Study on Biological Characteristics and Pupa's Cold Tolerance of Liriomyza sativae on Florists cineraria

In this study, Liriomyza sativaes was raised on Florist cinerarias in greenhouse with different temperatures at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ℃, and their corresponding development duration of entire generation were 47.0, 25.0, 15.5, 12.5 and 12.0 d. The beginning growth temperatures of egg, larva, pupa and entire generation of Liriomyza sativae were 8.5, 9.8, 10.2 and 10.4 ℃, and their effective accumulated temperatures were 52.7, 75.8, 158.5 and 262.2 d ·℃, respectively. Liriomyza sativae had 7 generations on Florist cinerarias in Ningxia each year. However, it occurred in the whole year in greenhouse. The length of its development duration in greenhouse decreased in order from cucumber, Callestephus chinensis, Florist cinerarias to pea, but the eclosion rate of its pupa was in the eentrary order. Under the temperature of 10, 0, - 15 and 20 ℃ ,the longer the storage of pupa was,the higher the mortality rate would be. Liriomyza sativae couldn＇t survive in the winter in Ningxia Province in the natural environment.

四川美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae Blanch)发生研究

】美洲斑潜蝇Ｌｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｅ在四川的１８个地（市、州）、５６个县发生。寄主植物有１２科３８种，主要有：豇豆、菜豆、黄瓜、南瓜、番茄、辣椒、烟草、白菜以及满天星等作物。在攀西地区，该虫１年发生２次高峰：５月上旬至下旬，８月下旬至９月上旬；在盆地内，１次高峰发生在８月上旬至９月中旬。

美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae幼虫分龄研究

通过对不同寄主植物及寄主植物不同生育时期和不同温度条件下美洲斑潜蝇各龄幼虫头咽骨、口钩和取食道长度的测量,结果表明,按各龄幼虫头咽骨长度可以准确进行美洲斑潜蝇幼虫分龄,而取食道长度不同处理间的差异较大,不宜做为分龄标准。

Genetic Variation of Host Populations of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard

In this study, partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I （mtDNA-COI） gene and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 （rDNA-ITS 1） gene, isolated from five artificial populations of Liriomyza sativae （Diptera： Agromyzidae）, were sequenced and compared, to analyze their genetic variation. Analysis of the mtDNA-CO1 gene showed that a low genetic variation was detected among the five populations and only five variable sites were found in the nucleotide sequences. Most of the observed variations that occurred within the populations were because of nucleotide transitions, whereas, the interpopulation variation was because of the differences in haplotype frequencies occurring among the host populations. Analysis of the rDNA-ITS1 gene revealed a small diversity in the five host populations. The trend of genetic differentiation in the host populations was consistent with the preference of L. sativae to the plant hosts.

农药对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae的毒力和美洲斑潜蝇抗药性测定

有机磷类农药乐斯本,沙蚕毒素类农药杀虫双和阿维菌素类农药阿巴丁、害极灭、杀虫素对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae实验种群成虫和1—2龄幼虫的LC_(50)分别为:成虫48.68,20.97,4.27,1.40和0.63ppm;幼虫70.94,30.42,2.21,2.91和2.08ppm。阿维菌素类农药对美洲斑潜蝇成虫和幼虫均具有较强的毒性.通过比较测定美洲斑潜蝇敏感种群和自然种群幼虫对农药敏感性的差异,得出美洲斑潜蝇对乐斯本的抗性已达到低抗性水平,抗性倍数为9.6倍;而对阿维菌素类农药处于敏感水平.

五种药剂对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae的毒力测定

美洲斑潜蝇是近年来传入我国的一种检疫性害虫,给疏菜、花卉生产造成了很大损失。本文采用液浸法对豇豆上的美洲斑潜蝇室内子一代幼虫进行了毒力测定.结果表明,毒死蜱、杀虫双、氯氰菊酯、毒杀土、制潜灵对美洲斑潜蝇的LC_(50)分别为:272.02、254.46、109.16、85.76、32.42ppm。制潜灵的毒性最强、毒杀土、氯氰菊酯次之,毒死蜱、杀虫双较差。

Genetic Variations Among Liriomyza sativae Blanchard Populations Indicated by β-tubulin Gene Sequences

To analyze the genetic differentiation of the host- and geo-populations of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, the β-tubulin gene of 5 host-populations and 6 geo-populations of L. sativae was sequenced. Subsequently, the sequences were analyzed by biosoftware DNAStar and MEGA, and the phylogenetic trees constructed. The results obtained by the two softwares were similar, that is, the sequences of β-tubulin gene were more than 98% homologous, among the host- and geo-populations of L. sativae, with only 8 variable sites, but no insertions and deletions were detected. It seems that differentiations in β-tubulin gene among the host- and geo-populations of L. sativae are related to the hobby to hosts and the geographical distributions, respectively.

美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae(Blanchayd)生物学研究初报

美洲斑潜蝇在温州地区室内饲养１年发生１３～１４代。一般菜区以蛹越冬，冬季大棚栽培的番茄、茄子和暖冬年份蚕豆大田能以幼虫和蛹同时越冬。１１月中旬露地越冬蛹开始进入滞育状态，滞育期长达１１０天左右，越冬主要寄主是蚕豆，尚有少量白菜、莴苣及茄果、瓜类的幼苗。自然条件下，世代重叠明显。初步明确该虫的发育起点温度为７．５３℃（卵、幼虫、蛹的平均值）。

美洲斑潜蝇,Liriomyza sativae应急防治药剂选择的灰靶决策

根据南宁市对美洲斑潜蝇化学防治的田间试验数据，采用灰靶决策分析的方法得出了几种高防效药剂中推广使用综合效益最优的药剂。为大面积推广应用提供了科学依据。

饱和烷烃处理下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的转录学特征

为探究紫花苜蓿在石油污染下的耐受机理,采用超声碎促溶的方法,将3种有机物(十二烷、十六烷和二十四烷)配置成质量分数均为1%的混合溶液,模拟饱和烷烃污染对紫花苜蓿幼苗进行处理,分别对污染0,6,24 h的植株取样进行转录组学分析,共获得1431个差异表达基因(DEGs)。GO富集分析表明,这些DEGs主要涉及蛋白结合、代谢途径和催化活性等;KEGG富集分析表明,DEGs主要富集到植物病原体相互作用、MAPK信号通路和光合生物碳固定途径等。qRT-PCR验证转录组结果可靠。研究结果为研究植物降解和耐受原油中饱和石油烃污染机制原理及后续筛选和培育耐石油污染植物提供理论依据。

Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

Effects of Paclobutrazol Seed Priming on Seedlings Quality,Physiological and Bakanae Disease Index Characteristics of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is one of the most important cereal crops in the world.Bakanae disease is a significant rice disease widely distributed in rice-growing regions worldwide.Therefore,the present investigation aimed to assess the optimal concentrations of paclobutrazol(PBZ)as a treatment for rice grains(cv.Sakha 108)to control bakanae disease,also evaluating its impact on grain germination,seedling growth parameters as well as disease index.Paclobutrazol concentrations had no significant impact on seed germination,regardless of whether the seeds were incubated with Fusarium fujikuroi or not.Application of PBZ,either alone or in combination with fungal pathogens,negatively impacted the rice seedlings’height.Paclobutrazol at 25,50 and 100 mg/L,combined with the fungal pathogen positively impacted root length.Paclobutrazol at 3 and 6 mg/L mitigated the adverse impact on chlorophyll pigments content in infected seedlings.The highest proline contents were achieved by 100 mg/L PBZ alone or in combination with fungal pathogens.It has been observed that the application of PBZ,either alone or in combination with a fungal pathogen,leads to the enhancement of catalase,peroxidase,and polyphenol oxidase activities.The median lethal concentration of PBZ was 0.874 mg/L;applying low concentrations of paclobutrazol effectively increased the percentage of fungal growth suppression.Application of PBZ,at higher concentrations(50 and 100 mg/L),decreased infection percentage and disease severity index(DSI)significantly.These findings suggest that PBZ can be an effective treatment for controlling bakanae disease and enhancing resistance in rice plants.

The auxin transporter OsAUX1 regulates tillering in rice(Oryza sativa)

Tillering is an important agronomic trait of rice(Oryza sativa)that affects the number of effective panicles,thereby affecting yields.The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in tillering.Here we identified the high tillering and semi-dwarf 1(htsd1)mutant with auxin-deficiency root characteristics,such as shortened lateral roots,reduced lateral root density,and enlarged root angles.htsd1 showed reduced sensitivity to auxin,but the external application of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)inhibited its tillering.We identified the mutated gene in htsd1 as AUXIN1(OsAUX1,LOC_Os01g63770),which encodes an auxin influx transporter.The promoter sequence of OsAUX1 contains many SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE(SPL)binding sites,and we demonstrated that SPL7 binds to the OsAUX1 promoter.TEOSINTE BRANCHED1(OsTB1),a key gene that negatively regulates tillering,was significantly downregulated in htsd1.Tillering was enhanced in the OsTB1 knockout mutant,and the external application of IAA inhibited tiller elongation in this mutant.Overexpressing OsTB1 restored the multi-tiller phenotype of htsd1.These results suggest that SPL7 directly binds to the OsAUX1 promoter and regulates tillering in rice by altering OsTB1 expression to modulate auxin signaling.

美洲斑潜蝇(Lironyza sativae Blanchard)发生及综合治理技术研究

美洲毫潽蝇是严重危害菜、瓜果等经济作物的重要植物检疫性害虫,其害虫范围广、繁殖能力强、虫体小、历期短、世代重叠严重,防治困难。该虫1994年传入我国,并迅速蔓延危害,国内分布已达二十余个省、市、自治区,成为农业生产上的一大难题。1996—1998年,我们对其发生及综合治理技术进行了深入研究,现报道如下: 1、生物学特性及发生消长规律 多年调查表明,美洲毫潽蝇在本地大田一年发生8—10代,不能越冬:在冬暖蔬菜大棚内发生3—4代,成为翌年虫源。

宁南山区紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)土壤干层水分动态及草粮轮作恢复效应

以各类作物农田水分为对照，连续两年对宁南山区不同生长年限苜蓿深层土壤水分以及10年生苜蓿地耕翻后轮作不同年份作物农田的水分进行了测定。结果表明，随着苜蓿生长年限的增加，干层深度与厚度先增加后减小。3年生苜蓿干层深度为720cm，6年生干层最深可达1000cm以下，10年生干层深度为920cm，3—12年生苜蓿地0—700cm土层基本上均属于土壤干层范围。苜蓿地0—800cm土壤湿度随生长年限增加而降低，2004年测定的4、7年生和12年生苜蓿地0—700cm土层平均含水率分别为5．30％、5．22％和5．01％；2005年测定的3、6年生和10年生苜蓿地0—800cm土层湿度分别为6．26％、5．60％和5．27％；而800～1000cm土层湿度在一定年限后有恢复趋势。300cm为苜蓿地降水下渗的最大临界深度，300cm以下土壤干层一旦形成，将长期存在，7—12年生苜蓿300～700cm土层湿度仅维持在4．0％左右。苜蓿地和农田的土壤干层厚度与湿度有较大差异，草粮轮作可使苜蓿土壤干层水分基本恢复到农田湿度，而且轮作年份越长，土壤各层次水分恢复效果越好，10年生苜蓿轮作18年后土壤水分基本恢复到农田状态。

芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)对菌核病的抗性研究

经对芸芥和甘蓝型油菜进行苗期菌丝块接种鉴定和花期带菌牙签鉴定表明,芸芥品种总体抗性水平高于甘蓝型油菜。所鉴定的32个芸芥品种中,抗病品种22个,占供试品种68.8％,感病品种10个,占供试品种31.2％,没有中感和高感品种。所鉴定的32个甘蓝型油菜品种中,抗病品种10个,占供试品种的31.3％,感病品种22个,占供试品种的68.8％。在芸芥中有毛类型与无毛类型有一定差异,有毛类型抗性较强。当接种菌核菌后,芸芥体内酚类物质含量迅速增加,36h后达较高水平,以后略有升高。

不同管理枣林枣粘虫(Ancylis sativa)天敌功能团的组成及动态

枣粘虫（Ancylis sativa）是枣树主要的食叶和蛀果害虫,为了控制其危害,2004年在太谷地区对4种不同处理枣林的枣粘虫天敌发生与态势进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明种草综合防治枣林枣粘虫天敌昆虫的物种数比种草常规防治枣林、未种草综合防治枣林和未种草常规防治枣林分别增加37.2%、84.4%和118.5不%,个体数分别增加39.2%、91.0%和187.4%,枣粘虫幼虫和蛹的寄生率分别增加46.94%和31.27%、35.21%和21.99%、116.42%和60.33%;综合防治枣林区草蛉类和寄生性天敌类的丰盛度明显大于（P〈0.05）化学防治的枣林,而瓢虫类与蜘蛛类则明显小于（P〈0.05）化学防治的枣林,食虫蝽类与其它捕食性天敌则是种草枣林区大于未种草枣林区;枣林种草后天敌的恢复与重建速率提高了50%-81%;种草枣林多样性的标准误明显减小,相关性测定表明枣粘虫天敌功能团与物种的优势度、多样性、均匀度的变化趋势较为一致,均极显著（P〈0.01）相关。

Genetic Analysis of a Biomass Mutant in Oryza sativa

[ Objective ] The study aimed to reveal the genetic model of a biomass mutant in Oryza sativa. [ Method ] In the process of screening and identification of Bar-transgenic rice, a biomass mutant was found in 10 lines of T1 progenies. The mutant was investigated for genetic analysis and agronomic traits by herbicide spraying and PCR amplification. [ Result] The segregation ratio is consistent with mendelian law（3：1）. The mutant assumed not only higher plant height, wider straw and earlier florescence, but also more tillers, bigger spikes and resultantly higher biomass. PCR detections indicated that no co-segregation was observed between mutant traits and target gene（Bar） in the T-DNA inserted, proving that the mutant is not caused by the insertion of T-DNA containing target gene （Bar）. [ Conclusion] Our study may avail to understand the cloning of mutant gene and the mechanism of the mutant gene on biomass.

亚热带地区水稻(Oryza sativa L.)气孔臭氧通量和产量的响应关系

基于开放式臭氧浓度升高O_3-FACE(Free-Air Concentration Elevation of O_3)实验平台,利用前期水稻O_3-FACE试验的基础数据,通过建立水稻产量与不同评价指标(累积气孔O_3吸收通量PODY和O_3浓度指标AOTX)的响应关系,比较了水稻产量损失与各评价指标的相关性差异,通过对暴露剂量、吸收通量相关参数取值与产量损失的观察和分析结果的比较,找出更为合理的农作物臭氧风险评估阈值。结果表明:随着通量阈值Y[0~11 nmol O_3·m^(-2)PLA·s^(-1)(PLA:projected leaf area,投影叶面积)]和暴露浓度阈值X(0~50 n L·L^(-1))的增加,回归分析R^2值逐渐增加,当Y为11 nmol O_3m^(-2)PLA·s^(-1)和X为50 n L·L^(-1)时,气孔臭氧吸收通量POD11和累积暴露剂量AOT50与水稻相对产量的相关性最大,当通量阈值Y为8~13 nmol O_3·m^(-2)PLA·s^(-1)和暴露阈值X为46~58 n L·L^(-1)时,可获得较高的R^2值取值范围,分别为0.70~0.75和0.70~0.745。参考文献发现,目前地表臭氧污染可能引起的水稻产量损失范围为5%~8%,对照圈中POD9~10和AOT40~45产量损失的预测值亦在这区间,但前者R^2值(0.73~0.74)明显高于后者R^2值(0.64~0.69),表明基于气孔臭氧通量的评价指标能更好地反映水稻产量的变化。通过进一步分析发现,当通量阈值Y为9 nmol O_3·m^(-2)PLA·s^(-1)时,能更准确地评估水稻产量损失,且其R^2值(0.73)高于通量指标POD6(0.57)。以上研究结果表明,通量指标POD9更适合评估亚热带地区O_3污染对水稻作物的影响。

牦牛粪便对燕麦(Avena sativa)种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

为了研究牦牛粪便对燕麦(Avena sativa)种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,试验采用牦牛粪便干物质的浸提液和含有牦牛粪便干物质的沙培基质,分别对燕麦种子的发芽率和幼苗生长情况进行观察、测定。结果表明:不同牦牛粪便干物质浸提液能够促进燕麦种子发芽,当牦牛粪便干物质的量与纯化水的体积比为1∶80时,燕麦种子的发芽率达到最大,且与其他处理差异显著(P<0.05);不同沙培基质对燕麦幼苗高度、地上(下)生物量有一定的促进作用,当细沙与放牧牦牛粪便干物质的量之比为210∶40时,燕麦幼苗高度、地上(下)生物量达到最大,且与其他处理差异显著(P<0.05)。由此可见,在一定范围内牦牛粪便对燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长有明显的促进作用。