Combination Activity of Standard Antituberculosis Drugs and Extracts of Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in Traditional Treatment of Tuberculosis in Uganda

Introduction: Resistance to antituberculosis drugs and adverse drug reactions remain the leading causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure globally. Despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity of knowledge on their combination effect. Aim: This research aimed to determine combination activity of standard antituberculosis drugs with extracts of Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia L., the two common antituberculosis medicinal plants in Uganda, against pansensitive (H37Rv) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Materials and Methods: Two reference MTB strains (H37Rv and MDR strain) were inoculated on Middlebrook 7H11 medium containing a combination of standard antituberculosis drugs and methanol extracts of Z. leprieurii and R. cordifolia at varying concentrations. The number of colonies on the plates was observed and counted weekly for up to 8 weeks. In vitro combination activity was determined using proportion method. Mean percentage inhibition was calculated for the reduction of number of colonies on drug-extract combination medium in relation to drug-extract-free control medium. Results: Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains when compared with individual standard anti-TB drugs. This was more exhibited against MDR strain. There was however a reduction in percentage inhibition when extracts were combined with ethambutol and streptomycin against H37Rv strain. Conclusions: Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially MDR-TB strain. This justifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis especially in resistant cases in Uganda.

Decoding RoPax Ship Capsizes and Development of an ISO Ship Safety Standard

Marine accidents often result in significant losses of human life, environmental damage, and property destruction. Additionally, ships and offshore plants are large-scale and complex systems, making safety assessments challenging. However, the advent of onboard electronic systems has made it possible to monitor and respond more effectively. These new technologies can enhance safety levels while reducing the workload on crews. In this paper, authors analyze recent accidents involving ships with high structures above the water, such as car carriers or RoPax vessels, and propose preventive safety indicators to help prevent similar accidents from recurring.

时空异质性视角下华北地区碳足迹评估及驱动因子分析

碳足迹是衡量碳排放的重要指标,削减碳足迹是实现“双碳”目标的前提条件。华北地区作为我国高耗能、高排放的集中区域,客观量化碳足迹并探究主要驱动因子对加快推进碳减排具有重要意义。为此,论文基于IPCC法对华北地区“十五”至“十三五”期间的碳足迹进行测算,运用标准差椭圆分析碳足迹的分布及转移特征,使用地理探测器识别碳足迹的主要驱动因子。研究发现:(1)“十五”至“十三五”期间碳足迹总量经历了“先增长—后下降”两个阶段,由“十五”期间的425452万吨上升至1066353万吨,而后逐渐下降到“十三五”期间的898908万吨。(2)标准差椭圆呈稳定的“南—北”分布,重心分布于山西大同和河北张家口之间,呈向西北方向偏移趋势,已偏移72.56千米。(3)能源强度、产业结构、城镇化率对碳足迹驱动因子解释力度较大,且关键交互因子均含有能源强度、产业结构、研发投入。华北地区不同时期碳足迹分布及影响因子存在时空差异,在制定碳减排政策时应充分考虑区域碳足迹的时空异质性。

Calculation of Particle Decay Times in the Standard Model

We present here a two-step method of classification and calculation for decay rates in the Standard Model. The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width originally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy mX. The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy mX numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model. A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.

Calculation of the Standard Model Parameters and Particles Based on a SU(4) Preon Model

This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W-and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction. Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-action based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 29 parameters of the Standard Model to a total of 7 parameters.

面向抗震韧性评价的型钢混凝土柱易损性函数

为满足型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)结构地震损失评估及抗震韧性评价的需求,建立SRC柱构件的地震易损性函数十分关键。本文首先基于文献调研,结合JGJ 138—2016《组合结构设计规范》,从国内外文献中筛选了227榀拟静力循环加载的SRC柱,建立标准化的SRC柱试验数据库。其次,考虑失效模式的差异性,将构件分为延性SRC柱和偏脆性SRC柱,并给出了不同类别的构件损伤等级划分标准及对应的修复方法。然后,以位移角为工程需求参数,分别提取了各构件对应不同损伤等级的位移角限值,采用FEMA P-58方法,建立了不同类别的SRC柱在各损伤等级下的易损性函数。最后,给出了与GB/T 38591—2020《建筑抗震韧性评价标准》相容的易损性函数参数表,并分析了抗震等级和轴压比对SRC柱易损性函数参数及易损性曲线的影响。最终,通过分析一幢型钢混凝土框架结构办公楼的抗震韧性,说明了所提出的易损性函数在抗震韧性评价中的作用。

Unexpected Twinning and Phase-Transition of the Indentation Standards, Their Transition Energies, and Scientific Dichotomy

The general use of aluminium as an indentation standard for the iteration of contact heights for the determination of ISO-14577 hardness and elastic modulus is challenged because of as yet not appreciated phase-changes in the physical force-depth standard curve that seemed to be secured by claims from 1992. The physical and mathematical analyses with closed formulas avoid the still world-wide standardized energy-law violation by not reserving 33.33% (h2 belief) (or 20% h3/2 physical law) of the loading force and thus energy for all not depth producing events but using 100% for the depth formation is a severe violation of the energy law. The not depth producing part of the indentation work cannot be done with zero energy! Both twinning and structural phase-transition onsets and normalized phase-transition energies are now calculated without iterations but with physically correct closed arithmetic equations. These are reported for Berkovich and cubecorner indentations, including their comparison on geometric grounds and an indentation standard without mechanical twinning is proposed. Characteristic data are reported. This is the first detection of the indentation twinning of aluminium at room temperature and the mechanical twinning of fused quartz is also new. Their disqualification as indentation standards is established. Also, the again found higher load phase-transitions disqualify aluminium and fused quartz as ISO-ASTM 14577 (International Standardization Organization and American Society for Testing and Materials) standards for the contact depth “hc” iterations. The incorrect and still world-wide used black-box values for H- and Er-values (the latter are still falsely called “Young’s moduli” even though they are not directional) and all mechanical properties that depend on them. They lack relation to bulk moduli from compression experiments. Experimentally obtained and so published force vs depth parabolas always follow the linear FN = kh3/2 + Fa equation, where Fa is the axis-cut before and after the phase-transition branches (never “h2” as falsely enforced and used for H, Er and giving incorrectly calculated parameters). The regression slopes k are the precise physical hardness values, which for the first time allow for precise calculation of the mechanical qualities by indentation in relation to the geometry of the indenter tip. Exactly 20% of the applied force and thus energy is not available for the indentation depth. Only these scientific k-values must be used for AI-advises at the expense of falsely iterated indentation hardness H-values. Any incorrect H-ISO-ASTM and also the iterated Er-ISO-ASTM modulus values of technical materials in artificial intelligence will be a disaster for the daily safety. The AI must be told that these are unscientific and must therefore be replaced by physical data. Iterated data (3 and 8 free parameters!) cannot be transformed into physical data. One has to start with real experimental loading curves and an absolute ZerodurR standard that must be calibrated with standard force and standard length to create absolute indentation results. .

A High Efficiency Hardware Implementation of S-Boxes Based on Composite Field for Advanced Encryption Standard

The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.

语料库视角下的盲文规范化问题研究

长期以来,盲文领域主要采用传统方法进行研究,存在效率低、覆盖面窄、主观性强、共享性差等问题。目前,我国已建成国际上首个千万级规模的具备盲文触觉(单方、整体)、对照(汉字—拼音)、语言学(声调、分词连写)三维六层特征的精标注盲文语料库,利用这一语料库对盲文进行量化研究,能够促进对我国盲文发展全貌的把握和了解。从标调一致性、分词一致性等方面对盲文进行全面的定量分析,指出现行盲文中存在的问题,为下一步《国家通用盲文方案》的修订和盲文规范化建设提供建议和对策,以提升盲文出版的规范化水平。

中医住培过程考核体系构建

我国已全面启动新的住院医师规范化培训制度,并取得了一定成效,然而目前还存在培训模式偏西化、理论学习轻基础、考核模式轻过程和管理模式未分层等不足。考核是住院医师规范化培训管理的重要组成部分,其结果是衡量基地与住院医师规范化培训学员培养质量的客观指标,其中的过程考核是重中之重。浙江中医药大学附属第三医院作为首批国家中医住院医师规范化培训基地,按照上级主管部门相关文件要求建立了过程考核体系,制定了规范的考核管理制度,采取规范日常考核、严肃出科考核、增设季度考核、设置专项考核、组织年度考核、落实绩效考核等相关举措,多管齐下,保证培训质量。

大尺寸非标碟簧承载性能仿真分析

以某锤击式振打系统中的大尺寸非标碟簧为研究对象,对其在不同载荷作用下的响应特性进行了研究。分别采用理论及仿真模拟方法,对标准碟簧及大尺寸非标碟簧的载荷-变形及载荷-应力状态进行了分析;并采用仿真分析方法,研究了对合状态下重载非标碟簧的响应特征。研究结果表明,对于大变形工况,有限元法能更准确地描述大尺寸非标碟簧的承载性能;大尺寸非标碟簧承受载荷小于额定载荷时,其载荷-变形量呈现线性特征;承受载荷超过额定载荷后,载荷-变形量呈现非线性特征。分析认为,碟簧载荷与变形量的理论计算方法适用于结构的小变形状态,当载荷超过额定载荷时,碟簧的变形较大,小变形的线弹性理论已经不适用于大载荷工况。随着载荷变大,对合状态碟簧接触面的接触状态会发生突变,从面-面接触变成线-面接触,接触状态的改变会造成碟簧局部应力产生变化,影响碟簧的安全使用。

虚拟仿真模式教学对提高麻醉住培医生临床思维能力的思考

临床思维能力是医学生专业发展中非常重要的一部分,它关系到医生对病人病情的准确诊断和有效治疗。医学虚拟仿真教学是一种新兴的医学教学方法,是一种利用计算机技术模拟真实医疗环境和医疗过程的教学方法。因通过创建虚拟的患者、医疗设备和操作环境,让学生能够在没有实际患者的情况下进行学习和实践而备受关注。本文就虚拟仿真模式教学对提高麻醉学本科生临床思维能力进行探讨,明确虚拟仿真教学模式在医学教育中的独特优势,旨在更好地推动虚拟仿真教学模式在麻醉住培医学生教育中的应用,帮助学生在进入临床学习期间能通过实践提高自身临床思维及临场反应能力。最终能应用于临床实践中,达到提高患者安全性和医疗质量的目的。

激光粒度仪测量上限用毫米级粒度标准物质

【目的】解决我国激光粒度仪测量上限现状不清楚的问题,研制用于判断激光粒度仪测量上限的毫米级颗粒粒度标准物质。【方法】利用悬浮聚合再筛分法制备标称粒径分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.1 mm的聚苯乙烯微珠粒度标准物质;利用经NIST SRM2800测微尺校准的光学显微镜对制得的标准物质进行定值。【结果】制得的4种粒度标准物质的体积中位粒径分别为(0.553±0.007)、(0.749±0.008)、(0.925±0.008)、(1.07±0.01)mm;利用制得的粒度标准物质检验了国内外6个公司生产的7种型号激光粒度仪的测量上限,发现只有部分型号的粒度仪能准确测量毫米级粒度标准物质。【结论】制得的毫米级粒度标准物质样品均匀、稳定,粒径定值结果溯源至He-Ne激光波长,准确可靠,使得我国粒度标准物质体系更完善;激光粒度仪测量上限不仅取决于光探测器最内侧单元的半径,还取决于其使用光源的激光质量。

法律手语的规范路径与实践应用

在研究、整理各地手语的基础上,形成能在全国范围使用的通用手语,一直是我国语言文字工作的一项基本政策和重要组成部分。作为手语技能与法律文化的融合产物,法律手语不仅是聋人群体传递法律信息的语言工具,更承载着向聋人群体进行法学知识教育的重要功能。文章从法律手语的内在特征出发,探究法律手语的规范路径与应用模式,既是新时期学科手语研究工作的内在要求,也是聋人群体基本公共法律服务权益保障的客观需要。

住院医师规范化培训急诊专业技能培训中教师和学员的认知差异

背景住院医师规范化培训是培养高素质临床医师队伍的关键,急诊医学科是救治急危重症患者的前沿阵地,更是培养优秀临床住院医师的重要训练营。医学技能培训是住院医师规范化培训的重要内容,急诊核心技能培训涵盖的项目较多,教师和学员对具体培训项目的认知存在差异,会影响技能培训的效率和质量。目的调查分析河北省住院医师规范化培训急诊专业技能培训中教师和学员对培训项目的认知差异。方法2021年10月,选取来自河北省15家急诊住院医师规范化培训基地,准备参加河北省住院医师规范化培训技能大赛的教师和学员共103名作为调查对象,其中教师37名、学员66名。依据《临床技能操作细化流程及评分标准》,对13个急诊核心技能培训项目,按细化流程操作步骤制定电子调查问卷,进行“难易度”和“操作时遗漏情况”评分调查。结果教师和学员在“难易度”方面,对7个项目(53.85%):心电图采集术、动脉穿刺术、腹腔穿刺术、单人心肺复苏术、中心静脉穿刺术、气管插管术、三腔两囊管置入术,25个步骤(16.45%)的认知存在差异,教师的“难易度”认知评分低于学员(P<0.05)。教师和学员在“操作时遗漏情况”方面,对9个项目(69.23%):心电图采集术、腹腔穿刺术、单人心肺复苏术、中心静脉穿刺术、气管插管术、三腔两囊管置入术、腰椎穿刺术、无创通气术、胸腔穿刺术,和24个步骤(15.79%)认知存在差异,教师的“操作时遗漏情况”认知评分低于学员(P<0.05);其余3个培训项目(环甲膜穿刺术、同步电复律术、骨髓穿刺术)教师和学员在操作各步骤“难易度”“操作时遗漏情况”方面的认知比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论教师和学员对急诊核心技能培训“难易度”和“操作时遗漏情况”方面确实存在差异,一方面可促进临床技能培训课程设置的改进,提高培训效率,为培养高层次、高水平、应用型的医学人才提供方法学基础;另一方面,提示在今后住院医师规范化培训的类似相关研究中,在涉及教师和学员两个群体时,要考虑到二者之间可能存在差异,以期更客观地反映和探究住院医师规范化培训相关问题。

我国生态纺织品标准与Oeko-Tex Standard 100的差异

将我国生态纺织品技术标准GB/T 18885—2009《生态纺织品技术要求》与2010版Oeko-Tex Standard 100标准进行了对比,分析二两者测试项目的差异,主要包括消解样品中的重金属、全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸、邻苯二甲酸酯类、有机锡化合物、多环芳烃、阻燃剂等有害物质的测试项目。对比结果表明,我国的生态纺织品有害物质检测项目与国际标准还存在较大差异,关于纺织品中有害物质的限量研究已明显落后于国外标准,因此应加大生态纺织品中有害物质的检测技术研究力度,加快生态纺织品标准的制修订工作。

ASHRAE Standard 170-2013简介

介绍了该标准修订的主要内容,包括:手术分类、湿度控制下限、病房通风要求、通风空调系统、能量回收、空气过滤要求。手术室分类由三类调整为两类。治疗室设计相对湿度的下限降至20%。病房最低换气次数要求由6h-1改为4h-1。调整了关于管道回风、多区域空调新风量计算、室内循环机组使用、风管衬里方面的规定。明确了医疗护理设施系统的能量回收利用及空气过滤的具体要求。

海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards)探讨

根据典型林分结构的分析,结合海南霸王岭原始热带山地雨林林隙特征,以"近自然林业"理论为指导,提出海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards),包括林层结构、乔木层物种多样性、林分基本蓄积量、材积按径阶分布、林分密度、株数按径阶分布、特类～三类商品材树种结构等7个指标和各指标的具体标准(standards),旨在为海南霸王岭山地雨林可持续经营提供基础依据,为异龄林理想结构的研究提供实例。

生命周期评价方法在制革领域的应用研究现状分析

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