Objective:To investigate mosquitocidal effects of ethanolic extract of(lowers of Tagetes erecta(T.erecta) and its chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus(Cx.quinqu...Objective:To investigate mosquitocidal effects of ethanolic extract of(lowers of Tagetes erecta(T.erecta) and its chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus(Cx.quinquefasciatus).Methods:The fresh flowers of T.erecta were extracted in cold with ethanol(5.0 L) and after concentration,the ethanol extract was fractionated with chloroform and petroleum ether to afford a brownish syrupy suspension of ethanol extract(50.0 g),petroleum ether soluble fraction(18.6 g) and chloroform soluble fraction(23.8 g).The larvicidal effect of ethanol extract and their solvent fractions were determined by the standard procedure of WHO against different instars of Cx.quinquefasciatus.Results:Among the tested samples the chloroform soluble fractions showed the highest toxicity and consequently,the lowest LC_(50) values(14.14 μ g/mL,17.06 μ g/mL.36.88 μ g/mL and 75.48 μ g/mL) for all the instars larvae of Cx.quinquefasciatus.The larvae showed comparative tolerance in the course of increasing age and time.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the flowers of T.erecta are very effective natural larvicide and could be useful against Cx.quinquefasciatus.展开更多
Marigold black spot caused by Alternaria tagetica is a major disease that can decrease marigold production by 40%,resulting in serious economic losses.In this study,we identified many genes responsive to A.tagetica in...Marigold black spot caused by Alternaria tagetica is a major disease that can decrease marigold production by 40%,resulting in serious economic losses.In this study,we identified many genes responsive to A.tagetica in the resistant and susceptible marigold genotypes.Analyses of differentially expressed genes,expression trends,and a weighted gene co-expression network revealed a series of hub genes with key roles in different A.tagetica infection stages.Additionally,1216 unigenes encoding transcription factors from eight families were differentially expressed between Ts and Ma.Moreover,R genes fromvarious families(e.g.,N,NL,RLP,and TNL)were differentially expressed in the twomarigold genotypes before and after the inoculation with A.tagetica.Pathway diagrams were used to visualize the leaf transcriptional changes in the two marigold genotypes infected by A.tagetica to clarify the effects of A.tagetica on the expression patterns of genes involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling,plant–pathogen interactions,and plant hormone signal transduction.We identified candidate genes related to disease resistance and generated valuable resources for analyzing the candidate gene functions related to black spot resistance in marigold.The study data may be useful for the molecular marker-assisted screening and breeding of marigold lines with increased disease resistance.展开更多
The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space...The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space wound models in albino rats. Extract of T. erecta and C. asiatica (P T. erecta extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model and wet and dry granulation tissue weights, breaking strength in a dead space wound model compare to control and C. asiatica treated group (P T. erecta extract showed potent wound healing activity then the reported C. asiatica in different wound parameters.展开更多
Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain ...Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of lutein in marigold, a chromosome-scale assembly of the marigold(T. erecta V-01) genome was completed based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C reads. The707.21-Mb assembled genome consisted of 35 834 annotated protein-coding genes, with 97.7% genomic integrity. We anchored 87.8% of the contigs(covering 621.20 Mb) to 12 pseudochromosomes, bringing the scaffold N50 length to 54.15 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marigold was closely related to the Asteraceae species bitter vine(Mikania micrantha) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus), all three of which originated in the Americas. Marigold diverged from the sunflower clade 23.57 million years ago(MYA) and from M. micrantha 19.59 MYA.Marigold has undergone three whole-genome duplication events, as well as a recent whole-genome duplication event(WGD-2) common to H.annuus and M. micrantha. Marigold gene families were significantly less expanded than those of M. micrantha or H. annuus, and the marigold genome contained significantly fewer interspersed repeats, which might account for its smaller genome. In addition, a range of candidate genes involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway were identified. The high-quality reference genome obtained in this study provided a valuable genomic resource for studying the evolution of the Asteraceae family and for improving marigold breeding strategies.展开更多
Plant essential oils and their constituents have proven to be very effective against insects, especially termites. They are the best alternative to synthetic pesticides that are harmless to the environment and human h...Plant essential oils and their constituents have proven to be very effective against insects, especially termites. They are the best alternative to synthetic pesticides that are harmless to the environment and human health. In the present study, different enzymes, namely alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase, were evaluated in Indian termite Odontotermes obesus in a combination preparation based on Tagetes erecta essential oil. For the study of anti-termite effects against worker termites were treated topically with 40% and 80% of the 24-hour LD50 values of various combination formulations. Subsequent bioassays at 40% and 80% of LD50 of combinatorial preparations S-AST-A, S-AST-B, and S-AST-C resulted in a significant (p > 0.05) decrease in glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. After 16 hours of treatment, they were 87.92%, 80.17%, 89.30%, 79.17%, 81.92% and 73.17% respectively. In vivo exposures of 40% and 80% of the LD50 of the combination formulation caused a highly significant (p > 0.05) reduction (p > 0.05) of all test enzymes tested compared to controls. The effects of different oil formulations exhibited time- and dose-dependent responses, resulting in physiological changes in the concentrations of various enzymes. The combined mixture of Tagetes erecta essential oils has significantly better anti-termite ability compared to inorganic insecticides. Findings from this study will help support termite control in fields, gardens and homes in a sustainable way, without the downsides of insecticide resistance and pollution. These could potentially be used to produce commercial formulations for use against pests.展开更多
In present investigation, various bio-molecular parameters i.e. glycogen, protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA and lipid, were determined for evaluation of anti-termite efficacy of Tagetes erecta essential oil based combinat...In present investigation, various bio-molecular parameters i.e. glycogen, protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA and lipid, were determined for evaluation of anti-termite efficacy of Tagetes erecta essential oil based combinatorial formulations against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus. For this purpose, 40% and 80% of 24 hrs of LD50 values of various formulations were provided for treatment of termite workers. Observations were taken at 4 hrs time interval up to 16 hrs to know inhibitory activity of these combinatorial mixtures on termite species Odontotermes obesus. Significant (p > 0.05) alterations were observed in the level above mentioned bio-molecules when termites were treated with different combinatorial essential oils ingredients of Citrus maxima. Combinatorial mixtures of Tagetes erecta essential oils have shown synergistic activity against termites. This study will provide an overall sustainable way to termite control in crop field, gardens and houses. It also suggests use of essential oils as better alternative of synthetic termiticides as these are safer for environmental and human health.展开更多
[Objective] This paper researched how to use specific approach to select quantitative characteristics which would be listed in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L. [Method] With the aid of statistic analysis, the unif...[Objective] This paper researched how to use specific approach to select quantitative characteristics which would be listed in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L. [Method] With the aid of statistic analysis, the uniformity, stability and correlation of 14 pre-selected characteristics were analyzed. [Result] The expression of peduncle length of terminal flower had low uniformity within a variety; the expres- sion of main stem thickness was not stable in continuous growing cycles; there were four pairs of quantitative characteristics which are (very) significantly correlated, namely, leaf length and leaf width, diameter of flower head and length of outer ligu- late floret, number of ligulate floret whorls and number of ligulate floret, leaf width and width of terminal leaflet of pinnate leaves. Based on the requirements of char- acteristic selection and the results of statistic analysis, five characteristics including peduncle length of terminal flower, thickness of the main stem, leaf width, length of outer ligulate floret and number of ligulate floret were deleted. [Conclusion] For the first time, this paper introduced the application of statistic analysis on the selection of quantitative characteristics.展开更多
[Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurement...[Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurements of flower diameter of 25 varieties were collected and then analyzed by using the box plot to illustrate the uniformity and stability of flower diameter of each variety.[Result] According to the information of variability,distribution symmetry of measurements and outliers of flower diameter of varieties provided by box plots,variety 16,2 and 4 were selected as the example varieties for the three expression states with respective flower diameter of 3.0-4.4,6.0-7.4 and 9.0-10.4 cm.[Conclusion] The box plot is an efficient method for the general analysis of varieties,which provides information covering the actual and possible expression range,median and outliers of measurements of flower diameter of each variety.It also provides references for selecting example varieties for other quantitative characteristics and evaluating the quality of varieties.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the functions and properties of the preliminarily determined characteristics listed in DUS test guideline of Tagetes L., and explore the representativeness and comprehensive...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the functions and properties of the preliminarily determined characteristics listed in DUS test guideline of Tagetes L., and explore the representativeness and comprehensiveness of this group of characteristics in DUS test. [Method] Based on the functions and properties of the characteristics, the described plant part (s), observation stage, expression pattern and observation method of each characteristic were analyzed to illustrate the representativeness and comprehensiveness of the combination of this group of characteristics in above functions and properties. [Result] As for described plant part(s), there are 5 characteristics describing plant as a whole, 3 characteristics describing stem, 6 characteristics describing leaf, 23 characteristics describing flower and 1 characteristic describing physiological feature. As for observation stage, there are 1 characteristic needing to be observed in the stage of seedling, 1 characteristic in the stage of beginning of flowering and other 36 characteristics in the stage of fully flowering. As for the expression pattern, there are 10 qualitative characteristics, 9 pseudo-qualitative characteristics and 19 quantitative characteristics. As for the observation method, there are 30 characteristics using VG as the observation method, and 8 characteristics using MS. [Conclusion] In view of the variation and morphological properties of marigold, this group of characteristics are representative and comprehensive, and ensure the accuracy and easiness of DUS test of Tagetes L., thereby achieving the reasonable combination of characteristics in described plant parts, observation stages, expression patterns and observation methods.展开更多
Objective:To investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Tagetes minuta(T.minuta)essential oil.Methods:In the present study T.minuta essential oil was obtained from leaves of T.minuta via hydro-distillati...Objective:To investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Tagetes minuta(T.minuta)essential oil.Methods:In the present study T.minuta essential oil was obtained from leaves of T.minuta via hydro-distillation and then was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The antioxidant capacity of T.minuta essential oil was examined by measuring reactive oxygen,reactive nitrogen species and hydrogen peroxide scavenging.The anti-inflammatory activity of T.minuta essential oil was determined through measuring NADH oxidase,inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-αmRNA expression in lipopolysacharide-stimulated murine macrophages using realtime PCR.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the main components in the T.minuta essential oil were dihydrotagetone(33.86%),E-ocimene(19.92%).tagetone(16.15%),cis-β-ocimene(7.94%),Z-ocimene(5.27%).limonene(3.1%)and epoxyocimene(2.03%).The T.minuta essential oil had the ability to scavenge all reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen species radicals with IC_(50)12-15μg/mL,which indicated a potent radical scavenging activity.In addition,T.minuta essential oil significantly reduced NADH oxidase,inducible nitric oxide synthaseand TNF-αmRNA expression in the cells at concentrations of 50μg/mL,indicating a capacity of this product to potentially modulate/diminish immune responses.Conclusions:T.minuta essential oil has radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities and could potentially be used as a safe effective source of natural anti-oxidants in therapy against oxidative damage and stress associated with some inflammatory conditions.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate in vitro effects of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil(TEO) on L3 Anisakis larvae type 1. Methods:In order to evaluate the potential use of Tagetes minuta essential oil against L3 Anisakis larvae th...Objective:To evaluate in vitro effects of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil(TEO) on L3 Anisakis larvae type 1. Methods:In order to evaluate the potential use of Tagetes minuta essential oil against L3 Anisakis larvae three different media were tested:1) a saline solution(SS); 2) an industrial marinating solution; 3) sunflower seeds oil(SO). For each media and concentrations of TEO(0.1%,0.5%,1.0% and 5.0% v/v),20 parasites were introduced into plastic Petri dishes(diameter 90 mm) and maintained at room temperature. As controls,larvae were maintained without TEO under identical experimental conditions in SS,MS and SO. A total of 900 larvae were tested. The normalized mean viability,LT100,LT50 and the percentage of inactivation at 24 hours were calculated. Results:In vitro tests revealed a complete inactivation of parasites in saline solution after 2 hours with 5% and 1% of TEO. In marinating solution,a complete inactivation of parasites was observed after 4 hours at all concentrations used. A slower activity for all TEO concentration was reported in SO. Conclusions:The results obtained,showing a strong activity against Anisakis larvae,confirm TEO as a larvicidal agent in the treatment of human anisakidosis and in the industrial marinating process.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the tissue culture and propagation technology in Tagetes patu/a L. [ Method] By using tissue culture tech- nology, different mass fractions of 6-BA and NAA were added to MS...[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the tissue culture and propagation technology in Tagetes patu/a L. [ Method] By using tissue culture tech- nology, different mass fractions of 6-BA and NAA were added to MS medium to compare the effect of different culture medium on the rapid propagation of T. patu/a L. [Result] Shoot tips or stem segments of T. patu/a L. were used as explants for tissue culture with an appropriate sterilization time of 8 min; differentiation effect of shoot tips was better than that of stem segments; callus generation rate was high with the high content of growth regulators; MS medium containing O. 1 mg/L NAA and 1.5 rag/L 6-BA was used for subculture proliferation with a subculture period of 4 weeks; rooting rate of plantlet was the maximum (97%) in 1/2MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L NAA, and the root system was relatively developed. [ Conclusion] This study provided technical support for the industrialized seedling breeding of T. patula L.展开更多
The genus Tagetes is a possible source of essential oils for the biorational control of pests and diseases in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to assess the distance between plants (PD;15 × 80, 30 × ...The genus Tagetes is a possible source of essential oils for the biorational control of pests and diseases in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to assess the distance between plants (PD;15 × 80, 30 × 80 and 60 × 80 cm) and urea fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg·he-1 N) for biomass production and essential oil in Tagetes terniflora HBK. Oil was obtained by the aerial part hydro-distillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Factors N, PD and their interaction did not change plant height or the number of branches per plant;however, PD factor modified fresh tissue (FW) and dry tissue (DW) weights and the amount of oil per plant (p ≤ 0.05) which represent a good biomass production (30 to 72.5 ton·he-1 FW, 11 to 27 ton·he-1 DW) and oil producing (168 to 383 L·he-1 ) potential in the field. Urea did not have effect on both biomass and oil response per plant but interaction of 15 x 80 DP and 120 N could favor higher biomass and oil production potential (78 ton FW, 28 ton·he-1 DW and 608 L·he-1 , respectively). Essential oil yield varied from 0.3 to 2.1% according to the management conditions. A total of 11 major compounds were identified in essential oil, the relative quantity was constant in different agronomic management factors: E- tagetone (22%), cistagetenone (20.4%), transtagetenone (20.4%), dihydrotagetone (13.4%) and cis-β-ocimene (10.3%), trans-β-ocimene (5.0%), propenyl anisole (4.3%), sphatulenole (1.1%), allyl anisole (0.7%), Z-tagetone (0.5%) and limonene (0.5%).展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology,Bangladesh(No.BPROM/SHA-9/B-ANI-PRO/2009/324)
文摘Objective:To investigate mosquitocidal effects of ethanolic extract of(lowers of Tagetes erecta(T.erecta) and its chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus(Cx.quinquefasciatus).Methods:The fresh flowers of T.erecta were extracted in cold with ethanol(5.0 L) and after concentration,the ethanol extract was fractionated with chloroform and petroleum ether to afford a brownish syrupy suspension of ethanol extract(50.0 g),petroleum ether soluble fraction(18.6 g) and chloroform soluble fraction(23.8 g).The larvicidal effect of ethanol extract and their solvent fractions were determined by the standard procedure of WHO against different instars of Cx.quinquefasciatus.Results:Among the tested samples the chloroform soluble fractions showed the highest toxicity and consequently,the lowest LC_(50) values(14.14 μ g/mL,17.06 μ g/mL.36.88 μ g/mL and 75.48 μ g/mL) for all the instars larvae of Cx.quinquefasciatus.The larvae showed comparative tolerance in the course of increasing age and time.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the flowers of T.erecta are very effective natural larvicide and could be useful against Cx.quinquefasciatus.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32102412)Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(Grant Nos.KJCX20220103)Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Beijing Municipal Landscape Leisure Agriculture Innovation Team Project.
文摘Marigold black spot caused by Alternaria tagetica is a major disease that can decrease marigold production by 40%,resulting in serious economic losses.In this study,we identified many genes responsive to A.tagetica in the resistant and susceptible marigold genotypes.Analyses of differentially expressed genes,expression trends,and a weighted gene co-expression network revealed a series of hub genes with key roles in different A.tagetica infection stages.Additionally,1216 unigenes encoding transcription factors from eight families were differentially expressed between Ts and Ma.Moreover,R genes fromvarious families(e.g.,N,NL,RLP,and TNL)were differentially expressed in the twomarigold genotypes before and after the inoculation with A.tagetica.Pathway diagrams were used to visualize the leaf transcriptional changes in the two marigold genotypes infected by A.tagetica to clarify the effects of A.tagetica on the expression patterns of genes involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling,plant–pathogen interactions,and plant hormone signal transduction.We identified candidate genes related to disease resistance and generated valuable resources for analyzing the candidate gene functions related to black spot resistance in marigold.The study data may be useful for the molecular marker-assisted screening and breeding of marigold lines with increased disease resistance.
文摘The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space wound models in albino rats. Extract of T. erecta and C. asiatica (P T. erecta extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model and wet and dry granulation tissue weights, breaking strength in a dead space wound model compare to control and C. asiatica treated group (P T. erecta extract showed potent wound healing activity then the reported C. asiatica in different wound parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31572166, 31772344, 31871691 and 31972444)。
文摘Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of lutein in marigold, a chromosome-scale assembly of the marigold(T. erecta V-01) genome was completed based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C reads. The707.21-Mb assembled genome consisted of 35 834 annotated protein-coding genes, with 97.7% genomic integrity. We anchored 87.8% of the contigs(covering 621.20 Mb) to 12 pseudochromosomes, bringing the scaffold N50 length to 54.15 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marigold was closely related to the Asteraceae species bitter vine(Mikania micrantha) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus), all three of which originated in the Americas. Marigold diverged from the sunflower clade 23.57 million years ago(MYA) and from M. micrantha 19.59 MYA.Marigold has undergone three whole-genome duplication events, as well as a recent whole-genome duplication event(WGD-2) common to H.annuus and M. micrantha. Marigold gene families were significantly less expanded than those of M. micrantha or H. annuus, and the marigold genome contained significantly fewer interspersed repeats, which might account for its smaller genome. In addition, a range of candidate genes involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway were identified. The high-quality reference genome obtained in this study provided a valuable genomic resource for studying the evolution of the Asteraceae family and for improving marigold breeding strategies.
文摘Plant essential oils and their constituents have proven to be very effective against insects, especially termites. They are the best alternative to synthetic pesticides that are harmless to the environment and human health. In the present study, different enzymes, namely alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase, were evaluated in Indian termite Odontotermes obesus in a combination preparation based on Tagetes erecta essential oil. For the study of anti-termite effects against worker termites were treated topically with 40% and 80% of the 24-hour LD50 values of various combination formulations. Subsequent bioassays at 40% and 80% of LD50 of combinatorial preparations S-AST-A, S-AST-B, and S-AST-C resulted in a significant (p > 0.05) decrease in glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. After 16 hours of treatment, they were 87.92%, 80.17%, 89.30%, 79.17%, 81.92% and 73.17% respectively. In vivo exposures of 40% and 80% of the LD50 of the combination formulation caused a highly significant (p > 0.05) reduction (p > 0.05) of all test enzymes tested compared to controls. The effects of different oil formulations exhibited time- and dose-dependent responses, resulting in physiological changes in the concentrations of various enzymes. The combined mixture of Tagetes erecta essential oils has significantly better anti-termite ability compared to inorganic insecticides. Findings from this study will help support termite control in fields, gardens and homes in a sustainable way, without the downsides of insecticide resistance and pollution. These could potentially be used to produce commercial formulations for use against pests.
文摘In present investigation, various bio-molecular parameters i.e. glycogen, protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA and lipid, were determined for evaluation of anti-termite efficacy of Tagetes erecta essential oil based combinatorial formulations against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus. For this purpose, 40% and 80% of 24 hrs of LD50 values of various formulations were provided for treatment of termite workers. Observations were taken at 4 hrs time interval up to 16 hrs to know inhibitory activity of these combinatorial mixtures on termite species Odontotermes obesus. Significant (p > 0.05) alterations were observed in the level above mentioned bio-molecules when termites were treated with different combinatorial essential oils ingredients of Citrus maxima. Combinatorial mixtures of Tagetes erecta essential oils have shown synergistic activity against termites. This study will provide an overall sustainable way to termite control in crop field, gardens and houses. It also suggests use of essential oils as better alternative of synthetic termiticides as these are safer for environmental and human health.
基金Supported by Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(200903008-14)Chinese National 948 Program(2009-Z11)~~
文摘[Objective] This paper researched how to use specific approach to select quantitative characteristics which would be listed in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L. [Method] With the aid of statistic analysis, the uniformity, stability and correlation of 14 pre-selected characteristics were analyzed. [Result] The expression of peduncle length of terminal flower had low uniformity within a variety; the expres- sion of main stem thickness was not stable in continuous growing cycles; there were four pairs of quantitative characteristics which are (very) significantly correlated, namely, leaf length and leaf width, diameter of flower head and length of outer ligu- late floret, number of ligulate floret whorls and number of ligulate floret, leaf width and width of terminal leaflet of pinnate leaves. Based on the requirements of char- acteristic selection and the results of statistic analysis, five characteristics including peduncle length of terminal flower, thickness of the main stem, leaf width, length of outer ligulate floret and number of ligulate floret were deleted. [Conclusion] For the first time, this paper introduced the application of statistic analysis on the selection of quantitative characteristics.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(200903008-14)the National "948" Project(2009-Z11)~~
文摘[Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurements of flower diameter of 25 varieties were collected and then analyzed by using the box plot to illustrate the uniformity and stability of flower diameter of each variety.[Result] According to the information of variability,distribution symmetry of measurements and outliers of flower diameter of varieties provided by box plots,variety 16,2 and 4 were selected as the example varieties for the three expression states with respective flower diameter of 3.0-4.4,6.0-7.4 and 9.0-10.4 cm.[Conclusion] The box plot is an efficient method for the general analysis of varieties,which provides information covering the actual and possible expression range,median and outliers of measurements of flower diameter of each variety.It also provides references for selecting example varieties for other quantitative characteristics and evaluating the quality of varieties.
基金Supported by Special R&D Fund for National Public Service Sectors(Agriculture)of China(200903008-14)National 948 Project of China(2009-Z11)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the functions and properties of the preliminarily determined characteristics listed in DUS test guideline of Tagetes L., and explore the representativeness and comprehensiveness of this group of characteristics in DUS test. [Method] Based on the functions and properties of the characteristics, the described plant part (s), observation stage, expression pattern and observation method of each characteristic were analyzed to illustrate the representativeness and comprehensiveness of the combination of this group of characteristics in above functions and properties. [Result] As for described plant part(s), there are 5 characteristics describing plant as a whole, 3 characteristics describing stem, 6 characteristics describing leaf, 23 characteristics describing flower and 1 characteristic describing physiological feature. As for observation stage, there are 1 characteristic needing to be observed in the stage of seedling, 1 characteristic in the stage of beginning of flowering and other 36 characteristics in the stage of fully flowering. As for the expression pattern, there are 10 qualitative characteristics, 9 pseudo-qualitative characteristics and 19 quantitative characteristics. As for the observation method, there are 30 characteristics using VG as the observation method, and 8 characteristics using MS. [Conclusion] In view of the variation and morphological properties of marigold, this group of characteristics are representative and comprehensive, and ensure the accuracy and easiness of DUS test of Tagetes L., thereby achieving the reasonable combination of characteristics in described plant parts, observation stages, expression patterns and observation methods.
基金Supported by the funding from Shiraz University(Grant no.88GR-AGRST-108)Shiraz University of Medical Science(Grant No.3937)
文摘Objective:To investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Tagetes minuta(T.minuta)essential oil.Methods:In the present study T.minuta essential oil was obtained from leaves of T.minuta via hydro-distillation and then was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The antioxidant capacity of T.minuta essential oil was examined by measuring reactive oxygen,reactive nitrogen species and hydrogen peroxide scavenging.The anti-inflammatory activity of T.minuta essential oil was determined through measuring NADH oxidase,inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-αmRNA expression in lipopolysacharide-stimulated murine macrophages using realtime PCR.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the main components in the T.minuta essential oil were dihydrotagetone(33.86%),E-ocimene(19.92%).tagetone(16.15%),cis-β-ocimene(7.94%),Z-ocimene(5.27%).limonene(3.1%)and epoxyocimene(2.03%).The T.minuta essential oil had the ability to scavenge all reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen species radicals with IC_(50)12-15μg/mL,which indicated a potent radical scavenging activity.In addition,T.minuta essential oil significantly reduced NADH oxidase,inducible nitric oxide synthaseand TNF-αmRNA expression in the cells at concentrations of 50μg/mL,indicating a capacity of this product to potentially modulate/diminish immune responses.Conclusions:T.minuta essential oil has radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities and could potentially be used as a safe effective source of natural anti-oxidants in therapy against oxidative damage and stress associated with some inflammatory conditions.
文摘Objective:To evaluate in vitro effects of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil(TEO) on L3 Anisakis larvae type 1. Methods:In order to evaluate the potential use of Tagetes minuta essential oil against L3 Anisakis larvae three different media were tested:1) a saline solution(SS); 2) an industrial marinating solution; 3) sunflower seeds oil(SO). For each media and concentrations of TEO(0.1%,0.5%,1.0% and 5.0% v/v),20 parasites were introduced into plastic Petri dishes(diameter 90 mm) and maintained at room temperature. As controls,larvae were maintained without TEO under identical experimental conditions in SS,MS and SO. A total of 900 larvae were tested. The normalized mean viability,LT100,LT50 and the percentage of inactivation at 24 hours were calculated. Results:In vitro tests revealed a complete inactivation of parasites in saline solution after 2 hours with 5% and 1% of TEO. In marinating solution,a complete inactivation of parasites was observed after 4 hours at all concentrations used. A slower activity for all TEO concentration was reported in SO. Conclusions:The results obtained,showing a strong activity against Anisakis larvae,confirm TEO as a larvicidal agent in the treatment of human anisakidosis and in the industrial marinating process.
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the tissue culture and propagation technology in Tagetes patu/a L. [ Method] By using tissue culture tech- nology, different mass fractions of 6-BA and NAA were added to MS medium to compare the effect of different culture medium on the rapid propagation of T. patu/a L. [Result] Shoot tips or stem segments of T. patu/a L. were used as explants for tissue culture with an appropriate sterilization time of 8 min; differentiation effect of shoot tips was better than that of stem segments; callus generation rate was high with the high content of growth regulators; MS medium containing O. 1 mg/L NAA and 1.5 rag/L 6-BA was used for subculture proliferation with a subculture period of 4 weeks; rooting rate of plantlet was the maximum (97%) in 1/2MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L NAA, and the root system was relatively developed. [ Conclusion] This study provided technical support for the industrialized seedling breeding of T. patula L.
文摘The genus Tagetes is a possible source of essential oils for the biorational control of pests and diseases in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to assess the distance between plants (PD;15 × 80, 30 × 80 and 60 × 80 cm) and urea fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg·he-1 N) for biomass production and essential oil in Tagetes terniflora HBK. Oil was obtained by the aerial part hydro-distillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Factors N, PD and their interaction did not change plant height or the number of branches per plant;however, PD factor modified fresh tissue (FW) and dry tissue (DW) weights and the amount of oil per plant (p ≤ 0.05) which represent a good biomass production (30 to 72.5 ton·he-1 FW, 11 to 27 ton·he-1 DW) and oil producing (168 to 383 L·he-1 ) potential in the field. Urea did not have effect on both biomass and oil response per plant but interaction of 15 x 80 DP and 120 N could favor higher biomass and oil production potential (78 ton FW, 28 ton·he-1 DW and 608 L·he-1 , respectively). Essential oil yield varied from 0.3 to 2.1% according to the management conditions. A total of 11 major compounds were identified in essential oil, the relative quantity was constant in different agronomic management factors: E- tagetone (22%), cistagetenone (20.4%), transtagetenone (20.4%), dihydrotagetone (13.4%) and cis-β-ocimene (10.3%), trans-β-ocimene (5.0%), propenyl anisole (4.3%), sphatulenole (1.1%), allyl anisole (0.7%), Z-tagetone (0.5%) and limonene (0.5%).