Spatial Pattern of Rural Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River——a Case Study in Maoxian County, Sichuan

A quantitative analysis of the spatial pattern of rural settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River was made with the major data sources being the relevant ETM image and the national geographical database of China （including contour line, fiver and road） at the scale of 1：250000, and using image interpretation and field investigation to obtain spatial information on rural settlements. The results of the spatial analysis technique of GIS and correlation analysis showed that most settlements （78.2 %） were located in the mountain area at 1500-2700 m altitude, and almost half in the arid valley area. More than 80.0 % of settlements had their slopes above 15°. Most settlements had good access to water resources, roads and communications, and tended to cluster close to the road network rather than the fiver. About half of the rural settlements in the study area were relatively concentrated, while the others were decentralized. Those with higher altitude usually had land with steep slope, inconvenient water and road accesses, and were located far apart from each other. In view of such a situation, further research should be done to make reasonable countermeasures on these settlements for better living conditions and ecosystem stability.

Spatial Pattern and Regional Types of Rural Settlements in Xuzhou City,Jiangsu Province,China

This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 and 2008 and models of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the morphological pattern of rural settlements,and finds significant characteristics.First,rural settlements in Xuzhou City are significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution;meanwhile,there is significant variation in the geographical density distribution.Second,the scale of rural settlements in Xuzhou City is larger than the average in Jiangsu Province,and the histogram of the scale data is more even and more like a gamma distribution.There are a significant high-value cluster in the scale distribution,and local negative correlation between the scale and density distribution of rural settlements in Xuzhou City.Third,the morphology of rural settlements in Xuzhou City shows relative regularity with good connection and integrity,but the spatial variation of the morphology is anisotropic.Finally,according to the characteristics of density,scale,and form of rural settlements,the rural settlements of Xuzhou City are divided into three types:A high-density and point-scattered type,a low-density and cluster-like type and a mass-like and sparse type.The research findings could be used as the scientific foundation for rural planning and community rebuilding,particularly in less-developed areas.

Spatiotemporal Interaction Between Rural Settlements and Cultivated Land in Karst Mountainous Area,China

Settlements and cultivated land are important production and living spaces in promoting rural revitalization.However,few studies have explored the relationship between rural settlements and cultivated land from spatiotemporal interaction perspective.This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal conversion and the interactive mechanism between rural settlements and cultivated land in a karst mountainous area(Qixingguan District of Guizhou Province)with fragile ecological environment in China during 2009–2018.The results showed that the expansion of rural settlements and the loss of cultivated land coexisted in Qixingguan District.Only 2.68%of the new cultivated land was reclaimed from rural settlements,whereas 85.45%of the new rural settlements occupied cultivated land.Six spatial expansion modes of rural settlements when occupying cultivated land were identified.Among these six modes,the area of the edge-expansion&along traffic roads(EA)mode accounted for 52.75%.The occupation by rural settlements made the cultivated land landscape more fragmented.The area ratio index of cultivated land to rural settlements(ARICR)of Qixingguan District averaged 18.75in 2009 and 17.21 in 2018,respectively.The ARICR reduced in all township administrative regions.Cultivated land with suitable slope condition for farming or without rocky desertification was more likely to be occupied by rural settlements.The probability of cultivated land occupied by rural settlements increased with the decrease of the distance to traffic roads,towns,and old rural settlements.The better the economic and social development of the township administrative regions,the more the ARICR decreased,while the richer the agricultural resources and the better the rural development of the township administrative regions,the less the ARICR decreased.The optimal reconstruction path of rural settlements,the comprehensive conservation path of cultivated land and the urban-rural integration development path in karst mountainous area were proposed.The findings would contribute to our understanding of the spatiotemporal interaction between rural settlements and cultivated land,and would provide a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of rural man-land relationship and rural revitalization in karst areas.

Physical Growth Pattern of Settlements in a Traditional Region, Southwest Nigeria

The study examined the growth pattern of settlements in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria between 1984 and 2011;and predicted the future growth pattern of settlements in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary sources of data include Global Positioning System (GPS), Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries of 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2011. Secondary data included administrative map and population data of the study area. Descriptive statistics and geospatial technique were used to analyse the data collected. The results showed a random pattern of settlement distribution in the study area. Results revealed that settlements covered about 0.52% of the total land area in 1984;1.32% in 2000;and 3.78% in 2011. Whereas linear pattern of growth characterised the periods between 1984 and 1990;clustering, infilling, and fringes were the patterns of growth that characterised the periods between 1990 and 2011. The study predicted that, at an average 1.2% of annual growth rate, settlements will occupy about 44.37% of the total land area by 2031. The study concluded that settlements in the study area varied in the patterns of distribution;the area was dominated by indigenous settlements type with overconcentration of social and economic infrastructures in few centres.

Relationship between settlements and topographical factors:An example from Sichuan Province,China

Terrain can influence the spatial distribution of settlements. Studies on the terrain characteristics of settlements can help to understand the effects of the environment on human activities. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the relationship between settlements and topographical factors. A statistically significant sample of residential locations and ASTER GDEM V2 were used to investigate terrain traits and settlements distributions. We selected eight topographical factors and introduced a practical concept, distributive entropy, into assessing the aggregation extent of the settlements' spatial distribution. The study showed that topography varies within the study area, and distributive entropy indicates that settlements have distinctive distribution tendency in statistic approach. According to the results of this study, mountain inhabitants prefer to settle in valleys. Additionally, with distributive entropy, residential suitability was divided to three levels: suitable, normal, and unsuited. The results showed that suitable area is small in Sichuan Province, accounting for 8.2%～29.9%; however, unsuited area is large, accounting for 33%～63.3%.

Optimization of Rural Settlement Distributions Based On the Ecological Security Pattern: A Case Study of Da’an City in Jilin Province of China

Following the trends of Chinese rural transformation development, and the sustainable development goals for resources and environment, reasonable arranging the potential development space and the ecological space, so as to optimize the distributions of rural settlement would be the key challenge for rural areas in ecologically fragile regions. From the perspective of maintaining regional ecological security, this paper takes Da’an City, a typical ecological fragile region in Jilin Province, as the case area, constructing the comprehensive ecological security pattern(ESP) on basis of landscape ecology, and applying the landscape pattern indexes to quantitative analysis the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements. Then, different optimization directions and management strategies are put forward for rural settlements in each secure zone under the comprehensive ESP. The experimental results showed that 1) the area of the low security zone, the general security zone, the moderate security zone and the extreme security zone was 1570.18 km^2, 1463.36 km^2, 1215.80 km^2 and 629.77 km^2, representing 32.18%, 29.99%, 24.92% and 12.91% of the total area of the target area, respectively. 2) The rural settlements in Da’an City were characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with a large number of small-scale patches. 3) The area of rural settlements in the ecological relocation zone, the in situ remediation zone, the limited development zone and the key development zone was 22.80 km^2, 42.31 km^2, 36.28 km^2 and 19.40 km^2, accounting for 18.88%, 35.03%, 30.04% and 16.06% of the total area of rural settlements, respectively. Then, different measures were proposed for settlements in different optimization zones in order to scientifically plan important ecological space, production space and living space in rural areas. This paper aims to provide fundamental support for rural settlements based on redistribution from the perspective of landscape ecology and provide insights for rural planning and rural habitat environmental improvement.

Land Use Evolution of Rural Settlements Based on Landscape Ecology and Analysis of Its Influence Factors: A Case Study of Panshi City, Jilin City of China

GIS spatial analysis and quantitative analysis of landscape indexes were applied to analyze land use features and influence factors of rural settlements in Panshi City, Jilin Province in view of the comprehensive regional environment. The results showed that (A) Rural settlements are mostly scattered, and concentrated in small groups, showing the co-existence and disorderly expansion of modern and traditional development features; (B) Layouts of rural settlements are closely related to agricultural production; (C) Rural settlements are mostly distributed in the linear patterns along rivers and in the ring patterns around reservoirs; (D) Distribution of rural settlements gradually expands to the neighboring areas of traffic arteries. Against the macro background of urbanization, studying the intensive utilization of rural settlements is a fundamental approach of relieving restriction of land elements, and also an important approach of promoting the construction of new socialist countryside, optimizing industrial structure and accelerating regional urbanization.

An Analysis of Natural Factors Affecting the Dispersal and Establishment of Iron Age III (800-550 B.C)Settlements in the Western Zayandeh- Rud River Basin (West and Northwest of Isfahan)

Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human,cannot be considered out of the environment.According to this approach in archaeology,environmental factors have an important role in assessing settlements in each period.In addition to the recognition of the degree of environmental impact,this approach makes the degree of adaptation of the habitats with the dominant environmental conditions possible.As geospatial tools become more powerful,GIS archaeology has evolved as well,making it possible to visualize ancient settlements and analyze changes in the use of space over time.By incorporating historic map data,physical details of an area’s landscape and known information about past inhabitants,archaeologists can accurately predict the positions of sites with cultural,historical relevance.In this research Iron Age III(800-550 B.C)sites in the west and northwest of Isfahan were studied via GIS.The area studied is one of the most important but unknown areas of archaeological research due to its location in the center of the Iranian plateau and a link between the north-west and the south-west of the country.The environmental characteristics of the studied area have attracted the attention of humans since ancient times.Therefore,it was considered necessary to conduct archaeological excavations.To achieve this goal,the area was first studied archaeologically.As a result of this survey,approximately 50 ancient sites were identified which included the statistical population used for analysis.The effect of environmental variables including altitude,slope(percentage and direction),climate,geological structure,distances and proximity to water resources,land use and proximity to communication paths on the distribution of settlements in the study area was investigated.Through analytical-descriptive method,the factors affecting the formation and distribution of the establishment patterns of the period in question were examind.After analyzing the information and maps,the results indicated that among all the factors,three environmental factors were the most important in the formation of ancient settlements of the Iron Age III era in the west and northwest of Isfahan:factors relating to water resources,proximity to communication paths,and slope percentage and direction.

长白山地区乡村聚落空间格局及影响因素

[目的]探究长白山地区乡村聚落空间分布特征和影响因素,理解近代大量移民背景下中高纬度山区乡村居民点空间格局的形成过程和机制。[方法]综合运用核密度分析、空间自相关分析、空间回归分析和地理探测器等方法,解析长白山地区乡村聚落的空间格局并揭示其影响因素。[结果]长白山地区的乡村聚落呈现出明显的集聚分布特征,存在东北和西南两个聚集区域;各类空间回归方法中,空间杜宾误差模型的拟合效果最佳,结果表明耕地资源和高程是影响长白山地区乡村聚落格局最重要的因素,且对于邻域居民点的布局存在“推拉”效应,潜在未知变量(如土壤质量、文化因素等)也是导致乡村聚落表现出空间自相关的因素;地理探测器分析的结果进一步证实了耕地资源和高程的重要性,同时也表明与县级以上城市、建制镇、主要交通线、主要河流的距离等区位因素以及地形坡度同样对乡村聚落分布有显著影响,且彼此间均呈现出交互增强的特点。[结论]主要由移民形成的中高纬度山区乡村聚落的空间格局是多因素综合作用的结果,其中耕地资源和高程的影响更为显著;空间回归杜宾(误差)模型能够同时探测自变量和因变量的空间自相关问题,在乡村聚落空间格局的研究中具有一定的适用性。

基岩岛乡村景观特征研究——以阳江海陵岛为例

基岩岛是我国海岛的重要类型之一,海岛开发使其面临发展与乡村景观特征延续之间的矛盾。本文旨在整合社会经济与空间规划分析视角,以阳江海陵岛为例,研究基岩岛乡村景观特征。通过分析海陵岛传统聚落的选址分布规律,本文提出了海陵岛聚落产业发展与特殊自然环境的耦合关系,揭示海陵岛人居环境营建逻辑和乡村景观特征,为其他基岩岛景观可持续发展提供参考。

一咏三叹,由景至境——《诗经·国风》中自然景观展现特征及先民审美模式研究

《诗经》是我国诗歌史上举足轻重的存在,《国风》正是《诗经》的精华。在《国风》诗中,大量的诗歌涉及到了自然景观,而对于《诗经》的研究大多集中在文史哲领域,立足于风景园林学的相关研究较为匮乏,作为描写风景的最早诗篇尚未被研究颇为遗憾。因此将其作为研究重点,首先对《国风》中的自然景观要素进行提取、分类,分析其特点,得出其层次性和分时性的展现规律,以此为基础总结出先民既存型、演化型和类比型三种审美模式,即对中国人原生情感中的自然景观的感知方式和审美模式的溯源。寻找中国人对自然景观情感的原始表达,以及遗传意义,以期为现今的风景遗产保护与景观设计提供参考与启示。

天山北坡经济带城乡聚落格局变化与影响因素分析

以天山北坡经济带城乡聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局指数、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、位序-规模法等分析1980-2020年间城乡聚落格局的变化,结合地理探测器从自然、区位及社会经济因素探究城乡聚落格局的影响因素。结果表明:1980-2020年间,城乡聚落数量、规模持续扩张且趋于集聚,前20 a扩张以耕地、草地为主,后20 a以未利用地为主;城乡聚落密度变化显著,高密度区主要集中在各绿洲呈现“多核集中分布”特征,中密度区沿高密度区周围扩张,低密度区沿绿洲边缘分布并在非绿洲区有扩张;首位聚落规模发展较好,趋于位序-规模曲线,中型聚落略微发育,小型聚落数量持续减少;交通等区位因素是天山北坡城乡聚落格局的首位影响因素,社会经济因素次之,自然地理因素影响较小,各影响因素差异显著。

晋西传统聚落的空间格局——以高阳村为例

传统聚落是物质文化遗产与非物质文化遗产的结合体,是古村落千百年来历史的见证者,其保留至今的村落空间格局为研究聚落的发展奠定了基础。文章对晋西传统聚落的空间格局展开深入分析,以高阳村为例,从选址格局、村落格局、空间形态分析三方面进行研究,总结得到高阳村的空间格局内在发展规律,挖掘古村落的空间文化价值,为晋西传统聚落的保护与发展提供新的依据,同时也为历史文化遗产的深入研究开辟新的途径和方法。

援军体系下明蓟镇西协四路军事聚落布局特征研究

作为明长城防御体系的重要组成部分,镇城、卫所、堡寨等军事聚落分布格局体现了长城防御体系的整体运作机制,对其从军事视角进行研究有助于深化对长城文化遗产的价值认知。从军事聚落援军体系出发,通过史料查询、实地调研、数理分析等方法,梳理军事聚落兵力、分布、道路等因素,并运用GIS空间分析对相关要素进行空间落位,从而探索不同等级聚落兵力分布和援军效率,分析长城防御体系中军事聚落分布格局。研究表明,聚落分布格局防御体系上表现为指挥有序的圈层结构;防御单元上表现为互为协防的网络结构;防御格局上表现为高效应援的梯次结构。

厦门传统渔村聚落的比较研究——以集美大社和沙坡尾为例

我国沿海存在许多渔村聚落,在城市化进程中,传统渔村聚落的面貌不断更新。文章以厦门的集美大社和沙坡尾为例,通过地方文献、口述访谈、历史地图等方法,研究其两地人口构成、血缘地缘、街巷生长、建筑肌理和商业模式等因素,分析了血缘渔村和地缘渔村的形成本质与演变过程,为城市化进程中如何保留原有生态提供了分析范例与思考方向,提出要保护其街巷和建筑肌理,保护生态文化,避免过度开发。

盾构隧道下穿对高速铁路CFG桩复合路基影响规律研究

针对城市地铁隧道下穿高速铁路的施工过程中,CFG桩复合路基对地层沉降的响应机理不明确、路基的沉降预测与控制理论缺乏的问题,依托郑州轨道交通8号线盾构区间下穿郑州东站咽喉区工程,提出CFG桩复合路基沉降预测方法 .基于地基加固理论,分析CFG桩对路基的加固效果,并通过物理模型试验,研究盾构隧道下穿对高速铁路CFG桩复合路基的影响规律.研究结果表明:CFG桩可以大幅提升路基压缩模量,盾构隧道下穿不会影响CFG桩复合路基的整体性,复合路基的变形规律符合Peck沉降曲线;CFG桩复合路基能够将地层的等效内摩擦角提高约50%,降低约23%的地层沉降量;盾构隧道下穿引起CFG桩复合路基的沉降量最大值为1.65 mm,在盾构隧道掌子面距离路基中线10 m时地层开始发生显著沉降变形,其中83.6%沉降量发生在盾构穿越阶段;盾构远离阶段,路基沉降量仍会继续增大,建议沉降监测持续到沉降稳定.研究结果可为盾构隧道下穿高速铁路CFG桩复合路基的沉降预测和加固处理提供参考.

闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素——以福建省屏南县为例

[目的]研究闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素,为其乡村聚落空间布局优化与重构提供科学依据。[方法]以闽东地区的屏南县为例,综合运用核密度分析、景观格局指数和GIS空间分析方法,分析2009—2019年屏南县乡村聚落空间格局的时空演变特征,并运用地理探测器揭示其演变影响因素。[结果](1) 10年间屏南县乡村聚落数量与规模仅有小幅增加,不同等级聚落中以大型聚落的面积占比最大,但数量增加与规模扩张均以小型聚落为主,聚落空间整体上变化不大。(2)乡村聚落整体形态演变由规则趋向复杂和破碎化,但在县城周边地区存在聚落连片的趋势;乡村聚落单体形态以点状为主,数量占67.84%。(3)乡村聚落空间呈弱集聚分布,整体为中部集中,四周稀疏的分布格局,但10年间县域中南部聚落分布日趋集中;受地形控制,乡村聚落多分布在山间盆地,并具有低缓坡度指向性。(4)地形起伏是控制屏南县乡村聚落空间格局与规模演化的主要自然因素,但近10年来县域经济的发展与交通通达度的提高成为新时期驱动屏南县乡村聚落规模扩张的重要因素。[结论]屏南的自然因素塑造了乡村聚落基本空间格局,区位与社会经济因素是推动乡村聚落规模持续扩张的动力,自然、区位、经济因素相互作用推动乡村聚落的进一步演化。

类矩形盾构隧道开挖引发土体沉降解析解研究

类矩形盾构隧道施工可能会导致明显的土体沉降,并进一步影响周围既有建筑物的安全。基于Verruijt解和积分法推导得到类矩形盾构隧道开挖作用下的土体响应解析解,并充分考虑土体等量径向收缩、类矩形隧道竖向、水平向以及旋转位移4个变形分量的影响,以全面描述复杂施工或地层情况下类矩形盾构开挖引发的土体位移模式。利用实际工程实测数据验证解析解的有效性,并通过参数分析研究各个变形参数对地表土体沉降的影响。研究结果表明,解析理论计算结果与实测数据较为吻合,可较好地评估类矩形盾构引发的土体沉降,类矩形隧道的水平位移和旋转位移会使地表沉降呈现非对称形态,并会使最大地表沉降增大。

官控层级作用下海盐聚落体系演变研究——以明清两淮盐区为例

梳理明清海盐产区官控层级由“分司-盐场-团”向“分司-盐场-灶”发展过程中各层级职能的变化,建立与官控层级对应的“分司-场治-团”和“分司-场治-市镇-生产”的聚落发展体系。从时间纵向的角度,立足官控层级重心迁移,结合经济、自然、文化等因素的变化,解析海盐聚落体系整体格局的纵横发展,总结聚落体系层级格局分布的演变规律。立足官控层级职能变迁,结合明清海盐聚落体系空间构成要素的量化分析,对海盐聚落体系层级空间形态的演变规律进行总结。研究现代东部沿海聚落体系的由来和发展过程,并为后续古代海盐手工业聚落体系的全面构建奠定基础。

贵州巴拉河流域乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制研究

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