据拟合,由试验数据拟合得到Paris模型参数C和m;利用ABAQUS与FRANC3D软件联合仿真,将试验与仿真得到的不同应力比和不同载荷下的循环次数与裂纹长度进行对比,两者的吻合度较高。通过对风电变桨轴承危险部位进行建模,建立变桨轴承螺栓孔子模型,在危险部位建立初始裂纹进行疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟,研究不同长深比以及不同角度的疲劳裂纹的扩展规律,结果表明:随着长深比a/b的增大,在裂纹增长同样长度的情况下,所需循环次数减小,初始裂纹形状及角度均对裂纹扩展规律有较大影响。

临床护士参与微习惯训练营体验的研究

目的:探索临床护士参与微习惯训练营后的真实体验与需求,为协助其建立健康行为及完善训练营模式提供参考依据。方法:采用目的抽样法,选取2022年6月—12月上海市某三级甲等医院不同科室参与微习惯训练营的12名临床护士进行半结构式深度访谈,数据采用NVivo14软件辅助编码及归类、Colaizzi7步分析法分析。结果:对临床护士“微习惯训练”的真实体验共提炼出3个主题,即负性情绪缓解与适应能力变化的心理体验;工作能力提升与自信心建立的成长体验;对微习惯训练营安排的需求及建议。结论:微习惯训练营作为一个认识自我的契机,通过强化自我效能感改善参与者的心理弹性;通过构建平台引领参与者共同成长;“习惯的养成”并非易事,建议管理者在未来开展微习惯训练营时应多注重内在动力的挖掘并提供更全面的外在支持。

苹果三种不同栽培模式对果树生长及结果的影响

为了研究苹果“双矮”栽培、普通矮化栽培和短枝型栽培等三种不同苹果栽培模式对苹果树的生长和结果的影响,在立地条件一致和管理措施相同的条件下,采用常规测量方法对其树体生长、果实发育、果品质量以及生产管理进行试验研究。结果表明,苹果“双矮”栽培模式具有树体矮小,树冠紧凑,透光良好、控冠促花容易,无大小年结果现象,产量高,质量优,作务简便,低成本高效益等诸多优势,它有效解决了果园劳力不足、劳动力成本上升的问题,而且提升了果品产量和品质,大幅增加了果园效益和果农收入,加快了传统果业生产向集约高效生产方式的转变,对发展现代高效果业有着极强的指导意义,值得大面积推广应用。

健脾温肾方对荷肉瘤小鼠腹水模型免疫细胞相关因子影响研究

目的:探讨健脾温肾方对荷S180肉瘤小鼠腹水模型免疫细胞相关因子水平影响。方法:5~6周龄的C57小鼠60只,随机分为模型组、顺铂组、顺铂+低剂量组以及顺铂+高剂量组,每组15只。制备荷S180肉瘤小鼠腹水模型。顺铂组给予0.2 mg/kg顺铂,每周第1天、第4天、第7天给药,给药4周。顺铂+低剂量组在顺铂组基础上灌胃9.75 g/kg健脾温肾方,1次/d,共4周。顺铂+高剂量组在顺铂组基础上灌胃19.5 g/kg健脾温肾方,1次/d,共4周。模型组给予等剂量生理盐水腹腔注射,每周第1天、第4天、第7天给药,给药4周。比较各组小鼠瘤重和抑瘤率、腹水量、红细胞和肿瘤细胞计数、癌胚抗原(CEA)、免疫细胞相关因子变化;并记录小鼠生存时间。结果:顺铂+低剂量组和顺铂+高剂量组抑瘤率高于顺铂组(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。与模型组比较,顺铂组、顺铂+低剂量组以及顺铂+高剂量组瘤重、腹水量、红细胞计数和肿瘤细胞计数减少,CEA、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平降低而γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平升高,生存时间延长(P<0.05);顺铂+低剂量组和顺铂+高剂量组瘤重、腹水量、红细胞计数和肿瘤细胞计数低于顺铂组,CEA、VEGF、IL-4水平低于顺铂组而IFN-γ高于顺铂组,生存时间长于顺铂组(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。结论:健脾温肾方对荷S180肉瘤小鼠腹水模型抑瘤率显著,可减少腹水量,且可下调VEGF和IL-4水平及上调IFN-γ水平。

滚动轴承内圈不同曲率初始次表面裂纹的扩展仿真研究

滚动轴承内圈次表面裂纹的动态扩展将影响轴承工作的稳定性,继而影响轴承的剩余使用寿命。针对这一问题,研究了滚动轴承内圈上不同曲率的初始次表面裂纹对应力分布和裂纹扩展的影响规律。首先,基于扩展有限元方法,构建了承受径向载荷的圆柱滚子轴承有限元模型;然后,基于滚动轴承次表面裂纹的形态特征,模拟了滚道次表面不同曲率的初始裂纹在径向载荷下的动态扩展过程;最后,基于模拟结果,在相同工况下,分析并讨论了次表面裂纹尖端应力随裂纹曲率的变化规律,以及裂纹尖端应力对裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明:在径向载荷作用下,次表面裂纹尖端出现应力集中现象;裂纹的扩展主要受水平方向应力(S_(11))的影响;相同工况下,0.25 mm^(-1)~1.67 mm^(-1)曲率范围内的次表面裂纹,曲率较大的裂纹两端的应力较小;次表面裂纹的曲率越大,裂纹的扩展长度和角度均越小;通过比较相同径向载荷下不同曲率次表面裂纹的扩展长度、扩展角度等,发现曲率较大的次表面裂纹对轴承的损伤程度以及寿命的影响较小。这些研究结果可以为更好地理解和预防轴承损伤提供理论依据和参考。

弯扭交变载荷作用下变桨轴承套圈材料的断裂寿命研究

变桨轴承套圈在服役过程中会发生断裂,其主要原因是套圈存在微裂纹,在弯扭交变载荷作用下裂纹以不同疲劳方式不断扩展直至断裂。为此,对标准试件进行裂纹扩展,反映变桨轴承套圈失效位置的断裂过程和寿命。确定了套圈断裂位置的等效载荷谱及裂纹扩展模型,根据变桨轴承所承受的纯机械疲劳建立裂纹扩展速率模型,计算标准试件在弯扭交变载荷作用下,裂纹以机械疲劳方式扩展的路径和寿命。裂纹扩展仿真结果表明,裂纹在以机械疲劳方式扩展下,含有微裂纹的变桨轴承套圈能达到使用寿命,考虑腐蚀与疲劳同时作用导致变桨轴承套圈失效。