PROVISIONS OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON EXTERNAL AUDIT AND CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL AUDIT ISSUED RECENTLY BY THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION OF CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

In accordance with the regulations as stipulated in the Pro-visions of the Customs of the People’s Republic of China on Ex-ternal Audit, the Customs officers engaged in external audit shalluse the Certificate of External Audit of the Customs (hereinafterreferred to as Certificate) as of June 5, 1997. The Certificate has ablack leather outer covering and is inlaid inside with a pierced andguilded customs emblem, which consists of the red national em-blem in its upper part, and a key and a truncheon encircled by earsof wheat in its lower part. Put in a leather covering, the Certificateis a card sealed up with plastics, on which there is a bareheadedcolour photo of the holder in the Customs uniform and with a

First Forum on China Casting Quality Standards & Overview of Revision History of China's National/Industrial Standards for Foundry Operations

Both national and local governments have been paying great attention to the work of industrial standardization with the enormous increase in international trade after China joined WTO. According to the standards revising plan of Standardization Administration Committee of China (SAC),TC54 has already revised a series of national standards and industrial standards for foundry operations,and proposed some new ones. As a result,some old fashioned standards containing low-level techniques have been gradually discontinued or replaced with new versions.……

Contest on China's "History and Tourism" Attractions

The China National Tourism Administration and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics are the cosponsors of China Heritage'94.China Today started a regular column,"History and Tourism,"in this year's January issue to talk about China's historical sites and tourist attractions.

A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF CHINA'S MACHINE DESIGN METHODS AND THE PROSPECT

This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.

重写文明史:建构中国自主知识体系的底座

中国自古便有完整的哲学体系、文论体系、史学体系、艺术体系、教育体系、医学体系、科学技术体系以及其他各个学科的自主知识体系。然而,中国原有的自主知识体系在现当代基本上不被承认。这一问题的根源在文明观,文明观是基础,是自主知识体系的底座。近现代以来支撑各学科知识生产的标准、内涵、体系都建立在西方文明的底座上。文明底座是西方的,所构建的知识体系也就必然唯西是从,直接导致了对中国文明的贬低,对中国知识体系的全盘否定,形成了中国自主知识体系整体性的垮塌,走上了自毁长城之歧途。建构中国自主知识体系,首先要“重塑文明观”,重塑文明观则必须“重写文明史”,再从文明底座上建构哲学、史学、医学、科学技术等各个学科的自主知识体系,重获各学科知识体系本来的“话语权”,向世界呈现“理论中的中国”“创新中的中国”“文明中的中国”,建构自立自强的中国自主知识体系。

马克思精神生产视阈下中国共产党人的精神谱系

马克思精神生产理论为中国共产党人的精神谱系探析提供了可靠的分析视阈。马克思精神生产理论的历史向度使中国共产党人的精神谱系具有了深刻的理论内涵。在马克思精神生产视域下,中国共产党人的精神谱系是党的理论研究的精神生产成果,是中国共产党人在各个时代优秀精神产品的总和,体现了马克思精神生产理论蕴含的规律性原则,体现着马克思精神生产活动的历史使命。弘扬中国共产党人的精神谱系,首先要对伟大精神生产成果进行谱系化传承,在坚定马克思主义信仰中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的引导力,在党的自我革命的推进中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的生命力,在中国共产党党史的研究与学习中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的穿透力,在中华优秀传统文化的浸润中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的凝聚力。

A Small Town Romance

ASIA Weekly once nominated the “Top 100 Chinese Novels in the 20th Century.” A collection of short stories Call to Arms by Lu Xun ranked No.1, with Shen Congwen’s Border Town on its heels. Shen Congwen (1902-1988) is considered to be one of the most influential writers in China’s modern history. Throughout his lifetime, Shen wrote a great number of novels and proses, among which Border Town occupies a unique place.

从苏国勋的韦伯汉学史出发:中西比较视角下的“会”

苏国勋先生认为韦伯的《儒教与道教》深受汉学家高延的影响,从“天人合一”等问题出发进行了深刻的分析,指出汉学家们资料、立场的局限造成了韦伯作品中的局限。沿着苏国勋先生的思路,以高延有关中国传统社会中的“会”的研究为切入点,带入中西比较的视角,解析韦伯对高延的借鉴与突破。从高延到韦伯的思想路线,既是用西方理论观照中国传统的尝试,又代表着从汉学到社会学的理论发展。正如苏国勋先生所指出的,正视其思想的局限,挖掘其理论启发意义,既有助于从民间社会真实的立场去理解官方纪录背后的历史真相,也有助于将普遍理论概念应用于中国文化研究,更好地把握其特殊的生命力。

China’s historical evolution of environmental protection along with the forty years’reform and opening-up

Along with the 40 years of reform and opening-up,China’s ecological and environmental management system has been evolving continuously.Since the start of the ecological and environmental protection in 1972,China has witnessed“great leaps”of reform on environmental management system about once every 10 years,in order to address the prominent environmental issues at different development stages,and continuously reform,innovate and develop the ecological and environmental governance systems and modes with Chinese characteristics.China adheres to solve environmental problems in the process of development,takes the improvement of the ecological and environmental quality as the core task,and gradually builds its ecological and environmental management systems conforming to the characteristics of different development stages,including a sound ecological and environmental planning&policy system,an improved ecological and environmental governance system and a complete ecological and environmental legal system.During the process of building the socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era,we should aim at the strategic goal of building a Beautiful China,keep focused on China while stay connected with the world,adhere to green development,accomplish top-level design,build a new pattern of ecological and environmental management system,and co-construct a clean and beautiful world.

China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future

Abstract This paper is a brief introduction of the core content and basic concepts of the book China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future, and gives answers to questions such as why China＇s reform and opening-up policy has achieved great success, why the catch-up mode, extensive and extractive development mode China adopted in the past three decades are no longer sustainable and what China＇s market-oriented reforms should aim to achieve in the next stage so that readers can have a profound understanding of China＇s reform. Planning ahead, from the perspective of sustainable economic development, China badly needs to transform from factor-driven growth to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven growth, the key to which is to further encourage the liberalization of thought, promote reform and opening-up, unswervingly follow the path of economic liberalization, marketization and privatization, to establish an inclusive modern market system, to allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and the private economy to play a dominant role in the national economy. The market-oriented reform is a complicated project and China is faced with at least three different aspects of reform in some key areas--the main body of private economy, the liberalization of financial market and the marketization of land. Meanwhile, China needs to efficiently balance three elements of good governance, that is, the rule of law, execution and democratic supervision, so as to facilitate the modernization of state governance system and governance capability.

Brief History of China’s Aviation Industry

Before 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was founded, China had a very weak aviation foundation. Between 1910, when the government of the Qing Dynasty set up a plane factory, and 1949, there were just dozens of poor-equipped facilities that

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

China’s Foreign Trade:A History

China’s foreign trade has been developing in tandem with the pulse of the country’s overall economic development.During the

中华人民共和国成立初期审计考论

中华人民共和国成立初期,从中央至地方各级人民政府下设有审计机构,一些部门和单位内部设置审计机构或人员,全国各大中城市有不少会计师事务所和会计师从事审计执业活动。与此相适应,中央至地方各省制定颁布了一些审计法规作为审计监督的依据。新中国成立初期审计在建立正常的经济秩序、促进社会经济的恢复和发展、严肃财经纪律等方面发挥了应有的作用。由于经济体制的限制和思想上的认识不足,至1956年,政府审计机构被财政监察机构取代,内部审计、社会审计被取消。而新中国成立初期的审计也表明特定历史时期的审计模式的发展受制于该时期的经济体制、思想认识,是经济体制、思想认识的产物。

民国时期中国审计思想的发展阶段及其启示

民国时期中国审计思想可分为三个发展阶段:20年代中国近代审计思想框架初步建立阶段;30年代中国近代一般审计思想和理论逐渐成熟阶段;40年代中国近代政府审计思想和理论走向成熟阶段。民国时期中国审计思想的发展对当代的启示主要有:一是引进外国审计理论必须结合中国国情;二是重视审计理论和实践相结合;三是政府审计思想要吸收民间审计思想的合理成分;四是政府审计应注重事前审计;五是政府审计要发挥更大的作用离不开特定的政治环境。

中国政府环境责任审计改革：制度变迁及其内在逻辑

本文在对中国政府环境责任审计制度变迁过程梳理的基础上,运用制度变迁理论分析我国政府环境责任审计改革的内在逻辑,揭示蕴含其中的政策启示。研究结果表明,中国政府环境责任审计每一次制度安排,都是在一定的制度环境约束下,围绕外部利润,相关利益集团利益调整或力量对比均衡的结果,中国政府环境责任审计变革具有明显的路径依赖特性,而政府环境责任履职的绩效在中国政府环境责任审计变迁过程中发挥着重要的引领作用。中国政府环境责任审计每一次变化都是对相关制度的边际调整,每一次改革的基本特征都会对未来的发展方向施加一定的影响。

马克思主义中国化思想发展轨迹及其阶段特征探论

马克思主义在中国早期传播虽没形成真正意义上的马克思主义中国化,但为马克思主义中国化思想得以孕育提供了必要前提;十月革命后的两年间成为了马克思主义中国化思想的孕育期,为马克思主义中国化思想的萌发奠定了现实基础;此后,马克思主义中国化思想大致经历了萌发期、攀升期、形成期、巩固期、推进期、奋进期、曲折期、挫折期、徘徊期、开拓期、丰富期、发展期等12个阶段。从孕育期到发展期的各个阶段分别呈现了自然、应然、使然、必然、阶进、骤进、升进、冒进、负进、求实、夯实、盈实、务实的显著特征,总体上是随着时代变迁和实践转换演绎了一个波浪式前进、螺旋式上升的大轨迹。