Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

Studies on the Fertilization Effect and Optimal Fertilizing Amount of Brazil Banana Based on "3414" Field Trials

Fertilizer effect model such as ternary quadratic, unary quadratic, straight line and platform model was respectively used to analyze the two-year ＂3414＂ test data collected from banana garden in Fushan Town of Hainan Province. The results showed that the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation was0.374 kg/plant of N, 0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891 kg/plant of K2 O. According to the yield trend characteristic, the optimal fertilizing amount of unary quadratic model was 0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.901kg/plant of K2 O. Thus it can be seen that only partial indices of the optimal fertilizing amount of ternary quadratic model simulation were higher than that of unary quadratic model. Considering the results, the optimal fertilizing amount of Brazil banana was 0.374-0.400kg/plant of N, 0.214-0.289 kg/plant of P2O5 and 0.891-0.901 kg/plant of K2 O.

Frequency Analysis on the Data of Field Fertilizer Efficiency Test and Fertilization Decision-making

To solve the problems of abnormal larger, abnormal lower or even negative of target yield and fertilizing amount recommended by part of non-typical fertilizer effect equations using agricultural experiments and statistical analysis software,Yangzhou analyzer（2.2）, regression analysis of Excel, which objected to local actual production, the study adopted the principle and method of basic knowledge and the frequency of using probability theory, and carried out statistical analysis on the rape field fertilizer experiment data by frequency analysis method, the rape yield after optimizing fertilizing amount was 1 732.4 kg/hm^2, the ranges of N, P and K optimal combinations were： N=210.36-149.64 kg/hm^2,P2O5=81.89-58.11 kg/hm^2, K2O=81.89-58.11 kg/hm^2,which was consistent with local actual production. This study was based on frequency analysis, using weighted average method to determine the production combinations of different yield objectives, hereinto, the combinations with high yield, high frequency of occurrence（dependable crop） and fertilizer-saving were viewed as the optimizing production measures, and they had the merits of increasing fertilization decision-making information, reducing or avoiding the risk of small probability event. The results of this study can solve the problem of abnormal values fertilizing amount and target yield recommended by non-typical fertilizer effect function, which did not accord with local actual production, caused by Yangzhou analyzer（2.2）, regression analysis of Excel, and DPS statistical analysis software. For the fertilizer effect function equation established by regression analysis which did not reach significance level using variance analysis, whether the method can be adapted to for carrying out fertilization decision-making, recommending optimization combinations of N, P and K fertilizers and yield under optimized fertilizing amount should be further researched in future working practice.

Effects of Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization on Yield and Economic Benefit of Major Crops in Burundi

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to provide technical support for high-yield cultivation of major crops in Burundi,thereby increasing local farmers'income and promoting sustainable development of agriculture in Burundi.[Methods]In the IMBO and MOSO test stations of the Burundi Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Burundi Fruit and Vegetable Extension and Service Center,soil testing and formulated fertilization test and demonstration was carried out in rice,maize and cabbage.The test set up three treatments,soil testing and formulated fertilization(STFF),local routine fertilization(RF)and non-fertilization(CK)to investigate the effects of soil testing and formulated fertilization on the yield and economic benefit of the crops.[Results]In the plot test,the yield and net economic benefit of rice,maize and cabbage were both highest in the STFF treatment.Compared with those in the RF treatment,the yield of rice,maize and cabbage increased by 19.0%,25.7%and 33.0%,respectively,and the net economic benefit increased by 4292,2837 and 8232 yuan/ha,respectively.In the field test,the yield and net economic benefit of rice,maize and cabbage were also both highest in the STFF treatment.The yield increased by 18.1%,24.3%and 25.9%,respectively,and the net economic benefit increased by 4142,2881 and 8665 yuan/ha,respectively compared with those in the RF treatment.[Conclusions]Soil testing and formulated fertilization not only increased rice,maize and cabbage yield per unit area,but also increased farmers'income in Burundi.It is one of the important technical measures to promote the increase of agricultural production and income in Burundi.

Establishment and Application of Fertilization Model for Wheat Interplanted with Cotton in Jianghan Plain

3414 field experiment （including three nutrient elements at four gradient levels, a total of 14 unrepeated incomplete treatments） was designed to study the fertilization measures for wheat interplanted with cotton in Qianjiang City, Hubei Province. Fertilizer model for wheat interplanted with cotton in Jianghan Plain was finally established, based on which the soil nutrient indices in wheat-cotton inter- planting field were screened; and optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium appli- cation for wheat was put forward as 130-210 kg/hm2 N, 40-70 kg/hm2 P2O5 and 40-60 kg/hm2 K2O.

基于“3414”试验模型的四川盆地中部水稻氮磷钾肥效应研究

本研究采用“3414”肥料效应田间试验,旨在确定四川盆地中部资中县水稻的最佳施肥量,并构建高产施肥模型。通过设置氮、磷、钾3因素,每个因素4个水平,共14个处理,每个处理重复3次。结果表明:建立的三元二次肥料效应回归方程的相关系数(R^(2))为0.976。纯氮施用量为215.28 kg/hm^(2),五氧化二磷施用量为101.40 kg/hm^(2),氧化钾施用量为104.14 kg/hm^(2),水稻最大产量为7923.56 kg/hm^(2);纯氮最佳施用量为196.83 kg/hm^(2),五氧化二磷施用量为74.81 kg/hm^(2),氧化钾施用量为102.90 kg/hm^(2),水稻最佳产量为7867.96 kg/hm^(2)。建立的肥料效应模型可在四川盆地中部类似水稻产区推广,用于水稻生产上对施肥量的预测。

Total Amount Control Test of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Phosphate Fertilizer on Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study was conducted to optimize the suitable application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer for winter wheat.[Method] A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on the yield of winter wheat.[Result]The quadratic simulation function between the application of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat yield was y =-0.6611x^2＋20.091 x ＋234.85,with a correlation coefficient of0.970 8,and the yield of winter wheat was the highest at the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer of 228.0 kg/hm^2.The quadratic simulation function between the application of phosphate fertilizer and wheat yield was y =-0.572 6x^2＋13.168 x ＋340.4,with a correlation coefficient of 0.921 95,and the yield of winter wheat was the highest at the application amount of phosphate fertilizer of 172.5 kg/hm^2.[Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on winter wheat.

Evaluation of Soil Potassium Test to Improve Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn

The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.

基于3414试验设计的云南雪茄烟叶生产施肥技术研究

为明确云南省瑞丽雪茄烟区土壤合理施肥方案,采用“3414”肥料试验设计,通过熵权法和回归分析,计算了各处理对应的烟株农艺性状综合得分,探究了N、P、K对雪茄烟株长势和烟叶产量的影响,筛选出最佳施肥方案。结果表明:(1)株高对雪茄烟株农艺性状的得分所占权重最大,处理6(N_(2)P_(2)K_(2))对应的得分最高。(2)在一定范围内增加N、P、K的施用量,对雪茄烟的产量有积极作用,然而随着施肥量的增加产量又有所下降。(3)构建了N、P、K施用量对雪茄烟产量的二元二次和三元二次回归模型,最佳施肥方案为N施用量在118.7~126.9 kg/hm^(2)之间,P_(2)O_(5)施用量在75.7~81.4 kg/hm^(2)之间,K_(2)O施用量在342.1~366.5 kg/hm^(2)之间,目标产量在1816.3~1812.5 kg/hm^(2)之间。

基于“3414”试验的切花芍药氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究

针对切花芍药生长过程中盲目施肥的现状,以二年生芍药‘向天歌’为研究对象,采用“3414”试验施肥方案,结合隶属函数法,研究氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对切花芍药生长的影响,探讨切花芍药生产适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:不同施肥处理对芍药株高、茎粗、蕾径、分株数和切花数影响显著(P<0.05);氮、磷缺素区的综合隶属函数值小于无肥区,缺钾区大于无肥区,对芍药生长的影响为氮>磷>钾;N2P2K1处理的综合隶属函数值最大,为0.61,芍药植株生长最好;对各处理的综合隶属函数值和施肥量进行肥料效应函数拟合分析,一元二次、二元二次肥料效应函数方程拟合相关性均达显著水平,三元二次肥料效应方程为非典型模型,采用频率分析法计算肥料推荐量。综合分析各肥料效应函数方程的推荐用量及相应的综合隶属函数值,本试验切花芍药推荐施肥量为N 212.7 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)46.2 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 49.9 kg/hm^(2),施肥配比为1∶0.21∶0.23,可用于本试验区切花芍药生产的施肥参考。

Balanced Fertilizer Use through Soil Testing Leads to Higher Yields and Nutrient Contents of Maize Grains

Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 with maize (triple hybrid) in Oraby Village, Mariut sector, Alexandria, Egypt. Soil testing shows that soil was clay loam, with high Na and CaCO3 contents with high pH, low organic matter, medium P and K and low micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), seven treatments were designed. The most promising treatment was when P and K were increased and micronutrients were added based on soil testing. This treatment resulted in the highest yield with better grain contents of protein and nutrients which indicated that soil-test based on fertilizer use was superior. Soil analysis at the end of the experiment showed higher P and K contents. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil conditions in other parts of the world.

Soil Test Based Fertilizer Prescriptions through Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model for Sesamum on Alfisol

Studies on Soil Test Crop Response Based Integrated Plant Nutrition System(STCR-IPNS)were conducted for three years adopting the Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model,on alfisols of Unified Andhra Pradesh,Southern India during summer 2016-2018 in order to develop fertilizer prescriptions through IPNS for the desired yield targets of Sesamum under field conditions.The bases for making the fertilizer prescriptions viz.nutrient requirement(NR),contribution of nutrients from soil(Cs),fertilizer(Cf)and vermicompost(CVC)were computed using the field experimental data.Making use of these basic parameters,the fertilizer prescription equations were developed under NPK alone and under IPNS for the desired yield targets of Sesamum for a range of soil test values.The quantity of fertilizers contributed by the application of vermicompost was assessed.Nutrient requirement to produce 100 kg of sesame seed was worked out to be 10.20 kg N,3.90 kg P2O5 and 5.22 kg K2O.In the present investigation,the requirement of N was higher which is followed by K2O and P2O5.The requirement of N was 2.62 times higher than P and 1.95 times higher than K.The percent contribution of N,P and K was 12.25,15.75 and 6.00 from soils,41.68,22.85 and 59.97 from fertilizer and 9.87,6.74 and 18.65 from organic manures,respectively.Thus the Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model used to develop fertilizer prescription equations provides a strong basis for soil fertility maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management in farming for sustainable and enduring agriculture.

甘南高寒阴湿区宽幅匀播青稞“3414”肥效试验

为了将宽幅匀播技术与“3414”肥效试验相结合,应用于甘南高寒阴湿区青稞种植与示范推广中,推动该地区青稞种植产业发展。采用“3414”最优回归设计,以青稞甘青9号为指示品种,在宽幅匀播条件下研究了“3414”肥效试验对青稞生长及产量的影响,并建立了青稞产量与氮、磷、钾施量之间的肥效回归方程,以提高肥效,促进甘南高寒阴湿区青稞生产优质高产。结果表明,宽幅匀播条件下,甘青9号最佳产量为6640.32kg/hm^(2)时,施肥量为N36.34kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)55.86kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O7.09kg/hm^(2);最大产量为6834.09kg/hm^(2)时,施肥量为N80.66 kg/hm^(2)P_(2)O_(5)62.31kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O16.58kg/hm。肥效回归方程中施肥量与青稞产量拟合度显著,可应用于大田生产。

Relationship of Naturally Occurring Antisperm Antibodies in Blood Serum and Seminal Plasma of Cattle Bulls with Sperm Function and Fertility Tests

The study was planned with an objective to assess the level of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in the blood serum and seminal plasma of breeding cow bulls and their relationship with sperm function and fertility tests. ASA was analyzed in blood serum and seminal plasma by SpermMar test, Immuno peroxidase assay (IPA) and Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). In SpermMar test, about 54% bulls were with >40% IgG in blood serum against sperm surface antigens, whereas none of the bulls were with >10% IgG in seminal plasma. More than 20% and >10% IgA against sperm surface antigens were detected in the blood serum and seminal plasma of 65.8% and 37% bulls, respectively. Out of 26 bulls, seminal plasma of 21 bulls reacted with spermatozoa both in IPA and IgA latex particles and that of only 12 bulls reacted with IgG. In IPA, about 50% of the bulls had >40% ASA against head surface antigens, whereas, there were 23% bulls with >10% ASA in seminal plasma. Also ELISA indicated a higher antibody titre in blood serum (3200 - 6400) and seminal plasma (40 - 80) of 50% and 42% bulls, respectively. There were 11 bulls with low values of HOST/in vitro acrosome reaction/cervical mucus penetration assay and higher level of either serum or seminal plasma ASA. Our study revealed that a significant level of ASA in serum or seminal plasma may have effect on the fertility of bulls by affecting the sperm function.

贞丰县下等肥力地小麦“3414”肥料效应试验

[目的]探索贞丰县下等肥力地小麦氮、磷、钾肥最佳施肥配比。[方法]通过小麦“3414”肥料效应田间试验,对不同施肥处理的小麦产量进行分析比较,以确定最佳施肥配比。[结果]施用不同配比的氮、磷、钾肥对小麦的农艺性状和产量有不同的影响,当施肥量为N 390 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)750 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 124.5 kg/hm^(2)时,小麦的产量最高,为4 971.0 kg/hm^(2),较未施肥区增产2 131.5 kg/hm^(2)。[结论]在与该试验相同肥力条件的下等肥力地种植小麦,推荐最佳施肥量为:N 390 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)750 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 124.5 kg/hm^(2)。

Nitrogen fertilization effects on grain quality of durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i>L. var. durum) varieties in central Ethiopia

Four released durum wheat varieties, two medium tall (Arsi-Robe and Kilinto) and two recently released semidwarfs (Ude and Yerer) were evaluated under five different N rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg·ha-1) in 2005/06 growing season at Akaki and Debre Zeit, central Ethiopia. The quality responses of durum wheat varieties to different N-fertilizer rates and the N responses between tall and short durum wheat varieties were assessed. Protein and gluten content, vitreous kernel count, thousand kernel weight, test weight and lodging were considered. Vitreous kernel count, protein and gluten content were higher at Debre Zeit than at Akaki. Unlike Debre Zeit, there were significant relationships between response variables and fertilizer levels at Akaki. Lodging slightly affected the medium tall varieties at Debre Zeit whereas it was not a problem at Akaki. At Akaki, varieties response to each additional N rate was entirely below the quality standard set by ICC, 2000 except for thousandkernel weight. Therefore, it is unwise to promote durum wheat scaling up/out program for quality production at Akaki.

基于“3414”肥效试验建立BP神经网络寻优的新模型初探

针对上海市崇明滧东地区传统施肥方式不能满足水稻需肥规律的问题,以水稻“3414”肥效试验结果为数据来源,以N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O施用量为优化目标,建立3-7-1拓扑结构BP神经网络模型,通过遗传算法得到最优产量下的最优施肥配比。预测结果表明:当地较优的施肥配比是N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O的施用量分别为24.94、0.87、4.27 kg/亩(1亩=667 m^(2)),预计最高产量为531.5 kg/亩。通过验证试验,在较优的施肥配比条件下,水稻的实际产量为548.7 kg/亩,验证了BP神经网络模型预测结果的准确性。

3414"肥料试验模型拟合的探讨

以UNDP95-98年在河北唐山进行的27个"3414"冬小麦试验为例,研究了三元二次施肥模型与一元施肥模型对"3414"肥料试验结果的拟合情况。结果表明,三元二次施肥模型进行拟合试验成功率仅为56%,而采用一元施肥模型可以对全部试验进行数据处理。在同一试验中,与一元施肥模型相比,采用三元二次施肥模型计算的推荐施肥量偏高;根据一元施肥模型拟合计算分别有15%、44%、67%的点不需要施用N、P、K肥,而采用三元二次施肥模型则无法获得这一信息。因此,在"3414"试验中,一元施肥模型是三元二次施肥模型拟合的一种很好补充和优化手段。

应用“3414”肥料试验模型求解春玉米施肥参数的研究

利用现代肥料二次回归"3414"设计,对春玉米施肥参数进行了研究。结果表明:通过三元二次肥料效应函数获得的最高产量在各类型函数中最低,投入的肥料价值也最低,获得的产投比较高;通过一元二次肥料效应函数获得的最高产量最高,其中K处理一元二次肥料效应方程获得的最高产量和产投比最高。各类型函数所获得的最佳经济产量表现为:一元函数>二元函数>三元函数,但三元二次肥料效应函数所获得的产投比远远高于其他函数,可用于推荐施肥。通过三元二次肥料效应函数获得的春玉米推荐施肥指标为:N162.8kg/hm2,P2O5112.7kg/hm2,K2O149.7kg/hm2,需要投入的肥料成本为1776元/hm2,可获得最佳经济产量13241kg/hm2,产投比高达7.45。

免耕水稻在“3414”试验方案中氮磷钾配施的肥料效应研究

在免耕抛秧种植模式下进行"3414"肥料效应试验,通过建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与产量的回归模型,探索当地水稻的最佳施肥量。结果表明,氮磷钾施用量均为中等水平时,产量和经济效益达到最佳;各类型函数所获得的最佳经济产量表现为一元函数>二元函数>三元函数。结合一元、二元、三元肥料效应函数及实际生产而获得的推荐施肥指标:最高产量施肥量为每公顷施N 197.70 kg,P2O573.05 kg,K2O 180.00 kg;最佳产量施肥量为每公顷施N 194.10 kg,P2O5 65.55 kg,K2O 170.10 kg。