癫痫清颗粒对阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型细胞焦亡影响

目的 研究阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)模型小鼠神经细胞焦亡受癫痫清颗粒的作用效果。方法先将小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、盐酸多奈哌齐组(1.3 mg/kg)、NLRP3炎症小体拮抗剂(MCC950)组、癫痫清颗粒组(12.48 g/kg)和MCC950+癫痫清颗粒组。除假手术组外,其余各组小鼠的左侧侧脑室内均注射淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)制作AD小鼠模型,癫痫清颗粒连续给药21 d,1次/d。第16~21天,Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力,第22天各组小鼠取材,通过HE染色对神经元病理学变化进行观察,ELISA检测脑组织中白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光检测脑组织中NLRP3蛋白表达水平,Western blot检测海马组织中NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)及半胱天冬氨酸酶(Caspase-1)蛋白表达水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠造模后游泳潜伏期显著增加,穿越平台次数大幅度减少,神经元胞体形状不规则,排列紊乱,间隙增宽,出现变性和坏死,NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、ASC、TNF-α及Caspase-1蛋白表达增加。与模型组相比较,各给药组通过训练后,游泳潜伏期明显缩短,穿越平台次数逐步增加;神经元细胞组织结构完整,排列紧密,间隙减小;NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、ASC、TNF-α及Caspase-1蛋白在组织中的表达水平均显著降低。结论 癫痫清颗粒通过抑制NLRP3的活化从而抑制神经焦亡的发生,同时使AD模型小鼠的学习和记忆能力得到改善。

愈癫汤对MK-801致精神分裂症模型大鼠Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的影响

目的以MK-801所致精神分裂症大鼠模型为实验材料,研究愈癫汤对海马区Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中基因和蛋白表达的调节作用,探讨愈癫汤改善精神分裂症的作用机制。方法采用连续腹腔注射MK-801(0.1 g/L),建立精神分裂症大鼠模型,造模后分别灌胃给予愈癫汤(0.1 mL/kg)、利培酮(0.05 mL/kg)及蒸馏水。采用RT-PCR检测各组大鼠海马区APC、GSK-3β及β-catenin基因水平;Western blot检测APC、GSK-3β及β-catenin蛋白表达;Caspase-3染色检测海马神经元凋亡情况。结果愈癫汤能够降低模型大鼠海马区APC、GSK-3β基因水平和蛋白表达,同时提高β-catenin基因水平和蛋白表达,抑制海马神经元凋亡。结论愈癫汤通过调节Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,发挥对精神分裂症的干预作用。

癫狂梦醒汤加减联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症肝郁痰结证的疗效以及对血脂代谢、超敏C反应蛋白的影响

探讨癫狂梦醒汤加减联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症肝郁痰结证的疗效以及对血脂代谢和超敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法选取2018年6月—2019年6月医院收治精神分裂症患者72例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各36例。对照组单用阿立哌唑片治疗8周。观察组给予癫狂梦醒汤加减联合阿立哌唑片治疗。治疗8周后,比较两组住院精神患者社会功能评定(SSPI)量表、临床总体印象疗效总评量表病情严重程度(CGI-SI)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分、临床疗效以及血脂代谢、超敏C反应蛋白水平。结果观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[83.33%(30/39)vs 58.33%(21/36),P=0.038]。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后SSPI量表评分显著升高,CGI-SI、PANSS评分明显降低,且观察组改善较对照组明显(P<0.01)。与治疗前比较,观察组治疗后的高脂血症(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)明显下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著升高,且改善较对照组明显(P<0.01);对照组治疗前后以上指标改善差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后超敏C反应蛋白明显下降,且观察组改善较对照组明显(P<0.01)。结论癫狂梦醒汤加减联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症肝郁痰结证的疗效显著,能够改善患者的症状,且有利于患者血脂代谢的好转及抑制炎症反应。

Changes of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels during sleep seizures

Objective Measuring the serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and cortisol in epileptic seizures during sleep to investigate their link to the EEG changes. Methods Pre-surgical evaluation was performed by videoEEG monitoring using 24 channel recording. Thirty six epilepsy patients could be attributed to two groups： 28 patients had spontaneous seizures, and the other 8 patients whose seizures were induced by bemegride. Another 11 persons with confirmed psychogenic non-epileptic seizures （PNES） served as control group. Blood samples were obtained at five points： wake （08：00 a.m.）, sleep （00：00 a.m.）, and shortly before, during and after an epileptic seizure. The serum ACTH and cortisol were measured and analyzed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results The levels of ACTH and cortisol in serum underwent significant changes： declining below the average sleep-level shortly before seizures, increasing during seizures, and far above the average wake-level after seizures （P 〈 0.001）. Such changes did not occur in the control group （P 〉 0.05）. The ACTH and cortisol levels had no significant difference between spontaneous group and bemegride-induced group （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion The serum concentrations of ACTH and cortisol during sleep seizures are linked with pre-ictal and ictal EEG changes in epilepsy patients.

Morphological and behavioral consequences of recurrent seizures in neo-natal rats are associated with glucocorticoid levels

Objective It is well documented that epilepsy can increase neurogenesis in certain brain regions and cause behavioral alternations in patients and different epileptic animal models. A series of experimental studies have demonstrated that neurogenesis is regulated by various factors including glucocorticoid （CORT）, which can reduce neurogenesis. Most of studies in animal have been focused on adulthood stage, while the effect of recurrent seizures to immature brain in neonatal period has not been well established. This study was designed to investigate how the recurrent seizures occurred in the neonatal period affected the immature brain and how CORT regulated neurogenesis in immature animals. Methods Neonatal rats were subjected to 3 pilocarpine-induced seizures from postnatal day 1 to day 7. Then neurogenesis at different postnatal ages （i.e. P8, P12, P22, P50） was observed. Behavioral performance was tested when the rats were mature （P40）, and plasma CORT levels following recurrent seizures were simultaneously monitored. Results Rats with neonatal seizures had a significant reduction in the number of Bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU） labeled cells in the dentate gyrus compared with the control groups when the animals were euthanized on P8 or P12 （P 〈 0.05）; whereas there was no difference between the two groups on P22. Until P50, rats with neonatal seizures had increased number of BrdU-labeled cells compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. In Morris water maze task, pilocarpine-treated rats were significantly slower than the control rats at the first and second day, and there were no differences at other days. In probe trial, there was no significant difference in time spent in the goal quadrant between the two groups. Endocrine studies showed a correla- tion between the number of BrdU positive cells and the CORT level. Sustained increase in circulating CORT levels was observed following neonatal seizures on P8 and P12. Conclusion Neonatal recurrent seizures can biphasely modulate neurogenesis over different time windows with a down-regulation at early time and up-regulation afterwards, cause persistent deficits in cognitive functions of adults, and increase the circulating CORT levels. CORT levels are related with the morphological and behavioral consequences of recurrent seizures.

Inhibiting effect of vagal nerve stimulation to seizures in epileptic process of rats

Objective Our previous work suggested that sensitivity of hippocampal neurons is changed in process of epileptic activities,and closely parallel to the dynamic characteristic of epileptic activity of the neurons.This study investigated the sensitivity of epileptic brain to vagal nerve stimulation（VNS）in epileptic process.Methods Epileptic model was evoked by penicillin.Left vagal nerves were stimulated to inhibit the seizures induced by penicillin.The electrocorticography（ECoG）and electromyography（EMG）were recorded to analyze inhibiting effect of VNS in epileptic process.Results It was found that VNS could inhibit the seizures caused by penicillin,and the inhibiting effect of VNS to seizures increased as the vagal nerve stimulating time prolonged.It was also found that the inhibiting effect of VNS to seizures decreased in epileptic process.Conclusion The results suggested that the sensitivity of epileptic brain to VNS was different in epileptic process.The inhibiting effect of VNS to seizure decreased as the development of seizures.

EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINAL FUNCTION TREATED WITH ACUPUNCTURE BASED ON QIJIE THEROY IN EPILEPSY PATIENTS

Objective To explore the effects on endocrinal function treated with acupuncture based on Qijie （the pathway of qi） theory in epilepsy patients. Methods A total of 60 epilepsy patients were randomly divided into acupuncture and medication group （n--30）, and single medication group （n = 30）. Both groups were taken antiepileptic drugs, sodium valproate regularly. The acupoints of Fengfu（风府 GV 16）,TiEmzhu （天柱 BL 10） and Renying （人迎 ST 9） were selected as major points according to Qijie theory （气街理论） in acupuncture and medication group. The plasma levels of cortisol （CORT）, estrogen （E2）, progesterone （Prog）, pituitary prolactin （PRL）, and epilepsy score were observed successively in both enrolled groups in pre-treatment and post-treatment. The outcomes were statistically analyzed. Results The effective rate was 96.7% in either group, and there was no significant differences; the epilepsy score was （13. 584.01） in pre- treatment and （7.86 ___4.90） in post-treatment in acupuncture and medication group and those in single medi- cation group were （12.97 ± 3. 91） and （7. 86 ± 4.90） respectively, indicating apparent improvement （P〈O. 05）. The increase of CORT in acupuncture and medication group indicated significant difference in post-treatment compared with that in single medication group （P = 0.046）. The differences of E2, PRL, Prog in post-treatment in two groups showed no statistical significance （P〉0. 05）. More effects had been a- chieved in acupuncture and medication group on endocrinal function and controlling epileptic seizures in epilepsy patients. Conclusion Acupuncture treatment based on Qijie theory is effective on improving endocrinal function in epilepsy patients.

Approach for epileptic EEG detection based on gradient boosting

The automatic seizure detection is significant for epilepsy diagnosis and it can alleviate the work intensity of inspecting prolonged electroencephalogram （EEG）. This paper presents and investigates a novel machine learning approach utilizing gradient boosting to detect seizures from long-term EEG. We apply relative fluctuation index to extract features of long-term intracranial EEG data. A classifier trained with the gradient boosting algorithm is adopted to discriminate the seizure and non-seizure EEG signals. Smoothing and collar technique are finally used as post-processing in order to improve the detection accuracy further. The seizure detection method is assessed on Freiburg EEG datasets from 21 patients. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method yields an average sensitivity of 94. 60% with a false detection rate of 0. 18/h.

Fecal microbiota transplantation cured epilepsy in a case with Crohn's disease: The first report

Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)is a promising strategy that involves reconstruction of gut microbiota.Recently,it has been considered as a treatment of Crohn’s disease(CD)and certain neurological diseases.Here,to the best of our knowledge,we report the first case that used FMT to achieve remission of intestinal and neurological symptoms in a girl with CD and a 17-year history of epilepsy.During the 20 mo of follow-up,FMT has proved its efficacy in preventing relapse of seizures after withdrawing the antiepileptic drugs.Furthermore,this finding highlights the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis and inspires a novel treatment for epilepsy through remodeling gut microbiota.

Overexpression of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter subtype I leads to susceptibility to Kainic acid-induced seizure in transgenic mice

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, and the GABAergic synaptic transmission is normally terminated by the rapid uptake through GABA transporters. With transgenic mice ubiquitously overexpressing GABA transporter subtype I (GAT1), the present study explored the pathophysiological role of GAT1 in epileptogenesis. Though displaying no spontaneous seizure activity, these mice exhibit altered electroencephalographic patterns and increased susceptibility to seizure induced by kainic acid. In addition, the GABAA receptor and glutamate transporters are up-regulated in transgenic mice, which perhaps reflects a compensatory or corrective change to the elevated level of GAT1. These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and seizure susceptibility can be altered by neurotransmitter transporters.

Fragile X syndrome and epilepsy

Fragile X syndrome （FXS） is one of the most prevalent mental retardations. It is mainly caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein （FMRP）. FMRP is an RNA binding protein and can regulate the translation of its binding RNA, thus regulate several signaling pathways. Many FXS patients show high susceptibility to epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which is characterized by the recurrent appearance of spontaneous seizures due to neuronal hyperactivity in the brain. Both the abnormal activation of several signaling pathway and morphological abnormality that are caused by the loss of FMRP can lead to a high susceptibility to epilepsy. Combining with the research progresses on both FXS and epilepsy, we outlined the possible mechanisms of high susceptibility to epilepsy in FXS and tried to give a prospect on the future research on the mechanism of epilepsy that happened in other mental retardations.

Seizure detection using earth movers' distance and SVM in intracranial EEG

Seizure detection is extremely essential for long-term monitoring of epileptic patients. This paper investigates the detection of epileptic seizures in multi-channel long-term intracranial electroencephalogram （iEEG）. The algorithm conducts wavelet decomposition of iEEGs with five scales, and transforms the sum of the three frequency bands into histogram for computing the distance. The proposed method combines a novel feature called EMD-L1, which is an efficient algorithm of earth movers＇ distance （EMD）, with support vector machine （SVM） for binary classification between seizures and non-sei- zures. The EMD-LI used in this method is characterized by low time complexity and high processing speed by exploiting the L~ metric structure. The smoothing and collar technique are applied on the raw outputs of SVM classifier to obtain more ac- curate results. Several evaluation criteria are recommended to compare our algorithm with other conventional methods using the same dataset from the Freiburg EEG database. Experiment results show that the proposed method achieves a high sensi- tivity, specificity and low false detection rate, which are 95.73 %, 98.45 % and 0.33/h, respectively. This algorithm is char- acterized by its robustness and high accuracy with the possibility of performing real-time analysis of EEG data, and may serve as a seizure detection tool for monitoring long-term EEG.

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF INTERICTAL DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING IN EVALUATION OF INTRACTABLE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY

Objective To explore the ability of interictal diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)to localize the temporal lobe of seizure origin and to predict postoperative seizure control in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE).Methods Twenty-seven patients with intractable TLE considered for surgery and 19 healthy volunteers were studied with conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and DWI.Apparent diffusion coefficients(ADCs)of bilateral hippocampi in both TLE patients and control subjects were obtained.Lateralization to either temporal lobe with hippocampal ADC was based on the threshold values derived from ±1SD of right/left ratios in normal subjects.And the postoperative pathology was reviewed.Results Hippocampal ADCs were higher on the side of surgery compared with those on the contralateral side as well as the ipsilateral side in control subjects [resected side(109.8±7.3)×10-5 cm2/s,contralateral side(91.7±4.7)×10-5 cm2/s,control subjects(81.6±5.2)×10-5 cm2/s,all P<0.01].Right/left hippocampal ADC ratio and conventional MRI lateralized to the operated temporal lobe in 21 of 27(77.8%)and in 18 of 27(66.7%)patients.Lateralization to the surgical side was not associated with postoperative seizure control with right/left hippocampal ADC ratio(P>0.05).Conclusions Conventional MRI is a sensitive method to detect hippocampal sclerosis.Accuracy of the right/left hippocampal ADC ratio for lateralizing to the side of surgery is very high,but it isn't a better predictor of surgical outcome.

Hepatic encephalopathy with status epileptics: A case report

A 62-year-old male with decompensated liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus developed severe hepatic encephalopathy with status epileptic us. The blood ammonia level on admission was more than twice the normal level. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were normal. In addition, electroencephalogram showed diffuse sharp waves, consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. The status epilepticus was resolved after antiepileptic therapy （phenytoin sodium） and treatment for hepatic encephalopathy （Branched chain amino acids）. The blood ammonia level normalized with the clinical improvement and the patient did not have a recurrence of status epilepticus after the end of the antiepileptic treatment. Additionally, the electroencephalogram showed normal findings. Thus, we diagnosed the patient as hepatic encephalopathy with status epilepticus. We consider the status epilepticus of this patient to a rare and interesting finding in hepatic encephalopathy.

Immunohistochemical investigation of voltage-gated potassium channel-interacting protein 1 in normal rat brain and Pentylenettrazole-induced seizures

Objective To explore the possible role of voltage-gated potassium channel-interacting protein 1 (KChIP1) in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Methods Sprague Dawley female adult rats were treated with pentylenettrazole (PTZ) to develop acute and chronic epilepsy models. The approximate coronal sections of normal and epilepsy rat brain were processed for immunohistochemistry. Double-labeling confocal microscopy was used to determine the coexistence of KChIP1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Results KChIP1 was expressed abundantly throughout adult rat brain. KChIP1 is highly co-localize with GABA transmitter in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In the acute PTZ-induced convulsive rats, the number of KChIP1-postive cells was significantly increased especially in the regions of CA1 and CA3 (P < 0.05); whereas the chronic PTZ-induced convulsive rats were found no changes. The number of GABA-labeled and co-labeled neurons in the hippocampus appeared to have no significant alteration responding to the epilepsy-genesis treatments. Conclusion KChIP1 might be involved in the PTZ-induced epileptogenesis process as a regulator to neuronal excitability through influencing the properties of potassium channels. KChIP1 is preferentially expressed in GABAergic neurons, but its changes did not couple with GABA in the epileptic models.

Clinical Observation on 930 Child Epilepsy Cases Treated with Anti-epilepsy Capsules

1090 cases of child epilepsy were divided randomly into two groups: the treatment group (930 cases treated with anti-epilepsy capsules) and the control group (160 cases treated with luminal). The results showed that in the treatment group, 534 cases were markedly effective, 241 effective, 96 improved, 46 ineffective, and 13 aggravated, with a total effective rate of 83.33%; while in the control group, 64 cases were markedly effective, 19 effective, 38 improved, 29 ineffective, and 10 aggravated, with a total effective rate of 51.88%. The treatment group showed an obviously higher total effective rate than that in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, cases in the two groups all had lower frequency of epilepsy attacks and shorter duration of each attack as compared with that before treatment (P<0.01), but the situation was obviously better in the treatment group. The anti-epilepsy capsules had very good effect on various types of epilepsy, especially on autonomic epilepsy and on epilepsies due to wind, phlegm, or terror as differentiated in TCM. After treatment, the recovery rate shown by EEG examination was 54.3% in the treatment group, while 38.4% in the control group, the former being obviously higher than the latter (P<0.01).

CLINICAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF INFANTILE PRIMARY EPILEPSY WITH ACUPOINT CATGUT-IMPLANTATION THERAPY

Aim: To observe the therapeutic effect of acupoint catgut implantation therapy in the treatment of infantile primary epilepsy. Methods: A total of 63 cases of primary epilepsy children were randomly divided into medication group (n=32) and acupoint catgut implantation group (n=31) and treated respectively with Sodium Valproate 5-10 mg/kg/d and catgut implantation at Changqiang (GV 1), Jiuwei (CV 15), bilateral Xinshu (BL 15) and bilateral Zusanli (ST 36). Results: Following 60 days of treatment, the abnormal changes of electroencephlogram (EEG), the seizure frequency and duration and clinical symptoms were improved apparently in comparison with those of pre treatment, but no significant differences were found between the two groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between two groups in the cure rate of the short term effect (P<0.05), with the therapeutic effect of the treatment group being superior to that of medication group. Conclusion: Acupoint catgut implantation therapy has a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of primary infantile epilepsy.

Effect of Xiaobailing Decoction on Melanocytes in Vitro

To observe the effect of Xiaobailing Decoction （消白灵汤） on murine melanocytes in vitro and to explore the mechanism of Xiaobailing Decoction in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods： B-16F10 murine melanoma cells were cultured in 1640 medium and treated respectively with different concentrations （lmg/ml, 2mg/ml, 3mg/ml） of the Chinese drug Xiaobailing Decoction and its main components, the drugs for replenishing the lddney-yang, and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation, etc. for 7 days. MMT assay was used to determine the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells. NaOH cleavage assay was adopted to measure the melanogenesis of melanocytes. Results：Xiaobailing Decoction, the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at different concentrations significantly improved the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells from the 3rd day to the 5th day （P〈0.05）, with Xiaobailing Decoction at the concentrations of lmg/ml having the most distinct action on promoting the proliferation of melanocytes on the 3rd day （P〈0.001）; And the drugs for replenishing the lodney-yang at the concentrations of 2mg/ml and 3mg/ml and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at 3mg/ml significantly increased melanogenesis of melanocytes （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Xiaobailing Decoction can promote melanocytic proliferation and melanogenesis in vitro, and it is indicated that the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation play an important role in treating vitiligo.

Electrocorticography-Guided Surgical Treatment of Solitary Supratentorial Cavernous Malformations with Secondary Epilepsy

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of electrocorticographic(ECoG) monitoring and the application of different surgical approaches in the surgical treatment of solitary supretentorial cavernous malformations with secondary epilepsy. Methods This study enrolled a consecutive series of 36 patients with solitary supratentorial cavernous malformations and secondary epilepsy who underwent surgery with intraoperative ECoG monitoring in the Department of Neurosurgery between January 2004 and January 2008. The patients were composed of 15 males and 21 females, aged between 8 and 52 years(mean age 27.3±2.8 years) at the time of surgery. Epilepsy history, the type of epilepsy at the presentation, lesion location, the incidence of residual epileptiform discharges, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Results Histopathological examination indicated cavernous malformations and hippocampal sclerosis in 36 and 5 cases, respectively. Neuronal degeneration, glial cell proliferation, and neurofibrillary tangles were found in all the resected cerebral tissues of extended lesionectomy of residual epileptic foci. Lesionectomy, anterior temporal lobectomy, anterior temporal lobectomy plus cortical thermocoagulation, extended lesionectomy, extended lesionectomy plus cortical thermocoagulation were performed in 4, 4, 1, 14, and 13 cases, respectively. Residual epileptiform discharges were captured in 9 out of the 14 patients who had additional cortical thermocoagulation. According to Engle class for postoperative outcomes, 27 cases were class I(75.00%), 5 were class II(13.89%), 2 were class III(5.56%), and 2 were class IV(5.56%), thus the total effective rate(class I+class II) was 88.89%. Neither of epilepsy history, the type of epilepsy, and the location of cavernous malformation was significantly related to outcomes(P>0.05). A significant relationship was found between the incidence of residual epileptiform discharges and outcomes(P=0.041). Conclusions Intraoperative ECoG monitoring, the application of different surgical approaches, and the resection of residual epileptic foci could produce good result in the surgical treatment of supratentorial cavernous malformation with secondary epilepsy. Postoperative residual epileptiform discharges could be a useful predictor for evaluating the outcomes.

Neural stem cell activation and glial proliferation in the hippocampal CA3 region of posttraumatic epileptic rats

The present study observed the dynamic expression of CD133, nuclear factor-κB and glial fibrUlary acidic protein in the hippocampal CA3 area of the experimental posttraumatic epilepsy rats to investigate whether gliosis occurs after posttraumatic epilepsy. CD133 and nuclear factor-κB expression was increased at 1 day after posttraumatic epilepsy, peaked at 7 days, and gradually decreased up to 14 days, as seen by double-irnmunohistochemical staining. Glial fibrillary acidic protein/nuclear factor-EB double-labeled cells increased with time and peaked at 14 days after posttraumatic epilepsy. Results show that activation of hippocampal neural stem cells and glial proliferation after posttraumatic epilepsy-induced oxidative stress increases hippocampal glial cell density.