Identification and Transcriptional Regulation of CAMTA Genes in Liriodendron chinense

This study explores CAMTA genes in the rare and endangered Chinese plant species,Liriodendron chinense.Despite the completion of whole-genome sequencing,the roles of CAMTA genes in calcium regulation and stress responses in this species remain largely unexplored.Within the L.chinense genome,we identified two CAMTA genes,Lchi09764 and Lchi222536,characterized by four functional domains:CG-1,TIG,ANK repeats,and IQ motifs.Our analyses,including phylogenetic investigations,cis-regulatory element analyses,and chromosomal location studies,aim to elucidate the defining features of CAMTA genes in L.chinense.Applying Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis(WGCNA),we explored the impact of CAMTA genes on different organs and their regulation under abiotic stress conditions.The identification of significant gene modules and the prediction of promoter binding sites revealed co-expressed genes associated with CAMTA transcription factors.In summary,this study provides initial insights into CAMTA genes in L.chinense,laying the groundwork for future research on their evolution and biological roles.This knowledge enhancement contributes to a better understanding of plant responses to environmental stress—an essential aspect of plant biology.

The flavonoids from Pentorum chinense Pursh.mediates ferroptosis to alleviate sorafenib-induced liver injury in BRL-3A cells

Background:Drug-induced liver damage is a severe medical issue that affects people all over the world.Sorafenib has some side effects that cause liver injury.A dietary medicinal plant called Penthorum chinense Pursh.(PCP)has hepatoprotective properties.There are currently few reports on PCP’s protective impact and mechanism against sorafenib-induced liver injury.Methods:To create a liver injury model,sorafenib was administered to BRL-3A cells.Cell viability assays,immunofluorescence tests,Western blotting,real-time quantitative PCR,and high-content imaging systems were utilized to examine PCP’s effect and mechanism.Results:In this study,PCP treatment mitigated the liver damage caused by sorafenib by enhancing cell survival,lowering lipid reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels,and elevating glutathione levels.In addition,PCP can enhance the protein expression of cystine/glutamate transporter xCT and glutathione peroxidase 4,reduce iron content and alleviate mitochondrial toxicity.Further mechanism studies revealed that PCP inhibited ferroptosis by promoting the production of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation and subsequently affecting target genes(HO-1 and NQO1).Conclusion:Together,PCP regulates the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 pathway,which helps to lessen ferroptosis brought on by sorafenib.

Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and Comparison of Their Contents from Different Parts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and compare their contents from different parts.[Methods]Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh with the volume fraction of ethanol,the ratio of material to liquid,heating reflux extraction time and extraction times as factors,and the content of total flavonoids as the index.A verification test was carried out.The optimized extraction process was adopted to compare the contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh.[Results]The best extraction process was extracting the powder of P.chinense Pursh for 2.0 h with 20 times of 55%ethanol by reflux twice.Under this condition,the contents of total flavonoids were 3.63%,8.90%,11.28%,and 4.36%from stems,leaves,flowers and whole grass of P.chinense Pursh,respectively.[Conclusions]The process is reasonable,feasible and stable,and can effectively extract total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh.The contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh were quite different,and the value was higher in the leaves and flowers,so the proportions of leaves and flowers should be paid attention to in the industrial processing of P.chinense Pursh.

庐山鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)幼苗蒸腾特性研究

庐山山地上的鹅掌揪幼苗，在夏季晴天土壤供水充足的条件下，其叶片蒸腾速率的日变化为午后高峰型，日蒸腾量为70．92molH2Om-2d-1，最大蒸腾速率达3.9mmolH2Om-21s-1,叶／气温度差、气孔导度、相对湿度等因素对蒸腾速率的影响最显著；鹅掌揪幼苗的水分利用率日平均为4．142mmolCO2mol-1H2o，最高可达11.8mmolCO2mo1-1H2O。

鹅掌楸（Liriodendron chinense）遗传多样性的等位酶论证

选择５个具有地理代表性的鹅掌楸（Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｓａｒｇ．）种群，分析６种酶系统９个位点上２７个等位基因的遗传变异。结果表明，鹅掌楸种内保存较高的等位酶变异。遗传多样性的分布特点与种群地理分布型式一致，鹅掌楸的种内分化主要表现为东、西部种群之间的差异，东部亚区的总的基因丰富程度低于西部亚区。同时，东部亚区内“岛”状隔离分布使其中的种群分化加深，种群间差异大于西部亚区中呈“带”状地理连续分布的种群间的分化。

Genome-wide identification and cold stress-induced expression analysis of the CBF gene family in Liriodendron chinense

Cold-resistance pathways that operate in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa have been studied extensively.It has been found that CBF genes play an important role in plant cold resistance.Liriodendron chinense,a tree known for its graceful tree shape and widely spread in south China,has weak cold tolerance.However,little is known about its response to cold.To further study the function of L.chinense CBF gene family,we started by characterizing all members of this gene family in the L.chinense genome and their expression profiling.Phylogenetic analysis found that 14 CBF genes in L.chinense are more closely related to their homologues in woody plants and A.thaliana than those in O.sativa.Cis-acting elements and GO analysis showed that some LcCBF genes participated in the biological process of cold stress response.The transcriptomic and RT-qPCR data showed that most of LcCBF genes displayed an initially increasing and subsequently decreasing trend during cold stress course and the expression profile of each member was different.Some LcCBF genes exhibited a different abundance in callus,root,stem and leaf tissues.The structure and expression characteristics of LcCBF genes imply that they may have similar and different functions in response to cold stress conditions.The identification and analysis of LcCBF gene family have laid the foundation for future studies into L.chinense cold stress mechanisms and for the cultivation of cold-resistance cultivars.

Changes in soil organic carbon and aggregate stability following a chronosequence of Liriodendron chinense plantations

The objectives for this study were to determine changes in soil organic carbon(SOC)components and water-stable aggregates for soil profi les from diff erent ages of plantations of Liriodendron chinense and to clarify which organic carbon component is more closely associated with the formation and stability of soil aggregates.Three layers of soil(depths 0–20 cm,20–40 cm,40–60 cm)were collected from young,half-mature and mature stages of L.chinense.SOC,readily oxidizable organic carbon,chemically stable organic carbon and aggregate composition were determined.Intermediate stable organic carbon,the microbial quotient and aggregate stability(mean weight diameter)were calculated.SOC and aggregate stability in the L.chinense plantation did not increase linearly with an increase in L.chinense age;rather,they fi rst decreased,then increased with increasing age of L.chinense.The microbial quotient had a negative eff ect on the level of organic carbon and the stability of aggregates,while chemically stable organic carbon had a positive eff ect,which explained 55.0%and 19.3%of the total variation,respectively(P<0.01).Therefore,more attention should be paid of these two indicators in the future.

Research on the Effects of Light Intensity and Seeding Density on the Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Liriodendron chinense

It provides a theoretical basis for the artificial promotion of the reproduction and regeneration of Liriodendron chinense through exploring the effects of light intensity and seeding density on the seed germination and seedling growth of this rare plant. Controlled experiments were conducted by setting different seeding densities and shading intensities to observe and detect the seed germination and seedling growth under different experimental conditions. The data were analyzed by SPSS and the model was fitted to calculate the seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate and seedling growth parameters of Liriodendron chinense, which were used to analyze the effects of seeding density and light intensity on the seed germination and seedling growth of Liriodendron chinense. Light has a significant impact on the seed germination and seedling growth of Liriodendron chinense (P P > 0.05). High density promotes the seedling height (the seedling height showed a rising trend with the increase of seeding density, reaching the highest at 500 seeds/m2. “3-stitch + 300 seeds/m2” combination is an appropriate condition for Liriodendron chinense reproduction since it can realize higher germination rate and better seedling growth potential. The seedling height and basal diameter growth curve of Liriodendron chinense fits well to the Logistic equation (R2 ≥ 0.977). Light has a significant impact on the seed germination and seedling growth of Liriodendron chinense, and appropriate shading treatment can increase the seed germination rate and seedling emergence rate of Liriodendron chinense. Seeding density has little influence on the seed germination rate of Liriodendron chinense, but high density will promote seedling height.

Optimization on Ultrasonic Extraction Method of Total Flavonoids for Liriodendron chinense Sarg.×L.tulipifera L. by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

With the leaves,bark and roots of Liriodendron chinense Sarg.× L.tulipifera L.as experiment materials,the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of total flavonoids were optimized by response surface Box-Behnken test design.Ultrasonic time and liquid-to-solid ratio had significant effects on the extraction amount of flavonoids from the leaves of L.chinense Sarg.× L.tulipifera L.;ultrasonic temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio had an interaction on the extraction amount of flavonoids;and the optimum ultrasonic time,temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio for the extraction of flavonoids from leaves of L.chinense Sarg.× L.tulipifera L.were 19.82 min,28.60 ℃ and 9.48 ml/g,respectively.Ultrasonic time,temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio had significant effects on the extraction amount of flavonoids from L.chinense Sarg.× L.tulipifera L.;there was a significant interaction between any two of the factors,which had a significant effect on the extraction of flavonoids;and the optimum extraction parameters for flavonoids in the bark were the ultrasonic time of 33.66 min,the ultrasonic temperature at 32.85 ℃ and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 11.39 ml/g.Ultrasonic time and liquid-to-solid ratio had significant effects on the extraction of flavonoids from roots;there was a significant interaction between ultrasonic time and liquid-to-solid ratio and between ultrasonic temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio;and the optimum extraction parameters for flavonoids from the roots of L.chinense Sarg.× L.tulipifera L.were the ultrasonic time of 32.38 min,the ultrasonic temperature at 25.0 ℃ and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 8.00 ml/g.The results of the three models were stable.The models are feasible and have good application value.

Study on Chemical Constituents from Phellodendron chinense

[Objectives]To isolate and identify chemical constituents from Phellodendron chinense.[Methods]Compounds were isolated by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and ODS column chromatography,and their structures were determined by means of the spectral analysis and physicochemical properties.[Results]Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as berberine(1),obaculactone(2),shihulimonin A(3),N-p-coumaroyltyramine(4),1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-propane-1,3-diol(5),phellodendrine(6),magnoflorine(7),palmatine(8),jatrorrhizine(9),columbamine(10),and obacunone(11).[Conclusions]Compounds 3 and 5 were isolated from Phellodendron for the first time,and compound 4 was isolated from this plant for the first time.

川黄檗(Phellodendron chinense)适宜区及随气候变化的分布格局模拟

川黄檗(Phellodendron chinense)具有极高的药用价值,但由于人类干扰和气候变化,导致其野生资源急剧减少,目前已被列为国家Ⅱ级保护野生植物。基于川黄檗的55个有效分布记录点和19个气候因子,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件,预测当前(1970—2000年)与未来(2041—2060年和2081—2100年)的潜在分布区格局,并评估制约其地理分布的主要气候因子。研究结果表明:MaxEnt模型预测精度极高,受试者工作曲线面积AUC值大于0.97;川黄檗当前的高适宜以上生境主要覆盖巫山山脉、四川盆地西南边缘山区、贵州中部北部山地以及大巴山南部山区;影响其分布的主要气候因子为年均降水量、年均温、温度季节变化方差和等温性;在未来气候变化情境下,川黄檗的适宜分布区总面积均有不同程度的增加,高适宜以上区域面积呈现出较为明显的波动趋势。降水和温度在塑造川黄檗分布格局上起着重要的作用;相比于当前,川黄檗在未来气候变化条件下的适宜区有向北迁移的趋势,这可为川黄檗野生种质资源保护、利用以及后续研究提供参考。

不同类型群落中濒危植物永瓣藤(Monimopetalum chinense)种群的空间分布格局

为揭示永瓣藤(Monimopetalum chinense)种群的分布格局特征及其成因,采用分形分析中的计盒维数对取自4个分布地的13个样方进行了研究。结果显示:(1)同一研究地不同群落中永瓣藤种群的分形特征差异明显,而不同研究地同一类型群落之间的差异不大,分析认为这与永瓣藤在群落中的生态地位及生境异质性有关。(2)永瓣藤种群计盒维数由高到低依次为杉木林(1.911±0.025)、杂木林(1.806±0.079)、马尾松林(1.692±0.054)和毛竹林(1.629±0.081),表明不同群落中其个体分布的非均匀性存在较大差异。(3)永瓣藤种群的拐点尺度由高到低依次为毛竹林(4.111m±0.484m)、马尾松林(3.778m±0.222m)、杂木林(2.857m)、杉木林(2.013m±0.117m),次序与计盒维数相反。(4)分析认为,不同群落中永瓣藤无性繁殖能力的不同对其种群格局的计盒维数以及拐点尺度有重要影响。

杀线虫真菌Simplicillium chinense菌株Snef5强毒和弱毒菌株的诱变筛选

杀线虫真菌Simplicillium chinense菌株Snef5分离自柞蚕茧蛹体内,其发酵液对多种线虫均具有较高的致死作用。为筛选对南方根结线虫强毒与弱毒的菌株,采用紫外照射、硫酸二乙酯处理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化等3种诱变方法对菌株Snef5进行诱变育种,结果表明:共筛选得到8株强毒菌株,3株弱毒菌株。复筛后获得毒力稳定的菌株共4株,包括强毒菌株UV-17和UV-18,弱毒菌株UV-15和T-25,以农杆菌介导的遗传转化法诱变处理效果最佳。诱变菌株UV-17、UV-18、UV-15和T-25的获得,为将来对杀线虫活性基因簇进行分析研究奠定了基础。

辣椒C.frutescens×C.chinense种间杂种的获得与鉴定

运用有性杂交方法,以强辣灌木辣椒Capsicum frutescens H101为母本(P1)、强辣C.chinense PI439487为父本(P2)进行种间杂交,获得了C.frutescens×C.chinense种间杂种。对种间杂种F125个表型性状进行了观察比较,结果表明:F1在生长势方面具有明显的杂种优势,其他表型性状则多介于P1与P2之间。SRAP分析显示,F1与P1、P2共有带220条,占总位点数的53.92%,与P1或P2共有带143条,占35.05%,F1特异带和特异缺失带12条,点2.95%。F1与P1遗传相似系数为0.749,大于其与P2的遗传相似系数(0.740),说明杂种在DNA水平上更趋向于母本。C.frutescens×C.chinense种间杂种的获得,为C.chinense香味和多花基因的转移及新材料创制奠定了基础。

中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)幼苗对秋、冬季淹水的生长及生理响应

为阐明三峡库区岸生植物中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)幼苗对水淹的耐淹机理,通过设置对照组(CK)、半淹组(PF)、全淹组(CF)3个水淹处理,模拟库区消落带秋、冬季淹水情况,研究中华蚊母树幼苗在不同水淹时间和深度下的生长及生理生化特性.结果表明,淹水显著影响中华蚊母树幼苗的生物量,水淹150 d后,PF组植株和CF组植株根、茎、叶生物量均呈显著降低趋势,同时受水淹影响,植株根冠比也显著降低;中华蚊母树幼苗在水淹前90 d 2组水淹处理植株叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均与CK组植株差异不显著,水淹120 d后,中华蚊母树幼苗叶片MDA含量显著增加,且随着水淹深度的增加而逐渐升高;可溶性蛋白在各水淹处理中的变化有所差异,水淹前60 d,淹水并没有影响CF组植株可溶性蛋白含量,但从水淹90 d开始,CF组植株可溶性蛋白含量有所上升,而PF组植株可溶性蛋白含量在整个淹水期间均与CK组植株差异不显著;2组水淹处理植株脯氨酸在水淹前期均显著上升,但自水淹90 d后逐渐下降至CK组水平;与MDA对水淹的响应一致,水淹前期PF组和CF组植株抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶)均没有出现明显影响,但水淹后期2组水淹处理植株抗氧化酶活性均显著升高;可溶性糖含量在不同水淹处理下有所差异,PF组植株叶片可溶性糖含量在整个淹水期间均与CK组植株差异不显著;而CF组植株叶片可溶性糖含量随着水淹时间的延长逐渐降低.研究证明,中华蚊母树幼苗生长及生理特性对秋、冬季水淹环境具有一定的调节能力,是中华蚊母树幼苗能够在库区消落带存活生长的一个重要原因.

南京早椒×C．chinense种间杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对南京早椒（ＣａｐｓｉｃｕｍｆｒｕｔｅｓｃｅｎｓＬＶａｒ．ＣｏｎｏｉｄｅｓＢａｉｌｅｙ）×Ｃ．Ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ种间杂交受精和胚胎发育过程的观察表明：授粉后２～６小时，花粉在柱头上萌发，８～１２小时为花粉萌发盛期，产生花粉管，开始进入柱头组织。授粉后５２～７２小时，精核进入卵细胞和中央细胞，完成双受精。原胚发育为茄型。从授粉、受精、合子分裂、指形胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚至成熟胚的整个发育阶段历经３２天。极核受精前靠近卵器，受精后立即分裂。胚乳发育属细胞型。杂交组受精和胚胎发育较自交组迟。

葱属植物挥发油研究 Ⅲ 薤（Allium chinense G．Don）挥发油成分的研究

利用ＧＣ－ＭＳ联用方法对薤挥发油成分进行了分析，鉴定了１７种化合物，其中１６种为合成化合物。主要成分为二甲基三硫和甲基烯丙基三硫，含量分别为１９．８２％和２３．０６％，后者对血小板聚集有强烈抑制作用。

The Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Bupleurum chinense DC.

从北柴胡（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅＤＣ．）根的乙醇提取液中分离得到五个化合物，经理化性质及波谱解析分别鉴定为水仙甙（１）、腺苷（２），尿苷（３）、ａ菠甾醇葡萄糖甙（４）及木糖醇（５）。均为首次从北柴胡中分离得到。

羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)的双受精作用与胚胎发育

本文以采用电镜制片的方法对羊草的双受精过程和胚胎发育进行了研究。羊草的双受精属有丝分裂前配子配合型。开花后约4h精子进入胚囊。两精子几乎同时进卵核和极核之一,精核分别在卵核和极核内松散,同时出现1到2个雄核仁。合子时期雌雄性核仁不融合,直到合子分裂前期仍为多核仁。羊草胚胎发育为紫菀型。一般合子第一次分裂为横分裂,但偶见有斜分裂。合子未见有极性,在二细胞原胚后期见有极性表现,超微结构显示,顶细胞和基细胞中圆球体大小和发育时期不同。胚发育经过原胚、椭圆形胚,再经胚分化期和成熟期发育为成熟胚。

中国辣椒(Capsicum chinense)对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性鉴定及机理研究

根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)是一类高度专化性的杂食性植物病原线虫。目前,世界上已报道的根结线虫种类有98种,我国危害农作物最为严重的根结线虫有6种,包括南方根结线虫(M. incognita)、北方根结线虫(M. hapla)、爪哇根结线虫(M. javanica)、花生根结线虫(M. arenaria)、拟禾谷根结线虫(M. graminicola)和象耳豆根结线虫(M.enteroloblii)。象耳豆根结线虫寄主范围广、致病力强,选育抗病品种是防治该线虫最为经济有效的手段。由于象耳豆根结线虫在辣椒生产中造成的危害越来越大,急需筛选高抗象耳豆根结线虫的辣椒种质,为抗病育种工作提供物质前提。本研究采用苗期接种鉴定法,对27份中国辣椒(Capsicum chinense)接种象耳豆根结线虫,60 d后开展抗病性鉴定工作。从根结指数和卵粒指数可以看出,不同种质材料在抗病性上存在显著差异。L529-10-1-2-1的根结指数和卵粒指数均最大,L550-1-3的根结指数最小,L518×L535的卵粒指数最小,可推测L529-10-1-2-1对象耳豆根结线虫的抗病性最弱,L550-1-3和L518×L535抗病性最强。结合隶属函数值和聚类分析,将27份供试辣椒种质分为抗病、低抗、感病和高感4类。其中抗病种质16份,隶属函数值在1.60以上;低抗种质4份,隶属函数值在1.26~1.51之间;感病种质5份,隶属函数值在0.64~0.93之间;高感种质2份,隶属函数值在0.42以下。选取高抗的L501M-1M和高感的L529-10-1-2-1接种象耳豆根结线虫,并在接种后0、3、6、9、12、15、20、25、30 d观察线虫侵染量和根系木质素含量。发现L501M-1M根系中的根结线虫数量远远少于L529-10-1-2-1,且L501M-1M中根结线虫的发育受到了阻滞。L501M-1M和L529-10-1-2-1在接种前木质素含量均较低,而接种后抗感种质木质素含量均有所上升,且L501M-1M的木质素含量明显高于L529-10-1-2-1,从而推测木质素与中国辣椒的象耳豆根结线虫抗性存在一定关联。该结果将为深入开展辣椒的根结线虫抗性机理研究奠定基础。