Hatchery contamination can result in ingested or inhaled microbes that may modify colonization of the intestinal and respiratory tract, with potential to influence early growth, inflammation, and overall health. Six e...Hatchery contamination can result in ingested or inhaled microbes that may modify colonization of the intestinal and respiratory tract, with potential to influence early growth, inflammation, and overall health. Six experiments were completed to compare chick quality, inflammation, and health between two hatcheries (H1 and H2). On embryonic d0, 45 eggs from the same breeder flock were set at each hatchery. On d0, length, abdominal height, navel and leg abnormalities, and self-righting were measured for 36 chicks/hatchery, yolk sacs were weighed, and crop/cloaca swabs were cultured from 12 chicks/hatchery. On d7, mid-ileum and ceca were cultured from 12 chicks/hatchery. On d0 and d7, body weight (BW) and intestinal weight were measured, lung/air sac swabs and liver were cultured, and liver and air sacs were scored for health. Blood was collected on d0 and d7 for serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in Exp 1 and 2. Data was analyzed using Student’s t-test or χ<sup>2</sup>, significance p < 0.05. On d0, BW, length, yolk free BW, and intestinal weight were greater for H2 chicks (p < 0.05). Liver bacterial recovery was decreased in H2 on d0 (p < 0.05) and there were fewer average leg and righting abnormalities in H2 (p < 0.05). Decreased lactase positive Enterobacteriaceae were noted in H2 in crop/cloaca and lung/air sac swabs (p < 0.05), and of alpha and beta hemolysis in crop/cloaca swabs, and alpha and gamma hemolysis in lung/air sac swabs (p < 0.05) on d0. By d7, only alpha hemolytic bacteria were increased in lung/air sac swabs of H2. Based on factors measured, chicks from H2 showed favorable microbial colonization, starting quality, and improved health on d0. While not sustained through d7, differences in d0 microbial recovery may have shifted microbial development and potentially influenced immune response development. These experiments elucidated the importance of hatchery environment on early chick quality, microbial colonization, overall inflammation, and chick health.展开更多
To address the issue of deteriorated PCB image quality in the quality inspection process due to insufficient or uneven lighting, we proposed an image enhancement fusion algorithm based on different color spaces. First...To address the issue of deteriorated PCB image quality in the quality inspection process due to insufficient or uneven lighting, we proposed an image enhancement fusion algorithm based on different color spaces. Firstly, an improved MSRCR method was employed for brightness enhancement of the original image. Next, the color space of the original image was transformed from RGB to HSV, followed by processing the S-channel image using bilateral filtering and contrast stretching algorithms. The V-channel image was subjected to brightness enhancement using adaptive Gamma and CLAHE algorithms. Subsequently, the processed image was transformed back to the RGB color space from HSV. Finally, the images processed by the two algorithms were fused to create a new RGB image, and color restoration was performed on the fused image. Comparative experiments with other methods indicated that the contrast of the image was optimized, texture features were more abundantly preserved, brightness levels were significantly improved, and color distortion was prevented effectively, thus enhancing the quality of low-lit PCB images.展开更多
Blood biochemistry is routinely used in veterinary medicine to evaluate the health status of animals and poultry.The experiment was designed to evaluate serum metabolites and haematological parameters of pullet chicks...Blood biochemistry is routinely used in veterinary medicine to evaluate the health status of animals and poultry.The experiment was designed to evaluate serum metabolites and haematological parameters of pullet chicks fed cassava root products(CRPs).Diet 1 contained 100%maize and served as the control diet(CD).Diets 2,3 and 4 contained 50%unpeeled cassava chip(UCC),unpeeled cassava pellet(UCP)and unpeeled cassava grit(UCG),respectively,while diets 5,6 and 7 contained 100%of respective cassava products.There were three replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design.At the seventh week,blood samples were carefully collected from three birds from each replicate for haematological indices and serum metabolites.Results on haematological indices showed that values recorded were not adversely(p<0.05)affected by dietary treatments.Birds fed CD had packed cell volume(PCV),haemoglobin(Hb),red blood cell(RBC),mean corpuscular haemoglobin(MCH)and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration(MCHC)values that were similar(p>0.05)to values recorded by birds fed cassava based diets.The respective values ranged from 18.50%to 24.50%,11.30 g/dL to 12.75 g/dL,2.43×10^6/mm^3 to 3.69×10^6/mm^3,32.96μmg to 50.87μmg and 44.65%to 63.41%.Serum glucose and thiocyanate were significantly(p<0.05)affected by inclusion of CRPs.Serum thiocyanate of birds fed the CD(0.14 mg/dL)was lower(p<0.05)than values recorded for those fed 50%and 100%UCC,UCP and UCG(2.33 and 2.56,2.25 and 2.47,2.19 and 2.38 mg/dL,respectively).Also values of serum glucose of birds fed 100%UCC,UCP and UCG(181.52,179.64 and 173.24 mg/dL,respectively)were higher(p<0.05)than CD.However,serum protein and its fractions were not affected.Conclusively,haematological indices were not adversely affected by dietary treatment,but serum glucose and thiocyanate were affected.展开更多
Transgenerational effects of certain nutrients such as essential fatty acids are gaining increased attention in the field of human medicine and animal sciences as a new tool to improve health and animal performance du...Transgenerational effects of certain nutrients such as essential fatty acids are gaining increased attention in the field of human medicine and animal sciences as a new tool to improve health and animal performance during perinatal life.Omega-3(n-3)and omega-6(n-6)fatty acids are denoted by the position of the first double bond from methyl end of the hydrocarbon chain.Alpha-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3)and linoleic acid(18:2 n-6)are essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and cannot be synthesized by the vertebrates including chickens.Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the parent fatty acids of long chain(>20–22C)n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)such as eicosapentaenoic acid(20:5 n-3,EPA),docosapentaenoic acid(22:5 n-3/or 22:5 n-6,DPA),docosahexaenoic acid(22:6 n-3,DHA)and arachidonic acid(20:4 n-6).As components of cell membrane phospholipids,PUFA serves as precursors of eicosa-noids,act as ligands for membrane receptors and transcription factors that regulate gene expression and are pivotal for normal chick growth and development.Considering the role of egg lipids as the sole source of essential fatty acids to the hatchling,dietary deficiencies or inadequate in ovo supply may have repercussions in tissue PUFA incorpora-tion,lipid metabolism,chick growth and development during pre and early post-hatch period.This review focus on studies showing how maternal dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids can lead to remodeling of long chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the hatching egg and progeny chick tissue phospholipid molecular species and its impact on chick growth and PUFA metabolism during early life.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of combined application of nonreplicating Toxoplasma uracil auxotrophs(NRTUAs)and Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide(ABP)on growth and humoral immunity of chicks.[Meth...[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of combined application of nonreplicating Toxoplasma uracil auxotrophs(NRTUAs)and Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide(ABP)on growth and humoral immunity of chicks.[Methods]A total of 120 one-day old female Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups,30 hens for each group.The chicks in group 1 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 2 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs;the chicks in group 3 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS,and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 4 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS.The body weight of chicks in each group was counted at the 21^(st),42^(nd),84^(th)and 112^(th)week.During this period,blood samples were collected from chicks in each group at 0,7,14,21,28 and 35 d post immunization against Newcastle disease(ND),and serum was separated to detect the antibody titer of ND.[Results]The combined application of NRTUAs and ABP had no effect on growth of chicks,but promoted the humoral immune response of chicks,significantly improved the ND antibody level of chicks,and could maintain high levels of antibodies in the body for a long time.[Conclusions]The study lays a theoretical foundation for further developing the clinical application of NRTUAs and ABP.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the distribution law of different goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of African ostrich chicks. [Method] Alcian blue/pe- riodic acid-schiff reaction （AB/PAS） was adopte...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the distribution law of different goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of African ostrich chicks. [Method] Alcian blue/pe- riodic acid-schiff reaction （AB/PAS） was adopted to observe and analyze the types and distribution of goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of ostrich chicks. Acid mu- copolysaccharide could be stained blue with alcian blue （AB）, and neutral mu- copolysaccharide could be stained red with periodic acid-schiff reagent （PAS）. [Result] According to AB/PAS results, goblet cells in the intestinal tracts were divided in- to four types： TypeⅠ was pure red, with AB negative result and PAS positive result containing neutral mucoitin; type Ⅱ was pure blue, with AB positive result and PAS negative result containing acidic mucoitin; type Ⅲ was purple reddish, with PAS posi- tive result greater than AB; typeⅣ was purple blue, with AB positive result greater than PAS. Large quantities of goblet cells were found in the intestinal tracts of os- trich chicks, mostly type III and IV.The quantities of goblet cells were decreased gradually in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, while the quantities were increased in the cecum, colon and rectum. The goblet cells in the large intestine are more than that in the small intestine. The most quantities of goblet cells were contained in rectum. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the distribution of goblet cells is closely related with the structure and function of intestinal tracts. The mucus secret- ed by the goblet Cells plays a series of important roles in the digestion and mucosal immunization.展开更多
文摘Hatchery contamination can result in ingested or inhaled microbes that may modify colonization of the intestinal and respiratory tract, with potential to influence early growth, inflammation, and overall health. Six experiments were completed to compare chick quality, inflammation, and health between two hatcheries (H1 and H2). On embryonic d0, 45 eggs from the same breeder flock were set at each hatchery. On d0, length, abdominal height, navel and leg abnormalities, and self-righting were measured for 36 chicks/hatchery, yolk sacs were weighed, and crop/cloaca swabs were cultured from 12 chicks/hatchery. On d7, mid-ileum and ceca were cultured from 12 chicks/hatchery. On d0 and d7, body weight (BW) and intestinal weight were measured, lung/air sac swabs and liver were cultured, and liver and air sacs were scored for health. Blood was collected on d0 and d7 for serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in Exp 1 and 2. Data was analyzed using Student’s t-test or χ<sup>2</sup>, significance p < 0.05. On d0, BW, length, yolk free BW, and intestinal weight were greater for H2 chicks (p < 0.05). Liver bacterial recovery was decreased in H2 on d0 (p < 0.05) and there were fewer average leg and righting abnormalities in H2 (p < 0.05). Decreased lactase positive Enterobacteriaceae were noted in H2 in crop/cloaca and lung/air sac swabs (p < 0.05), and of alpha and beta hemolysis in crop/cloaca swabs, and alpha and gamma hemolysis in lung/air sac swabs (p < 0.05) on d0. By d7, only alpha hemolytic bacteria were increased in lung/air sac swabs of H2. Based on factors measured, chicks from H2 showed favorable microbial colonization, starting quality, and improved health on d0. While not sustained through d7, differences in d0 microbial recovery may have shifted microbial development and potentially influenced immune response development. These experiments elucidated the importance of hatchery environment on early chick quality, microbial colonization, overall inflammation, and chick health.
文摘To address the issue of deteriorated PCB image quality in the quality inspection process due to insufficient or uneven lighting, we proposed an image enhancement fusion algorithm based on different color spaces. Firstly, an improved MSRCR method was employed for brightness enhancement of the original image. Next, the color space of the original image was transformed from RGB to HSV, followed by processing the S-channel image using bilateral filtering and contrast stretching algorithms. The V-channel image was subjected to brightness enhancement using adaptive Gamma and CLAHE algorithms. Subsequently, the processed image was transformed back to the RGB color space from HSV. Finally, the images processed by the two algorithms were fused to create a new RGB image, and color restoration was performed on the fused image. Comparative experiments with other methods indicated that the contrast of the image was optimized, texture features were more abundantly preserved, brightness levels were significantly improved, and color distortion was prevented effectively, thus enhancing the quality of low-lit PCB images.
文摘Blood biochemistry is routinely used in veterinary medicine to evaluate the health status of animals and poultry.The experiment was designed to evaluate serum metabolites and haematological parameters of pullet chicks fed cassava root products(CRPs).Diet 1 contained 100%maize and served as the control diet(CD).Diets 2,3 and 4 contained 50%unpeeled cassava chip(UCC),unpeeled cassava pellet(UCP)and unpeeled cassava grit(UCG),respectively,while diets 5,6 and 7 contained 100%of respective cassava products.There were three replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design.At the seventh week,blood samples were carefully collected from three birds from each replicate for haematological indices and serum metabolites.Results on haematological indices showed that values recorded were not adversely(p<0.05)affected by dietary treatments.Birds fed CD had packed cell volume(PCV),haemoglobin(Hb),red blood cell(RBC),mean corpuscular haemoglobin(MCH)and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration(MCHC)values that were similar(p>0.05)to values recorded by birds fed cassava based diets.The respective values ranged from 18.50%to 24.50%,11.30 g/dL to 12.75 g/dL,2.43×10^6/mm^3 to 3.69×10^6/mm^3,32.96μmg to 50.87μmg and 44.65%to 63.41%.Serum glucose and thiocyanate were significantly(p<0.05)affected by inclusion of CRPs.Serum thiocyanate of birds fed the CD(0.14 mg/dL)was lower(p<0.05)than values recorded for those fed 50%and 100%UCC,UCP and UCG(2.33 and 2.56,2.25 and 2.47,2.19 and 2.38 mg/dL,respectively).Also values of serum glucose of birds fed 100%UCC,UCP and UCG(181.52,179.64 and 173.24 mg/dL,respectively)were higher(p<0.05)than CD.However,serum protein and its fractions were not affected.Conclusively,haematological indices were not adversely affected by dietary treatment,but serum glucose and thiocyanate were affected.
基金Supported in part by the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research,Education and Extension Service,grant number 2004–35204-14654Oregon State University Experiment Station Hatch fund,Oregon State University Animal Health Fund.
文摘Transgenerational effects of certain nutrients such as essential fatty acids are gaining increased attention in the field of human medicine and animal sciences as a new tool to improve health and animal performance during perinatal life.Omega-3(n-3)and omega-6(n-6)fatty acids are denoted by the position of the first double bond from methyl end of the hydrocarbon chain.Alpha-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3)and linoleic acid(18:2 n-6)are essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and cannot be synthesized by the vertebrates including chickens.Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the parent fatty acids of long chain(>20–22C)n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)such as eicosapentaenoic acid(20:5 n-3,EPA),docosapentaenoic acid(22:5 n-3/or 22:5 n-6,DPA),docosahexaenoic acid(22:6 n-3,DHA)and arachidonic acid(20:4 n-6).As components of cell membrane phospholipids,PUFA serves as precursors of eicosa-noids,act as ligands for membrane receptors and transcription factors that regulate gene expression and are pivotal for normal chick growth and development.Considering the role of egg lipids as the sole source of essential fatty acids to the hatchling,dietary deficiencies or inadequate in ovo supply may have repercussions in tissue PUFA incorpora-tion,lipid metabolism,chick growth and development during pre and early post-hatch period.This review focus on studies showing how maternal dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids can lead to remodeling of long chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the hatching egg and progeny chick tissue phospholipid molecular species and its impact on chick growth and PUFA metabolism during early life.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902277)。
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of combined application of nonreplicating Toxoplasma uracil auxotrophs(NRTUAs)and Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide(ABP)on growth and humoral immunity of chicks.[Methods]A total of 120 one-day old female Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups,30 hens for each group.The chicks in group 1 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 2 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs;the chicks in group 3 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS,and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 4 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS.The body weight of chicks in each group was counted at the 21^(st),42^(nd),84^(th)and 112^(th)week.During this period,blood samples were collected from chicks in each group at 0,7,14,21,28 and 35 d post immunization against Newcastle disease(ND),and serum was separated to detect the antibody titer of ND.[Results]The combined application of NRTUAs and ABP had no effect on growth of chicks,but promoted the humoral immune response of chicks,significantly improved the ND antibody level of chicks,and could maintain high levels of antibodies in the body for a long time.[Conclusions]The study lays a theoretical foundation for further developing the clinical application of NRTUAs and ABP.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30972152)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (200805040023)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the distribution law of different goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of African ostrich chicks. [Method] Alcian blue/pe- riodic acid-schiff reaction （AB/PAS） was adopted to observe and analyze the types and distribution of goblet cells in the intestinal tracts of ostrich chicks. Acid mu- copolysaccharide could be stained blue with alcian blue （AB）, and neutral mu- copolysaccharide could be stained red with periodic acid-schiff reagent （PAS）. [Result] According to AB/PAS results, goblet cells in the intestinal tracts were divided in- to four types： TypeⅠ was pure red, with AB negative result and PAS positive result containing neutral mucoitin; type Ⅱ was pure blue, with AB positive result and PAS negative result containing acidic mucoitin; type Ⅲ was purple reddish, with PAS posi- tive result greater than AB; typeⅣ was purple blue, with AB positive result greater than PAS. Large quantities of goblet cells were found in the intestinal tracts of os- trich chicks, mostly type III and IV.The quantities of goblet cells were decreased gradually in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, while the quantities were increased in the cecum, colon and rectum. The goblet cells in the large intestine are more than that in the small intestine. The most quantities of goblet cells were contained in rectum. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the distribution of goblet cells is closely related with the structure and function of intestinal tracts. The mucus secret- ed by the goblet Cells plays a series of important roles in the digestion and mucosal immunization.
