Epidemiological Predicting of the Fleas on Rattus norvegicus

[Objective]To predict prevalence of fleas via a simple epidemiological model.[Method]The field investigation was carried out in 23 locations in Yunnan Province.A simple epidemiological model was involved mean abundance and variance of abundance.[Result]The prevalence of fleas increased with their mean abundance in logistic curve.A linear correlation of the predicted prevalence against observed prevalence did not differ significantly from unity.[Conclusion]Prevalence could be explained simply by their mean abundance.

褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)种群年龄结构鉴定

根据从标本室随机抽取的 31个褐家鼠标本 ,测其头骨的 12个指标进行分析 ,通过主成分和聚类分析 ,将其划分为 5个年龄组 。

RNA Interference-Mediated Downregulation of sAC Gene Inhibits Sperm Hyperactivation in Male Rats(Rattus norvegicus)

Hyperactivation is one of the most critical parts for fertilization, cAMP generated by soluble adenylyl cyclase （sAC） is necessary to activate sperm and is a prerequisite for sperm hyperactivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of sAC in hyperactivation in male rats. Four siRNAs of sAC gene were designed and separately transformed into rat sperm using electrotransformation method. Cultured for 12 and 24 h, physiological and biochemical indexes of these sperm were analyzed, and the expressions of some hyperactivation-related genes were detected using real-time PCR. We demonstrated 26.3-30.8% and 49.1-50.5% reduction in sAC at the protein by Western blot and mRNA levels by real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that two siRNAs, Actb-717 and Actb-4205, were the best RNAi sites for silencing sAC. The VCL （curvilinear velocity） and ALH （amplitude of lateral head displacement） of RNA interference （RNAi）-transfected sperm were reduced, cAMP and protein phosphorylation in RNAi transfected sperm were also decreased. The hyperactivation-related genes, such as CatSper2, LDHC and PKA, were downregulated in the sperm, which sAC was knockdown. These findings demonstrated that sAC might play a critical role in cAMP signaling in the rat sperm hyperactivation, and downregulated sAC gene might prevent the expression of these hyperactivation-ralated genes resulting in sperm dysfunction. These findings suggest that these hyperactivation-ralated genes and sAC are functionally related in sperm hyperactivation and sAC falls into an expanding group of sperm proteins that appear to be promising targets for the development of male contraceptives.

Isolation of Kytococcus schroeteri from the brown rat Rattus norvegicus

Rodents such as Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus have adapted to living close to human settlements[1].This presents a public health challenge as these rodents are considered as pests that can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to humans[1,2].A rodent surveillance programme was initiated between the years 2014 and 2015,focusing on rodents captured at wet markets where there is abundant food and considerable human traffic.The present study was conducted in several wet markets in Kuala Terengganu,Malaysia(5.3333°N,103.1500°E).

褐家鼠（Rattusnorvegicuscaraco）精母细胞中联会复合体的组型分析

本文用表面铺展──ＳＤＳ处理硝酸银（ＡｇＮＯ３）和磷钨酸（ＰＴＡ）染色电镜技术，对中国东北地区褐家鼠（Ｒａｔｔｕｓｎｏｒｖｅｇｉｃｕｓｃａｒａｃｏ）粗线期精母细胞中的联会复合体（ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｎｅｎａｌＣｏｍｐｌｅｓ，ＳＣ）的组型进行分析研究，发现褐家鼠的ＳＣ组型与实验大白鼠有丝分裂中染色体组型有良好的一致性，尤其与Ｗｉｓｔａｒ─Ｋｉｎｇ品系大鼠有丝分裂染色体组型的相关性高（相关系数ｒ＝０．９７１２）．本文还比较ＴｇＮＯ３染色与ＰＴＡ染色的ＳＣ标本，对ＳＣ上着丝点嗜银性问题进行了讨论．

Automatic Detection of Nephrops Norvegicus Burrows from Underwater Imagery Using Deep Learning

The Norway lobster,Nephrops norvegicus,is one of the main commercial crustacean fisheries in Europe.The abundance of Nephrops norvegicus stocks is assessed based on identifying and counting the burrows where they live from underwater videos collected by camera systems mounted on sledges.The Spanish Oceanographic Institute(IEO)andMarine Institute Ireland(MIIreland)conducts annual underwater television surveys(UWTV)to estimate the total abundance of Nephrops within the specified area,with a coefficient of variation(CV)or relative standard error of less than 20%.Currently,the identification and counting of the Nephrops burrows are carried out manually by the marine experts.This is quite a time-consuming job.As a solution,we propose an automated system based on deep neural networks that automatically detects and counts the Nephrops burrows in video footage with high precision.The proposed system introduces a deep-learning-based automated way to identify and classify the Nephrops burrows.This research work uses the current state-of-the-art Faster RCNN models Inceptionv2 and MobileNetv2 for object detection and classification.We conduct experiments on two data sets,namely,the Smalls Nephrops survey(FU 22)and Cadiz Nephrops survey(FU 30),collected by Marine Institute Ireland and Spanish Oceanographic Institute,respectively.From the results,we observe that the Inception model achieved a higher precision and recall rate than theMobileNetmodel.The best mean Average Precision(mAP)recorded by the Inception model is 81.61%compared to MobileNet,which achieves the best mAP of 75.12%.

<i>Moringa oleifera</i>Diets Effect on Haematological Parameters of Rat (<i>Ratus norvegicus</i>)

With aim of place at the disposal of the laboratories nonconventional food with food values and which do not have impact on the system haematopoietic of the rats of laboratory in particular the rat of the species Rattus norvegicus, the study of the haematologic parameters of rats nourished with nonconventional food makes containing powder of Moringa oleifera was undertaken. Indeed, analysis of the blood taking away carried out following the administration of five diets container various rates of powder of Moringa oleifera (0% (Control food), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) respectively codified L3P, L3P25, L3P50, L3P75 and L3P100. These different food formulations were administered to rats (Ratus norvegicus) during three months. The weight of these animals was daily taken, followed by blood samples every 30 days for the determination of the blood count. The results of the study were shown differences between the various food formulations for each period of blood samples in biological parameters. These differences were more significant for platelets. During the three months of study, the hematocrit, platelets, MCV and outside the control group, were reported a slight progressive increase. The leukocyte parameters of all the rats in the investigation, indicated an increase in the second month. In conclusion, the study shows that during the three months of investigation, the tested foods do not disturb the haematological parameters except for thrombocytes which reveal a modification.

珠江三角洲黄毛鼠(Rattus rattoides exiguus)天敌食性的初步观察

农田鼠害生物防治的可行性是人们非常关心的问题,也是鼠害综合防治的一个重要环节。本文着重从食性入手,观察研究了珠江三角洲黄毛鼠天敌滑鼠蛇的食性,以及其摄食量与温度、湿度的关系;并且还对黄毛鼠的另一类天敌(号鸟)类的食量情况作了初步观察。提出了对天敌在黄毛鼠生物防治的作用应采取一分为二的态度,一方面不宜过高估计其灭鼠作用,另一方面也应禁止捕捉鼠类天敌,保护其生活环境,维持生态平衡。

Pitx2 suppression at meiotic stages associates with seasonal inhibition of testis development in Rattus norvegicus caraco

The bicoid-related transcription factor 2(Pitx2)plays a crucial role in the development of many organs and tissues by affecting the mitotic cell cycle.Postnatal testis development is related to mitosis and meiosis in mul-tiple cell types,but the role of Pitx2 gene in seasonal inhibition of testicular development remains unknown in rodents.We analyzed PITX2 protein and Pitx2 mRNA expression features using both laboratory and wild male Rattus norvegicus caraco.In postnatal testicle of laboratory colony,we found that PITX2 was expressed in Leydig cells,pachytene spermatocytes,round spermatids,and elongating spermatids rather than spermatogonia and lep-totene/zygotene spermatocytes.Pitx2b expression significantly increased along with the occurrence of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids,while decreased along with the processes of elongated spermatids.In wild male rats with similar testes weight,a significantly suppressed Pitx2b expression occurred with an active meiotic stage in the inhibited testes in autumn and winter,compared with the normally developing testes in spring and summer.These results indicate that Pitx2b expression suppression plays a crucial role in the seasonal inhibition of testis development.

Molecular Typing of Leptospira interrogans Strains Isolated from Rattus tanezumi in Guizhou Province,Southwest of China

Abstract Objective To identify and type three leptospires isolated from Rattus tanezumi in Guizhou Province by using three molecular techniques （PFGE, MLVA, and MLST）, reveal the molecular characteristic of causative agents of local leptospirosis and evaluate these three molecular methods based on their detection resolution and efficiency. Methods Three Leptospira strains were isolated from the kidney of Rattus tanezumi and cultured with EMJH medium. PFGE, MLVA, and MLST assays were applied to type the three strains isolated from Rattus tanezumi in Guizhou Province. Results PFGE, MLVA, and MLST typing showed that the three leptospiral isolates matched with leptospiral serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai. The findings of the genotyping methods were consistent. MLVA and MLST defined genotypes, whereas PFGE allowed the recognition of additional subgroups within the genotypes, and the findings of molecular typing were also consistent with those of traditional techniques. Conclusion Three leptospiral isolates from Guizhou Province matched with leptospiral serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai, and PFGE, MLVA, and MLST, as reliable molecular techniques for identifying and typing of Leptospira interrogans, would contribute to the active surveillance, outbreak investigation and source tracking for leptospirosis in Guizhou Province.

How many species of Apodemus and Rattus occur in China？ A survey based on mitochondrial cyt b and morphological analyses

Apodemus （mice） and Rattus （rats） are the top rodent reservoirs for zoonoses in China,yet little is known about their diversity.We reexamined the alpha diversity of these two genera based on a new collection of specimens from China and their cyt b sequences in GenBank.We also tested whether species could be identified using external and craniodental measurements exclusively.Measurements from 147 specimens of Apodemus and 233 specimens of Rattus were used for morphological comparisons.We analysed 74 cyt b sequences of Apodemus and 100 cyt b sequences of Rattus to facilitate phylogenetic estimations.Results demonstrated that nine species of Apodemus and seven species of Rattus,plus a new subspecies of Rattus nitidus,are distributed in China.Principal component analysis using external and craniodental measurements revealed that measurements alone could not separate the recognized species.The occurrence of Rattus pyctoris in China remains uncertain.

Sequence Divergence of Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene and Phylogenetic Relationship Between Rattus rattus Sladeni and Rattus rattus Hainanicus

The appearance and hair color between these two subspecies Rattus rattus Sladeni and R.r. Hainanicus are similar to each other. Their most major distinctive characteristic is the length ratio of tail to body. However, this characteristic was unstable in some measuring records. In Guangdong, R.r. Hainanicus is restrictedly distributed in the west region, and R.r. Sladeni is widely distributed in the other regions of this province. In this study, we detected the sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene fragments of 9 samples from R.r. Hainanicus and R.r. Sladeni (Longmen and Hong Kong populations). These 385 nucleotide positions of 12S rRNA gene fragment include 26 variable sites and 14 parsimony-informative sites. 3 insertion/deletion sites are observed. The phylogenetic relationships among these samples were constructed by Neighbor-joining and Maximum parsimony methods. The analysis shows that R.r. Hainanicus is more closely relative to the Longmen population of R.r. Sladeni than to the Hong Kong population of R.r. Sladeni. The sequencing analysis of 12S rRNA gene fragments is not agreement on the classification of subspecies R. r. Hainanicus inferred from the morphology and geographical distribution. The morphological variation of R.r. Hainanicus should result from the natural selection, which causes local adaptation and geographic isolation.

成都市4种鼠传病原体的带毒率调查

目的 了解四川省成都市鼠类携带4种常见病原体的情况,为鼠传疾病的防控提供科学依据。方法 2021年9月至2022年8月采用夹夜法在成都市居民区、重点行业和农贸市场等生境捕获鼠类。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测汉坦病毒、新型布尼亚病毒、钩端螺旋体和恙虫病东方体4种病原体。结果 全市7个区县共捕获鼠类207只,总捕获率为1%。其中褐家鼠150只,占72.46%;黄胸鼠57只,占27.54%。4种病原体检出率分别为汉坦病毒3.86%,钩端螺旋体1.45%,新型布尼亚病毒0.48%,恙虫病东方体尚未检测出。结论 需对重点行业开展灭鼠工作,防止鼠传疾病的发生与流行。

小家鼠(Mus musculus)和褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)的化石材料与早期迁徙

小家鼠和褐家鼠在小型啮齿动物中是现今世界上与人类关系最为密切、分布最为广泛的种类。动物学界认为,这2种鼠科动物均起源于中国,然后随着人类活动进行迁徙,逐步扩散到现今世界上所有人类活动区域。由于这2种鼠科动物化石研究材料稀少,以前在古生物或兽类研究中,还缺少对这2种动物从进化方面进行专门研究。本文综合此前中国已报道的小家鼠和褐家鼠化石材料,对它们的早期出现、体质形态变化与迁徙现象等进行探讨。

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。

Reproductive ecology of the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Madagascar: the influence of density-dependent and -independent effects

The black rat(Rattus rattus)poses a severe threat to food security and public health in Madagascar,where it is a major cause of pre-and post-harvest crop losses and an important reservoir for many zoonotic diseases,including plague.Elsewhere,ecologically based rodent management(EBRM)strategies have been developed using ecologi-cal information to inform decisions on where and when to target control.EBRM could deliver improved health and well-being outcomes in Madagascar if adapted to the local ecological context.Using data collected from removal studies,we explored spatio-temporal patterns in the breeding activity of the black rat(R.rattus)in domestic and agricultural habitats across Madagascar and investigated to what extent these trends are influenced by rainfall and rat density.We identified clear spatio-temporal variation in the seasonality of R.rattus reproduction.Reproduction was highly seasonal both inside and outside of houses,but seasonal trends varied between these two habitats.Sea-sonal trends were explained,in part,by variation in rainfall;however,the effect of rainfall on reproductive rates did itself vary by season and habitat type.A decline in breeding intensity with increasing rat density was recorded outside of houses.This has important implications for control,as populations may compensate for removal through increased reproduction.We recommend that sustained control initiated before the main breeding season,combined with improved hygiene and adequate rodent-proofing in homes and grain stores,could curtail population growth and reduce pre-and post-harvest losses provided that these measures overcome the compensatory response of rodent populations.

Antifertility effects of EP-1 (quinestrol and levonorgestrel) on Pacific rats (Rattus exulans)

Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity.Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands.In this study,we examined the antifertility effects of EP-1 baits containing quinestrol(E)and levonorgestrel(P)using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios(E:P ratio=1:2,1:1,and 2:1)on Pacific rats(Rattus exulans)in the Xisha Islands,Hainan,China.Compared to the control group,all animals in EP-1 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight.In treated males,there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight,but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights(g kg-1 body weight),or ovarian structure in females.Adding 8%sucrose to the original 50-ppm baits(E:P ratio=1:1)significantly increased bait palatability for males and females.This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis,epididymis,and seminal vesicle weights(g kg-1 body weight)or sperm density in males.In summary,50-ppm EP-1(1:1)baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females,and 8%sucrose addition to the EP-1 baits(E:P ratio=1:1)could improve bait palatability.This dose disrupted the testis structure in males.Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP-1(1:1)on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and underfield conditions.

贵州褐家鼠种群繁殖特征变化规律

摸清褐家鼠种群繁殖特征的变化规律对于其种群数量发生趋势预测及防治具有重要指导意义.本研究通过对贵州省遵义市播州区2016-2022年鼠情系统监测捕获的195只褐家鼠不同月份、不同季节、不同生境、不同年龄种群繁殖特征变化情况进行分析.结果表明,褐家鼠不同月份之间种群繁殖特征有所不同,平均种群性比为1.07,平均怀孕率为17.82%,平均胎仔数为7.22只,平均睾丸下降率为55.32%,平均繁殖指数为0.67.褐家鼠在春季、夏季、冬季出现3个繁殖高峰期,不同年龄组之间怀孕率、睾丸下降率、繁殖指数均随着年龄增长而逐渐增加,成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组是种群的繁殖主体,稻田区和旱作区褐家鼠种群繁殖能力明显高于住宅区,不同生境条件下其种群繁殖力不同.

Efficacy of anticoagulant-free alternative bait products against house mice(Mus musculus)and brown rats(Rattus norvegicus)

The attractiveness and efficacy of four anonymous anticoagulant-free alternative rodenticides(active ingredients cellulose or plaster)were tested on wild strain groups of house mice(Mus musculus Linnaeus)and brown rats(Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)in laboratory choice and no-choice experiments.In no-choice tests,the rodenticide product was offered ad libitum to the animals for 21 days(mice)and 10 days(rats),respectively.In choice tests,the rodenticide product and non-poisoned food were offered for 28 days(mice)and 14 days(rats).Two products with cellulose(C1 and C2)as the active ingredient were tested against both mice and rats.In two no-choice tests with mice,all animals died within 14 days(C1)and 21 days(C2);in a third no-choice test,11%(2/18)of mice survived(C1:21 days).In all three tests,numerous incidents of cannibalism were observed.The attractiveness of cellulose baits was tested for one product(C1)in three trials against normal food pellets.In all trials,bait consumption was low and all mice survived(15-34 days).Two no-choice trials with cellulose baits(C1)were conducted on groups of Rattus norvegicus;11 of 12 rats survived the bait feeding period and no cannibalism or sign of aggression between conspecifics was observed.Two plaster-based(CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O)products(P1 and P2)were tested against both mice and rats;in no-choice tests,only one mouse(n=20)and no rats(n=8)were killed,although the baits proved to be attractive for rats and mice in choice tests.The results of these experiments suggest that neither cellulose-based nor plaster-based rodenticides are suitable agents for the control of Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus.

贵州省播州区褐家鼠形态特征变化规律

为掌握农区褐家鼠不同年龄组、不同性别、不同季节、不同生境形态特征的变化规律,对贵州省播州区2016—2022年捕获的195只褐家鼠不同年龄组、不同性别、不同季节、不同生境的形态特征进行统计分析。结果表明:褐家鼠体重平均为(88.96±42.11)g,胴体重平均为(65.47±30.32)g,体长平均为(143.57±28.05)mm,尾长平均为(109.06±28.70)mm,后足长平均为(29.38±4.73)mm,耳高平均为(13.67±2.55)mm。不同性别形态特征差异不显著;不同年龄组之间体重、胴体重、体长、尾长、后足长、耳高随着年龄的增长而不断增加;不同季节形态特征有一定变化;农田区各项形态指标均高于住宅区,差异不显著。