火电机组热力系统与设备损分布通用矩阵模型

为了揭示系统部件损分布进而探讨机组节能潜力,在深入分析各部件流特性的基础上,提出了火电机组热力系统与设备损分布的通用矩阵模型.将整个热力系统分为5个控制体,针对每一控制体建立质量平衡与平衡方程,再按各控制体流方向依序相连各控制体级模型构成机组矩阵模型.与已有的回热系统损分布矩阵相比,新建模型可量化评价系统中每一过程(或设备)的热力性能,并全面反映系统及各辅助系统的影响.实例结果表明,热力系统中不可逆性主要来源于锅炉,其损率达50.28%.所建模型准确便捷,适用于各类火电机组;损分布规律清晰,有利于挖掘各设备(或过程)的节能潜力;可为火电机组优化设计及经济运行提供有效工具.

损分布矩阵在1000MW机组变工况下的应用

在电厂热能动力设备设计制造,火电厂设计安装、安全经济运行、热力系统优化和节能技术改造等方面,热力系统的经济性计算分析都发挥着极为重要的作用。分析法以平衡原理为基础,为评价能量的"量"和"质"提供了一个统一的尺度。根据平衡原理,对单个控制体建立平衡模型,并针对一般的热力系统,推导损分布矩阵方程。文中以N1000-25/600/600机组热力系统为例,推导损分布矩阵,并在Matlab软件中建立损分布模型,分别对机组在TRL、T-MCR、THA、70%THA、50%THA及40%THA工况下,计算损分布及效率,比较不同工况下各个控制体损和效率的变化。

加热器端差对汽轮机组回热系统损分布影响的通用计算模型

以基于熵分析法的回热系统损分布矩阵方程及汽水分布矩阵方程为基础,结合某台300MW汽轮机组回热系统,进行了数学推导与归纳,获得了加热器端差变化对回热系统损分布影响的通用计算模型。该模型只需要通过加热器出口水参数及上级加热器疏水参数的偏差值,即可准确快捷地计算出回热系统的损分布变化,且具有良好的适应性与通用性,同时也便于在线定量分析端差变化对回热系统损分布的影响。

Beryllium-distribution in metallic glass matrix composite containing beryllium

The morphologies, sizes, compositions and volume fractions of dendritic phases in in situ Ti-based metallic glass matrix composites （MGMCs） containing beryllium （Be） with the nominal composition of Tia7Zr19Cu5V12Be17 （mole fraction, %） were investigated using XRD, SEM, EBSD, TEM, EDS and three-dimensional reconstruction method. Moreover, visualized at the nanoscale, Be distribution is confirmed to be only present in the matrix using scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy （STEM-EELS）. Based on these findings, it has been obtained that the accurate chemical compositions are Wi28.3Zr19.7Cu8V6.4Be37.6 （mole fraction, %） for glass matrix and Wi62.nZr18.aCu2.6V16.6 （mole fraction, %） for the dendritic phases, and the volume fractions are 38.5% and 61.5%, respectively. It is believed that the results are of particular importance for the designing of Be-containing MGMCs.

Empirical Bayes Absolute Error Loss Estimation for Parameter of One-Side Truncation Distribution Families

In this paper we propose an absolute error loss EB estimator for parameter of one-side truncation distribution families. Under some conditions we have proved that the convergence rates of its Bayes risk is o, where 0<λ,r≤1,Mn≤lnln n (for large n),Mn→∞ as n→∞.

Early warning of rock mass instability based on multi-field coupling analysis and microseismic monitoring

In order to overcome the limitation that rock mass instability warnings are caused by a lack of deep consideration of the inherent mechanism of disaster formation, early warning signs of rock mass instability were detected and multi-field coupling was analyzed. A multi-field coupling model of a damaged rock mass was established. The relationship between microseismic activity parameters and rock mass stability was analyzed, and a multi-parameter early warning index system was established and its solution program was compiled. Based on the D-S data fusion theory,an early warning model of rock mass instability combining multi-field coupling analysis and microseismic monitoring was constructed. Taking an underground mine stope as an object, the multi-field coupling model and its solution program were used to analyze mining response characteristics. The seismic field data were used to verify the accuracy of the multi-field coupling analysis. The early warning model was used to predict the instability of stope rock mass,and the early warning result is consistent with a real-world scenario.

Study on damages constitutive model of rocks based on lognormal distribution

The damage constitutive relation of entire rock failure process was established using the theory of representative volume element obeying the Iognormal distribution law, and the integrated damages constitutive model of rock under triaxial compression was established. Comparing with triaxial compression test result, it shows that this model correctly reflects the relationship of stress-strain. At the same time, according to the principle of the rock fatigue failure that conforms to completely the static entire process curve, a new method of establishing cyclic fatigue damage evolution equation was discussed, this method form is simple and the physics significance is clear, it may join preferably the damage relations of the rock static entire process curve.

Breakage Distribution Estimation of Bauxite Based on Piecewise Linearized Breakage Rate

Laboratory tests were carried out to study the breakage kinetics of diasporic bauxite and determine its breakage distribution function. Non-first order breakage with different deceleration rates for different size intervals is found, which is most probably caused by the heterogeneity of the ore. Piecewise linearization method is proposed to describe the non-first order breakage according to its characteristics. In the method, grinding time is divided into several intervals and breakage is assumed to be first order in each interval. So, the breakage rates are calculated by taking the product of the last interval as feed and then established as a function of particle size and grinding time. Based on the predetermined breakage rate function, the breakage distribution of the ore is back-calculated from the experimental data using the population balance model (PBM). Finally, the obtained breakage parameters are validated and the simulated data are in good agreement with the experimental data. The obtained breakage distribution and the method for breakage rate description are both significant for modeling the full scale ball milling process of bauxite.

Genetic Data Clustering Based on Minimum Coding Length

[Objective] This paper aimed to provide a new method for genetic data clustering by analyzing the clustering effect of genetic data clustering algorithm based on the minimum coding length. [Method] The genetic data clustering was regarded as high dimensional mixed data clustering. After preprocessing genetic data, the dimensions of the genetic data were reduced by principal component analysis, when genetic data presented Gaussian-like distribution. This distribution of genetic data could be clustered effectively through lossy data compression, which clustered the genes based on a simple clustering algorithm. This algorithm could achieve its best clustering result when the length of the codes of encoding clustered genes reached its minimum value. This algorithm and the traditional clustering algorithms were used to do the genetic data clustering of yeast and Arabidopsis, and the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified through genetic clustering internal evaluation and function evaluation. [Result] The clustering effect of the new algorithm in this study was superior to traditional clustering algorithms, and it also avoided the problems of subjective determination of clustering data and sensitiveness to initial clustering center. [Conclusion] This study provides a new clustering method for the genetic data clustering.

Influence of abrasive hardness on erosion wear of abrasive air jets

To make clear the influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect,the erosion experiments of abrasive air jet with the same impact energy were carried out.The influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect is clarified by comparing the different erosion depths.The main conclusions are as follows.Under the same mass flow rate and mesh number,the abrasive with a higher density needs greater pressure irrespective of hardness.After erosion damage,the abrasive size exhibits a Weibull distribution.The shape parameterβand Weibull distribution function of four types of abrasives are derived by the least squares method;moreover,βis found to have a quadratic relation with abrasive hardness.The results of the erosion experiments show that abrasive hardness and erosion depth are quadratically related.By calculating the increase in surface energy after abrasive erosion crushing,it is found that abrasive hardness has a quadratic relation with surface energy and that the increases in erosion depth and surface energy consumption are basically identical.In conclusion,the effect is a soft abrasive impact when the ratio of abrasive hardness(Ha)to the material hardness(Hm)is<2.6,and it is a hard abrasive impact when Ha/Hm>3.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic imaging diagnosis on assessment of vascularity in liver metastatic lesions

AIM: To investigate the vasculature of rabbit liver metastatic lesions by color Doppler imaging and power Doppler imaging (PDI) techniques.METHODS: Eight New Zealand rabbits with implanted VX2 liver tumors were used. All ultrasound examinations were performed with a HP 5500 color Doppler ultrasound scanner. Before and after the injection of contrast agent, the changes of gray scale and the periphery and intralesional blood flow of the liver metastatic lesion were carefully observed by B mode ultrasound, color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)and PDI.RESULTS: Twelve lesions were found in the eight rabbits with implanted VX2 liver tumors, whose diameter rangedfrom 1.6 to 4.8 cm. Echoes of these lesions were not characterized and has lack of specificity. After the injectionof contrast agent, the numbers of dot or strip-like flow messages increased both at the periphery and inside of these lesions under the mode of CDFI and PDI, and were more pronounced under PDI. Morphology of intralesional vessels extended, even branched and some signals were clearly found encircling the lesion. And some vessels were found penetrating into the center of the lesion.CONCLUSION: PDI after injection of self-made echo contrast agent can show a pronounced sensitivity than that of B mode ultrasound and CDFI in diagnosis of vascularity of a metastatic lesion.

Density distribution in a heavy-medium cyclone

Heavy-medium cyclones are widely used to upgrade run-of-mine coal.But the understanding of flow in a cyclone containing a dense medium is still incomplete.By introducing turbulent diffusion into calculations of centrifugal settling a theoretical distribution function giving the density field can be deduced.Qualitative analysis of the density field in every part of a cylindrical cyclone suggests an optimum design that has exhibited good separation effectiveness and anti-wear performance when in commercial operation.

Formation and wear behaviors of in-situ Al3Ti/Al composites using aluminum and titanium fibers under electromagnetic induction heating

Under various electromagnetic induction heating powers,different Al3Ti/Al composites were fabricated by in-situ synthesis method from aluminum and titanium fibers.Microstructures and particles distribution of the composites were examined by XRD,SEM and EDS.The results show that no other intermetallic compounds beside Al3Ti can be in-situ synthesized.Around the titanium fibers,the reaction zones and diffusion zones can be obviously found.Due to the stirring of the electromagnetic function,the formation of the micro-cracks inside the reaction zone was conducive to the peeling off of the Al3Ti particles,and ensures the continuous reaction between liquid aluminum and titanium fibers,as well as the diffusion of Al3Ti particles.At the same time,there were secondary splits of Al3Ti particles located in diffusion zones.Two-body abrasion test shows that with the increase of induction heating power,the wear rates of the composites reduced and the number of grooves decreased.

Analysis of Properties of Thrust Bearing in Ship Propulsion System

Thrust bearing is a key component of the propulsion system of a ship. It transfers the propulsive forces from the propeller to the ship＇s hull, allowing the propeller to push the ship ahead. The performance of a thrust bearing pad is critical. When the thrust bearing becomes damaged, it can cause the ship to lose power and can also affect its operational safety. For this paper, the distribution of the pressure field of a thrust pad was calculated with numerical method, applying Reynolds equation. Thrust bearing properties for loads were analyzed, given variations in outlet thickness of the pad and variations between the load and the slope of the pad. It was noticed that the distribution of pressure was uneven. As a result, increases of both the outlet thickness and the slope coefficient of the pad were able to improve load beating capability.

Damage Pattern Recognition of Spatially Distributed Slope Damages and Rainfall Using Optimal GIS Mesh Dimensions

Damage assessment for slopes using geographical information system(GIS) has been actively carried out by researchers working on several government organizations and research institutes in Korea. In this study, 596 slope damages were examined to identify the types of damage associated with dip angles, dip directions, and heavy rainfall resulting from typhoons in South Korea. Heavy rainfall of 100 mm to 300 mm resulted in 80% at the investigated slope damages. A GIS database was developed for highways, rainfall, soil or rock geometry, and types of damage. A grid of rainfall intensity was generated from the records of maximum daily rainfall. Contours for slope damages and heavy rainfall using optimal GIS mesh dimensions were generated to visualize damage patterns and show substantially strong correlation of rainfall with slope damages. The combination of remote sensing with the GIS pattern recognition process described in this work are being expanded for a new generation of emergency response and rapid decision support systems.

Effects of N/Z on Spin Distribution of Evaporation Residue Cross Section as a Probe of Nuclear Dissipation

The spin distribution of the evaporation residue cross section of nuclei ^194pb, ^200Pb, ^206Pb, and ^200 Os are calculated via a Langevin equation coupled with a statistical decay model. It is shown that with increasing the neutronto-proton ratio （N/Z） of the system, the sensitivity of the significantly. Moreover, for ^200Os this spin distribution is no spin distribution to the nuclear dissipation is decreased longer sensitive to the nuclear dissipation. These results suggest that to obtain a more accurate pre-saddle viscosity coefficient through the measurement of the evaporation residue spin distribution, it is best to yield those compound systems with low N/Z.

Soot particle distributions inside a diesel particulate filter during soot loading in plateau environment

A three-dimensional diesel particulate filter(DPF)simulation model was developed by using AVL software FIRE to study the effects of four factors on soot particle distributions along the axial and radial directions in the DPF after the model accuracy was validated.An orthogonal test method was used to determine the importance and weights of the design of experiments(DoE)factors such as the expanding angle,the number of channels per square inch,and the exhaust mass flow rate.The effects of these factors on the uniformity of the soot particle distributions were also analyzed.The results show that when the soot loading time was 400 s,the soot particles inside the DPF along the axial direction exhibited a bowl shape,which was high on the both ends and low in the middle.The uniformity of the axial distribution of soot particles reduces significantly with an increase in the number of channels per square inch.The uniformity of the radial distribution reduced with an increase in the expanding angle of the divergent tube.Based on the impacts on the axial uniformity,the three most influencing factors in a descending order are the number of channels per square inch,the exhaust mass flow rate,and the expanding angle of the divergent tube.

Prediction Reliability of the Building Components as a Model Based on the Distribution of Weibull

All technical objects are at risk of damages during the consecutive years of their usage. Reliability of an object is an essential issue during its usage. The main problem is the strive to eliminate damage formation. Predicting the reliability of an object should allow qualitative and quantitative analysis of the possibility of occurrence of unfavorable events. The adaptation of mathematical models describing the degradation processes in mechanical and electronic devices creates opportunities to develop diagnostic standards for buildings erected in traditional technology. The article presents the methodology of prediction of reliability of a building, and the values of performance features are defined by the parameters of the Weibull distribution function.

Influence of bluff body shape on wall pressure distribution in vortex flowmeter

To investigate the influence of bluff body shape on wall pressure distribution in a vortex flowmeter,experiments were conducted on a specially designed test section in a closed water rig at Reynolds numbers of 6.2×10 4-9.3×10 4.The cross sections of the bluff bodies were semicircular,square,and triangular shaped,and there were totally 21 pressure tappings along the conduit to acquire the wall pressures.It is found that the variation trends of wall pressures are basically identical regardless of the bluff body shapes.The wall pressures begin to diverge from 0.3D(D is the inner diameter of the vortex flowmeter) in front of the bluff body due to the diversity in shape,and all reach the minimum values at 0.3D behind the bluff body.A discrepancy between the triangular or square cylinder and the semicircular cylinder in wall pressure change is observed at 0-0.1D behind the bluff body.It is also found that the wall pressures and irrecoverable pressure loss coefficients increase with flow rates,and the triangular cylinder causes the smallest irrecoverable pressure loss at a fixed flow rate.

Investigation of the Aerodynamic Character in Turbine Cascades with Aft-loaded Profile

For evaluate the aerodynamic character of the turbine cascades which have the aft-loaded profile, the experimental investigation was carried out on the low speed annular wind tunnel. And the detailed measurements of the aerodynamic parameters were made from upstream to downstream of the two type turbine cascades, the one is the conventional straight blades cascade, the other is the curved blades cascades. The static pressure distributions on the endwall and the blade surface were also carried out. The influence of the aft-loaded profile and the curved blade on the development of loss and the pressure distribution was discussed, and analyses the different flow phenomena and mechanism in two type turbine cascades.