The concept of smart power requires to combine soft and hard power. Thus, smart power is a new approach for the US politics towards the Middle East. As a consequence of smart power politics of the US, some newly membe...The concept of smart power requires to combine soft and hard power. Thus, smart power is a new approach for the US politics towards the Middle East. As a consequence of smart power politics of the US, some newly members of the EU and Turkey has become a part of missile defense system. This is a significant indicator of usage of smart power for the EU members and Turkey. The security policies and practices of the US disclose a necessity for straight allies. For this reason, the relationship between the US, the EU and Turkey may be conceptualize with reference to the concept of smart power. In the case of Missile Defense System, Turkey has agreed to be a participant of this system after signing an agreement with the US. After that, Turkish government has confronted with some interior and exterior political difficulties. One of the most important difficulties is the interior resistance of missile defense system＇s Kiirecik Radar Station and its usage in Turkey. Another important point is the question of control of Turkish National Security and Defense strategy. In that respect, the US government＇s smart power applications may be included in the establishment of the radar station. The EU has also been included in that strategy. This paper will argue smart power practices of the US, the EU and Turkey with reference to comparative practices of power politics and the case of Missile Defense System. In this way, a comprehensive and system-type assessment of possible responses and the change in relations between stakeholder states not only in the issue of a set-up of a Turkish radar station, but on a broader range of international ＂hard＂ security balance will be demonstrated.展开更多
Eavesdropping attacks have become one of the most common attacks on networks because of their easy implementation. Eavesdropping attacks not only lead to transmission data leakage but also develop into other more harm...Eavesdropping attacks have become one of the most common attacks on networks because of their easy implementation. Eavesdropping attacks not only lead to transmission data leakage but also develop into other more harmful attacks. Routing randomization is a relevant research direction for moving target defense, which has been proven to be an effective method to resist eavesdropping attacks. To counter eavesdropping attacks, in this study, we analyzed the existing routing randomization methods and found that their security and usability need to be further improved. According to the characteristics of eavesdropping attacks, which are “latent and transferable”, a routing randomization defense method based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed. The proposed method realizes routing randomization on packet-level granularity using programmable switches. To improve the security and quality of service of legitimate services in networks, we use the deep deterministic policy gradient to generate random routing schemes with support from powerful network state awareness. In-band network telemetry provides real-time, accurate, and comprehensive network state awareness for the proposed method. Various experiments show that compared with other typical routing randomization defense methods, the proposed method has obvious advantages in security and usability against eavesdropping attacks.展开更多
In order to cope with the increasing threat of the ballistic missile(BM)in a shorter reaction time,the shooting policy of the layered defense system needs to be optimized.The main decisionmaking problem of shooting op...In order to cope with the increasing threat of the ballistic missile(BM)in a shorter reaction time,the shooting policy of the layered defense system needs to be optimized.The main decisionmaking problem of shooting optimization is how to choose the next BM which needs to be shot according to the previous engagements and results,thus maximizing the expected return of BMs killed or minimizing the cost of BMs penetration.Motivated by this,this study aims to determine an optimal shooting policy for a two-layer missile defense(TLMD)system.This paper considers a scenario in which the TLMD system wishes to shoot at a collection of BMs one at a time,and to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.To provide a policy analysis tool,this paper develops a general model for shooting decision-making,the shooting engagements can be described as a discounted reward Markov decision process.The index shooting policy is a strategy that can effectively balance the shooting returns and the risk that the defense mission fails,and the goal is to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.The numerical results show that the index policy is better than a range of competitors,especially the mean returns and the mean killing BM number.展开更多
Following the 2008 global economic crisis and rolling out of austerity measures, elites of the state seem to have become a ＂political species＂ of their own, now under threat of extinction. The study of the health an...Following the 2008 global economic crisis and rolling out of austerity measures, elites of the state seem to have become a ＂political species＂ of their own, now under threat of extinction. The study of the health and defense policy reforms in France and the US during the 1990s and 2000s shows that far from disappearing, the influence of state elites is being strategically reconfigured to defend some sector-specific policies. Similarly to those ＂custodians of policy＂ dear to P. Selznick, small groups of elites are gaining expertise within strategic sectors of public policy; they are also making the need to control the cost of public spending their royal battle, in order to safeguard what they see as the crucial role of the public good. In the American cases study, the image of the ＂revolving door＂, which encapsulates the idea of professional mobility back and forth from the private to the public sector, implies a fragmented state, open to external pressures of social groups. We document career and professional trajectories marked by a strong commitment to a given policy area. Circulation, we note, is frequent between these positions in the public sector. While these findings do not in and of themselves allow us to fully assess the influence wielded by these elites, this study identifies the social and political resources and forms of specialization which predispose them to play important roles in shaping public policy. For the past 30 years, the question of varieties of liheralisation has been put forward as an explanatory factor for a wide range of public policies （Schrnidt ＆ Thatcher, 2013; Thelen, 2014）. In this perspective, numerous authors have theorised the dismantling of democratic states and the weakening of public authority that would follow （Suleiman, 2003; Fukuyama, 2004; Bez^s, 2009; Bonneli ＆ Pelletier, 2010; Lodge, 2013）. Research on public policy has focused on the success of neoliberal ideas among European and North American political elites （Pierson, 1994; Prasad, 2006; Fourcade, 2009） on the calling into question of the neo-Keynesian paradigm （Hall, 1986; Crouch, 2011） and on the development of budgetary constraints （Bezbs ＆ Sinr, 2011; Streeck ＆ Schafer, 2013; Blyth, 2013）. Other work emphasises the idea that the effects of economic globalization-reinforced by those of the financial crisis of 2008-have accelerated the weakening of state capacity in western democracies by accelerating the expansion of market relations within national political systems （Streeck ＆ Thelen, 2005; Jabko, 2012）. At the same time, this period has seen renewed interest in national regulation （Lodge, 2011）. Even so, if analysis is limited to the evolution of public policies as a simple functional response to the evolution of the international, financial, or ideological contexts in which they are found, research tends to underestimate the role played by competition among the elite groups involved with their elaboration and their capacity for resilient attachment to the power of public authority. For this reason, the hypothesis of the dismantling of the state, allegedly accelerated by the crisis of 2008, should be revisited.展开更多
文摘The concept of smart power requires to combine soft and hard power. Thus, smart power is a new approach for the US politics towards the Middle East. As a consequence of smart power politics of the US, some newly members of the EU and Turkey has become a part of missile defense system. This is a significant indicator of usage of smart power for the EU members and Turkey. The security policies and practices of the US disclose a necessity for straight allies. For this reason, the relationship between the US, the EU and Turkey may be conceptualize with reference to the concept of smart power. In the case of Missile Defense System, Turkey has agreed to be a participant of this system after signing an agreement with the US. After that, Turkish government has confronted with some interior and exterior political difficulties. One of the most important difficulties is the interior resistance of missile defense system＇s Kiirecik Radar Station and its usage in Turkey. Another important point is the question of control of Turkish National Security and Defense strategy. In that respect, the US government＇s smart power applications may be included in the establishment of the radar station. The EU has also been included in that strategy. This paper will argue smart power practices of the US, the EU and Turkey with reference to comparative practices of power politics and the case of Missile Defense System. In this way, a comprehensive and system-type assessment of possible responses and the change in relations between stakeholder states not only in the issue of a set-up of a Turkish radar station, but on a broader range of international ＂hard＂ security balance will be demonstrated.
文摘Eavesdropping attacks have become one of the most common attacks on networks because of their easy implementation. Eavesdropping attacks not only lead to transmission data leakage but also develop into other more harmful attacks. Routing randomization is a relevant research direction for moving target defense, which has been proven to be an effective method to resist eavesdropping attacks. To counter eavesdropping attacks, in this study, we analyzed the existing routing randomization methods and found that their security and usability need to be further improved. According to the characteristics of eavesdropping attacks, which are “latent and transferable”, a routing randomization defense method based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed. The proposed method realizes routing randomization on packet-level granularity using programmable switches. To improve the security and quality of service of legitimate services in networks, we use the deep deterministic policy gradient to generate random routing schemes with support from powerful network state awareness. In-band network telemetry provides real-time, accurate, and comprehensive network state awareness for the proposed method. Various experiments show that compared with other typical routing randomization defense methods, the proposed method has obvious advantages in security and usability against eavesdropping attacks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(7170120971771216)+1 种基金Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation(2019JQ-250)China Post-doctoral Fund(2019M653962)
文摘In order to cope with the increasing threat of the ballistic missile(BM)in a shorter reaction time,the shooting policy of the layered defense system needs to be optimized.The main decisionmaking problem of shooting optimization is how to choose the next BM which needs to be shot according to the previous engagements and results,thus maximizing the expected return of BMs killed or minimizing the cost of BMs penetration.Motivated by this,this study aims to determine an optimal shooting policy for a two-layer missile defense(TLMD)system.This paper considers a scenario in which the TLMD system wishes to shoot at a collection of BMs one at a time,and to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.To provide a policy analysis tool,this paper develops a general model for shooting decision-making,the shooting engagements can be described as a discounted reward Markov decision process.The index shooting policy is a strategy that can effectively balance the shooting returns and the risk that the defense mission fails,and the goal is to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.The numerical results show that the index policy is better than a range of competitors,especially the mean returns and the mean killing BM number.
文摘Following the 2008 global economic crisis and rolling out of austerity measures, elites of the state seem to have become a ＂political species＂ of their own, now under threat of extinction. The study of the health and defense policy reforms in France and the US during the 1990s and 2000s shows that far from disappearing, the influence of state elites is being strategically reconfigured to defend some sector-specific policies. Similarly to those ＂custodians of policy＂ dear to P. Selznick, small groups of elites are gaining expertise within strategic sectors of public policy; they are also making the need to control the cost of public spending their royal battle, in order to safeguard what they see as the crucial role of the public good. In the American cases study, the image of the ＂revolving door＂, which encapsulates the idea of professional mobility back and forth from the private to the public sector, implies a fragmented state, open to external pressures of social groups. We document career and professional trajectories marked by a strong commitment to a given policy area. Circulation, we note, is frequent between these positions in the public sector. While these findings do not in and of themselves allow us to fully assess the influence wielded by these elites, this study identifies the social and political resources and forms of specialization which predispose them to play important roles in shaping public policy. For the past 30 years, the question of varieties of liheralisation has been put forward as an explanatory factor for a wide range of public policies （Schrnidt ＆ Thatcher, 2013; Thelen, 2014）. In this perspective, numerous authors have theorised the dismantling of democratic states and the weakening of public authority that would follow （Suleiman, 2003; Fukuyama, 2004; Bez^s, 2009; Bonneli ＆ Pelletier, 2010; Lodge, 2013）. Research on public policy has focused on the success of neoliberal ideas among European and North American political elites （Pierson, 1994; Prasad, 2006; Fourcade, 2009） on the calling into question of the neo-Keynesian paradigm （Hall, 1986; Crouch, 2011） and on the development of budgetary constraints （Bezbs ＆ Sinr, 2011; Streeck ＆ Schafer, 2013; Blyth, 2013）. Other work emphasises the idea that the effects of economic globalization-reinforced by those of the financial crisis of 2008-have accelerated the weakening of state capacity in western democracies by accelerating the expansion of market relations within national political systems （Streeck ＆ Thelen, 2005; Jabko, 2012）. At the same time, this period has seen renewed interest in national regulation （Lodge, 2011）. Even so, if analysis is limited to the evolution of public policies as a simple functional response to the evolution of the international, financial, or ideological contexts in which they are found, research tends to underestimate the role played by competition among the elite groups involved with their elaboration and their capacity for resilient attachment to the power of public authority. For this reason, the hypothesis of the dismantling of the state, allegedly accelerated by the crisis of 2008, should be revisited.
