Concept of black box, condition of modeling and control methods were introduced. Taking high purity silica brick as an example, the silica brick featured with high purity, low porosity, low true density and high stren...Concept of black box, condition of modeling and control methods were introduced. Taking high purity silica brick as an example, the silica brick featured with high purity, low porosity, low true density and high strength was developed through problem analysis, test design, modeling and optimization. Using information technology to upgrade refractories industry was discussed.展开更多
Based on the“three box”exergy analysis model,a black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis and evaluation method is put forward in this paper,which is applied to evaluate the power generation technology of diffe...Based on the“three box”exergy analysis model,a black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis and evaluation method is put forward in this paper,which is applied to evaluate the power generation technology of differential pressure produced by natural gas expansion.By using the exergy analysis theory,the black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis models of three differential pressure power generation technologies are established respectively.Firstly,the“black box”analysis models of main energy consuming equipment are established,and then the“gray box”analysis model of the total system is established.Based on the calculation results of exergy analysis indexes,the weak energy consumption equipment in the whole power generation process is accurately located.Taking a gas field in southwest China as an example,the comprehensive energy consumption evaluation of the three power generation technologies is carried out,and the technology with the best energy consumption condition among the three technologies is determined.Finally,the rationalization improvement measures are put forward from improving the air tightness,replacing the deflector and reducing the flow loss.展开更多
With the advancement of technology in recent years, effective fault diagnosis became a necessity to verify the performance and ensure the quality of complex systems. In this paper, an original verification methodology...With the advancement of technology in recent years, effective fault diagnosis became a necessity to verify the performance and ensure the quality of complex systems. In this paper, an original verification methodology for complex consumer electronic devices is presented. Verification of the system which consists of hardware （integrated circuit） and corresponding software within a flat panel TV set is in the focus. Proposed methodology provides reliable functional failure detection using the concept of black box testing. Further, the approach is fully automated, improving the reliability and speed of failure detection. The methodology effectiveness has been experimentally evaluated and the analysis results have been reported.展开更多
Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of Europ...Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of European Stock options and establish the theoretical foundation for Option pricing. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Black-Schole model in simulating the European call in a cash flow in the dependent drift and focuses on obtaining analytic and then approximate solution for the model. The work also examines Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) and extracts the link between FPE and B-SM for non equilibrium systems. The B-SM is then solved via the Elzaki transform method (ETM). The computational procedures were obtained using MAPLE 18 with the solution provided in the form of convergent series.展开更多
The prosperous post buckling load capacity of web plates of box girders can be used.In this article,the post buckling behaviour of web plates of box girders under different loading conditions is theoretically analyz...The prosperous post buckling load capacity of web plates of box girders can be used.In this article,the post buckling behaviour of web plates of box girders under different loading conditions is theoretically analyzed and on the basis of domestic and overseas design codes of steel structures,the corresponding simplified analysis methods are put forward for the engineering design or code revision.It is proved that the simplified methods are safe,efficient and practicable through the comparison between several results.展开更多
The xanthan fermentation data in the stationary phase was analyzed using the black box and the metabolic network models. The data consistency is checked through the elemental balance in the black box model. In the met...The xanthan fermentation data in the stationary phase was analyzed using the black box and the metabolic network models. The data consistency is checked through the elemental balance in the black box model. In the metabolic network model, the metabolic flux distribution in the cell is calculated using the metabolic flux analysis method, then the maintenance coefficients is calculated.展开更多
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, b...Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, by seed and by root cuttings. Tissue culture propagation can be considered as a relatively new method. Growing trees from seed is a relatively sim-ple method for reliably producing seedlings on a large scale under a variety of circumstances. Mechanization of the method is easy and the production cost is relatively low. Propagation from root cuttings and tissue culture are valuable for reproduction of superior individuals or varieties. By applying these methods, superior traits of the selected trees can be preserved in the clones. Recent experiments demonstrated that micropropagated trees could be successfully transplanted into soil, hardened and grown in the field.展开更多
The technology of black coloring for stainless steel by electrochemical method was studied. The optimum bath compositions and operating conditions were obtained as follows: 4050g/L K2Cr2O7 , 1520g/L MnSO4, 1520g/L （...The technology of black coloring for stainless steel by electrochemical method was studied. The optimum bath compositions and operating conditions were obtained as follows: 4050g/L K2Cr2O7 , 1520g/L MnSO4, 1520g/L （NH4）2SO4, 2040g/L H3BO3, 2030 g/L additive A, 2 g/L （NH4）6Mo7O 24 ; time 920 min; temperature 1530℃; potential 3V and current density 12mA/cm 2 . The effects of the compositions of the bath on the quality of black colored film were discussed. The influences of passivation process on the black coloring velocity and performances of black colored film layer were investigated. The results show that the passivation process can improve the corrosion resistance and the stability to bear color-change; （NH4）2SO4 can control the black coloring velocity and prolong black coloring bath life remarkably; and additive A can improve the evenness and compactness of black colored film layer. The results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectra show that the microstructure is of cylindrical lump, the filling process can decrease the crackles, and the main elements of black colored film are Fe, Cr, Mn and Ni.展开更多
Reliability-based design optimization （RBDO） is intrinsically a double-loop procedure since it involves an overall optimization and an iterative reliability assessment at each search point. Due to the double-loop pr...Reliability-based design optimization （RBDO） is intrinsically a double-loop procedure since it involves an overall optimization and an iterative reliability assessment at each search point. Due to the double-loop procedure, the computational expense of RBDO is normally very high. Current RBDO research focuses on problems with explicitly expressed performance functions and readily available gradients. This paper addresses a more challenging type of RBDO problem in which the performance functions are computation intensive. These computation intensive functions are often considered as a ＂black-box＂ and their gradients are not available or not reliable. On the basis of the reliable design space （RDS） concept proposed earlier by the authors, this paper proposes a Reliable Space Pursuing （RSP） approach, in which RDS is first identified and then gradually refined while optimization is performed. It fundamentally avoids the nested optimization and probabilistic assessment loop. Three well known RBDO problems from the literature are used for testing and demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed RSP method.展开更多
A dynamic Bayesian error function of material constants of the structure is developed for thin-walled curve box girders. Combined with the automatic search scheme with an optimal step length for the one-dimensional Fi...A dynamic Bayesian error function of material constants of the structure is developed for thin-walled curve box girders. Combined with the automatic search scheme with an optimal step length for the one-dimensional Fibonacci series, Powell＇s optimization theory is used to perform the stochastic identification of material constants of the thin-walled curve box. Then, the steps in the parameter identification are presented. Powell＇s identification procedure for material constants of the thin-walled curve box is compiled, in which the mechanical analysis of the thin-walled curve box is completed based on the finite curve strip element （FCSE） method. Some classical examples show that Powell＇s identification is numerically stable and convergent, indicating that the present method and the compiled procedure are correct and reliable. During the parameter iterative processes, Powell＇s theory is irrelevant with the calculation of the FCSE partial differentiation, which proves the high computation efficiency of the studied methods. The stochastic performances of the system parameters and responses axe simultaneously considered in the dynamic Bayesian error function. The one-dimensional optimization problem of the optimal step length is solved by adopting the Fibonacci series search method without the need of determining the region, in which the optimized step length lies.展开更多
基金This paper is funded by National 11th ＂ Five-Year-Plan＂ Major Supporting Projects for Scientific and Technology. Its item name is ＂Green Manufacturing Processes and Equipment＂ with subject number of 2006BAF02A26.
文摘Concept of black box, condition of modeling and control methods were introduced. Taking high purity silica brick as an example, the silica brick featured with high purity, low porosity, low true density and high strength was developed through problem analysis, test design, modeling and optimization. Using information technology to upgrade refractories industry was discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074089 and 51534004)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LH2019E019)。
文摘Based on the“three box”exergy analysis model,a black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis and evaluation method is put forward in this paper,which is applied to evaluate the power generation technology of differential pressure produced by natural gas expansion.By using the exergy analysis theory,the black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis models of three differential pressure power generation technologies are established respectively.Firstly,the“black box”analysis models of main energy consuming equipment are established,and then the“gray box”analysis model of the total system is established.Based on the calculation results of exergy analysis indexes,the weak energy consumption equipment in the whole power generation process is accurately located.Taking a gas field in southwest China as an example,the comprehensive energy consumption evaluation of the three power generation technologies is carried out,and the technology with the best energy consumption condition among the three technologies is determined.Finally,the rationalization improvement measures are put forward from improving the air tightness,replacing the deflector and reducing the flow loss.
文摘With the advancement of technology in recent years, effective fault diagnosis became a necessity to verify the performance and ensure the quality of complex systems. In this paper, an original verification methodology for complex consumer electronic devices is presented. Verification of the system which consists of hardware （integrated circuit） and corresponding software within a flat panel TV set is in the focus. Proposed methodology provides reliable functional failure detection using the concept of black box testing. Further, the approach is fully automated, improving the reliability and speed of failure detection. The methodology effectiveness has been experimentally evaluated and the analysis results have been reported.
文摘Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of European Stock options and establish the theoretical foundation for Option pricing. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Black-Schole model in simulating the European call in a cash flow in the dependent drift and focuses on obtaining analytic and then approximate solution for the model. The work also examines Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) and extracts the link between FPE and B-SM for non equilibrium systems. The B-SM is then solved via the Elzaki transform method (ETM). The computational procedures were obtained using MAPLE 18 with the solution provided in the form of convergent series.
基金Supported by Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of China
文摘The prosperous post buckling load capacity of web plates of box girders can be used.In this article,the post buckling behaviour of web plates of box girders under different loading conditions is theoretically analyzed and on the basis of domestic and overseas design codes of steel structures,the corresponding simplified analysis methods are put forward for the engineering design or code revision.It is proved that the simplified methods are safe,efficient and practicable through the comparison between several results.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.29776035).
文摘The xanthan fermentation data in the stationary phase was analyzed using the black box and the metabolic network models. The data consistency is checked through the elemental balance in the black box model. In the metabolic network model, the metabolic flux distribution in the cell is calculated using the metabolic flux analysis method, then the maintenance coefficients is calculated.
基金the Hungarian National Sci-entific Research Fund (OTKA-T 029021) and the Hungar- ian Ministry of Agriculture and Region Development (95-a/2001).
文摘Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, by seed and by root cuttings. Tissue culture propagation can be considered as a relatively new method. Growing trees from seed is a relatively sim-ple method for reliably producing seedlings on a large scale under a variety of circumstances. Mechanization of the method is easy and the production cost is relatively low. Propagation from root cuttings and tissue culture are valuable for reproduction of superior individuals or varieties. By applying these methods, superior traits of the selected trees can be preserved in the clones. Recent experiments demonstrated that micropropagated trees could be successfully transplanted into soil, hardened and grown in the field.
基金Project(04JJ40036) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
文摘The technology of black coloring for stainless steel by electrochemical method was studied. The optimum bath compositions and operating conditions were obtained as follows: 4050g/L K2Cr2O7 , 1520g/L MnSO4, 1520g/L （NH4）2SO4, 2040g/L H3BO3, 2030 g/L additive A, 2 g/L （NH4）6Mo7O 24 ; time 920 min; temperature 1530℃; potential 3V and current density 12mA/cm 2 . The effects of the compositions of the bath on the quality of black colored film were discussed. The influences of passivation process on the black coloring velocity and performances of black colored film layer were investigated. The results show that the passivation process can improve the corrosion resistance and the stability to bear color-change; （NH4）2SO4 can control the black coloring velocity and prolong black coloring bath life remarkably; and additive A can improve the evenness and compactness of black colored film layer. The results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectra show that the microstructure is of cylindrical lump, the filling process can decrease the crackles, and the main elements of black colored film are Fe, Cr, Mn and Ni.
基金supported by Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada
文摘Reliability-based design optimization （RBDO） is intrinsically a double-loop procedure since it involves an overall optimization and an iterative reliability assessment at each search point. Due to the double-loop procedure, the computational expense of RBDO is normally very high. Current RBDO research focuses on problems with explicitly expressed performance functions and readily available gradients. This paper addresses a more challenging type of RBDO problem in which the performance functions are computation intensive. These computation intensive functions are often considered as a ＂black-box＂ and their gradients are not available or not reliable. On the basis of the reliable design space （RDS） concept proposed earlier by the authors, this paper proposes a Reliable Space Pursuing （RSP） approach, in which RDS is first identified and then gradually refined while optimization is performed. It fundamentally avoids the nested optimization and probabilistic assessment loop. Three well known RBDO problems from the literature are used for testing and demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed RSP method.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10472045,10772078, and 11072108)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program) (No.2007AA11Z106)
文摘A dynamic Bayesian error function of material constants of the structure is developed for thin-walled curve box girders. Combined with the automatic search scheme with an optimal step length for the one-dimensional Fibonacci series, Powell＇s optimization theory is used to perform the stochastic identification of material constants of the thin-walled curve box. Then, the steps in the parameter identification are presented. Powell＇s identification procedure for material constants of the thin-walled curve box is compiled, in which the mechanical analysis of the thin-walled curve box is completed based on the finite curve strip element （FCSE） method. Some classical examples show that Powell＇s identification is numerically stable and convergent, indicating that the present method and the compiled procedure are correct and reliable. During the parameter iterative processes, Powell＇s theory is irrelevant with the calculation of the FCSE partial differentiation, which proves the high computation efficiency of the studied methods. The stochastic performances of the system parameters and responses axe simultaneously considered in the dynamic Bayesian error function. The one-dimensional optimization problem of the optimal step length is solved by adopting the Fibonacci series search method without the need of determining the region, in which the optimized step length lies.
