Impact of Fertilizer Types on Photosynthetic and Biological Effects of Direct-seeded Brassica napus at Flowering Stage

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of fertilizer type on di- rect-seeded rapeseed and to explore effective fertilizing. [Method] Four treatments including different types of fertilizers were set in the test. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at flowering stage such as plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry matter, net photosynthesis, light energy conversion effi- ciency （Fv/Fm） and SPAD value, were investigated. The effects of fertilizer treat-ments on the yield of rapeseed were evaluated as well. [Result] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, SPAD value, net photosynthesis, non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, etc., which helped increase yield and stress resistance. [Conclusion] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve yield significantly while multi-functional fertilizer （MFF） was better than controlled release fertilizer （CRF）.

Effects of slow or controlled release fertilizer types and fertilization modes on yield and quality of rice

There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer（S/CRF） on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs（polymer-coated urea（PCU）, sulfur-coated urea（SCU）, and urea formaldehyde（UF）） and two fertilization modes（both S/CRF and common urea（CU） as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer） on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control（CK）. Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF〉PCU〉SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer〉both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU〉PCU〉UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer〉S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.

Effects of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield

This experiment explored the effects of single application of seven types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield and various population characteristics.Based on a study of the nitrogen(N)release characteristics of these fertilizers,pot experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with split fertilization(CK,urea applied split equally at basal and panicle initiation stages,respectively)as control,which assessed the effects on SPAD value,yield and yield components,dynamic changes of rice tillers and dry matter accumulation.The results showed that the N release characteristics of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers were significantly different.Polymer-coated urea(PCU)showed a controlledrelease mode and provided sustained release throughout the whole growth stages.Sulfur-coated urea(SCU)exhibited a slow-release mode,providing insufficient release at the middle and late stages.Urease inhibitor urea(AHA)and ureaformaldehyde(UF)yielded a rapid-release mode,with an explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stages.These results showed that PCU delayed the peak seedling stage.Compared with CK,dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences,and due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages,rice yield,spikelets per panicle,seed setting rate,and 1000-grain weight were all increased.Owing to the lack of N supply at the late stage and the low number of spikelets,SCU led to a reduction of rice yield,which is nevertheless not statistically significant.AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield.The results of this experiment indicated that given a fixed amount of N applied in a pot,the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer,the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage,and the higher the rice yield.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS, NaHCO_3,SOIL TYPE ON CHEMISTRY OF FLOODED SOILS AND RICE PLANT GROWTH

This research was conducted to study the influence of NaHCO3and fertilizer treatments on flooded soils tothe chemistry of soil and rice plant growth.The experiment was done in a greenhouse using a split-split plot design ofthree factors: two types of soil,three doses of fertilizers and three levels of NaHCO3with three replications.The firstfactor was two kind of soils Fluvaquent and Calciquert,the factor was without nutrient(blank),macro nutrients,andcompletely nutrients(second macro and micro nutrients),and the third factor was 0 mg/kg,200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kgof NaHCO3or equivalent with 0 mg,1 200 mg and 2 400 mg NaHCO3per pot.Each experimental unit used a pot of 10L capacity and filled with soil mud equivalent with 6 kg of dried soil.After each of treatment combination mixed into themud soil,two plants of IR-32 variety were grown,and flooded at5 cm high accordingly with growth period.Parametersobserved were the growth of tillers,electrical conductivity(E.C.) and pH.The experiment results showed that the treatment of NaHCO3increased the soluble salt content(E.C.) and soilacidity(pH) during flooding on Calciquerts and Fluvaquents.The content of soluble salt decreased to 2.0 mmhos/cm,while pHon Calciquert decreased towards the neutral pH.Anyhowthe pHon Fluvaquents increased approach to neutral.The treatments of NaHCO3inhibited the tiller growth,either macro fertilizer and completely fertilizer increased thetillers,but did not improve the negative effect of alkalinity due to of NaHCOtreatment.

Effects of Cultivation Density,Fertilizer Type and Fertilizer Amount on Yield of Jicaidou No.1

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the effects of planting density,fertilizer type and fertilizer amount on yield of Jicaidou No.1.[Methods]Three treatments of plant spacing,fertilizer type and fertilizer amount of Jicaidou No.1 were set up respectively to screen out the best combination mode.[Results]The best combination mode was:plant spacing 50 cm,fertilizer amount 1800 kg/hm^(2),and any one of the two fertilizers,as the difference between the two kinds of fertilizers was not significant.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the standardized cultivation of kidney beans in Jilin Province.

Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Content in Different Soil Types of Wuyi Mountains

[Objective] The aim was to explore the soil organic carbon（SOC）content from different types of soil and its influencing factors.[Method] Soil samples were collected from Wuyi Mountains,and the physical and chemical properties were measured and the relationship between SOC content and soil physical and chemical properties,altitude,average annual temperature was analyzed.[Result] SOC content ranged from 14.91 to 112.34 g/kg,and SOC content was significant positive correlated with available nutrients（available N,P and K）and total nitrogen.[Conclusion] This study indicated that the physical and chemical properties of soil,altitude,average annual temperature had a significant influence on the SOC content of Wuyi Mountains.

Structural patterns of land types and optimal allocation of land use in Qinling Mountains

The case study based on Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province of China, in virtue of the information from TM image, classifies the land types and analyzes their spatial and temporal differential law, and puts forward three structural patterns of land types in mountainous areas, namely, spatial, quantitative and qualitative structures of mountainous land types. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the analysis of structural patterns can disclose the heterogeneity and orderliness of combination of land types, which can lay the theoretic foundation for comprehensively recognizing ecological characteristics and succession law of structure and function of land types. After the all-around comparative analysis, an optimal allocation of land use in Qinling Mountains has been put forward according to the principle of sustainable development and landscape ecology, which can lay the scientific foundation in practice for the structural adjustment and distribution optimization from the macro level to micro level.

Effects of Fertilization Types and Cultivation Years on Dissolved Organic Carbon(DOC) in Paddy Soil under Water-logging Condition

In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of dis- solved organic carbon （DOC） in water-logged paddy soil in Yanbian were investigat- ed under conditions of different fertilization types （single application of chemical fer- tilizer, mixed application and chemical and organic fertilizers and single application of organic fertilizer） and cultivation years （80 years and 120 years）. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of DOC in water-logged paddy soil changed significantly with time going by. The single application of chemical fertilizer or mixed application of chemical and organic fertilizers contributed to the release of DOC in top paddy soil under water-logging condition; the single application of organ- ic fertilizer promoted the accumulation of DOC in bottom paddy soil, resulting in great heterogeneity of DOC in the vertical space, but the single application of chem- ical fertilizer weakened the vertical spatial heterogeneity of soil DOC; the DOC con- tent in the 80-year-old water-logged paddy soil was higher and more stable than that in the 120-year-old soil.

Soil Fertility Survey in Western Usambara Mountains, Northern Tanzania

Soil samples from thirty sites representing four agro-ecological zones in the Western Usambara Mountains (WUM) of the Lushoto District in northern Tanzania were collected and analyzed for different nutrients. The results suggested that the major soil fertility constraint was P deficiency. On the basis of critical levels established in other areas, 90% of the soils were ranked as P deficient. This was followed by N, which was ranked as inadequate in 73% of the sites. Magnesium, K, and Ca also appeared limiting with 67%, 53% and 50% of the soils falling below the established critical values, respectively. A few soils (10%) were also found to contain exchangeable Al. The metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, and Zn) were adequate in all soils. Two sites had excessive Mn that could lead to toxicity in crops, and one was Mn deficient.

Types of uranium deposits in central Zhuguang Mountains in Hunan Province,South China and their metallogenic regularity and prospecting directions

The central Zhuguang Mountains in Hunan Province is located at the junction of the three provinces,namely Hunan,Jiangxi,and Guangdong,where the famous Lujing uranium ore field lies.The uranium deposits occurring in this area are all granite-related and they can be divided into three types,namely endogranitic ones,perigranitic ones,and contact zone types.The endogranitic uranium deposits are mainly controlled by the structural alteration zones developing within granites,with fragmentation,hematitization,and alkali metasomatism as their main mineralization characteristics.The perigranitic uranium deposits are mainly produced in the carbonaceous,siliceous,and argillaceous composite layers of epimetamorphic rocks and are controlled by fractured zones formed due to interlayer compression.The contact zone type uranium deposits mainly occur in the contact parts between the granites and favorable horizons.They have developed in favorable sections where multiple sets of structures are combined and intersected.The main metallogenic regularities of uranium in the central Zhuguang Mountains are as follows.The basic conditions for the uranium mineralization in this area include the framework consisting of regional deep large faults and their associated multi-set multi-direction favorable metallogenic structures,multi-cycle and multi-stage uranium-rich rock masses,and uranium-rich folded basement.Meanwhile,the uranium deposits in this area are closely related to granites in terms of genesis and space and they are formed in different structural parts subject to the same metallization.Furthermore,based on the summary of the characteristics and regularities of uranium mineralization in this area,the controlling factors of different types of uranium deposits in the area were explored and six metallogenic target areas were predicted.All these will provide references for the exploration of uranium deposits in this area.

Geo-heritage Landscape Types and Value Evaluation in Funiu Mountain World Geopark

To explore a practical and sustainable development path for Funiu Mountain World Geopark, the authors classified geo-heritage landscapes into 4 main categories, 12 categories and 20 sub-categories, according to Technical Specifications for Compiling Planning of National Geopark and other research results. Comparative significance of its typical geological heritages in domestic and international geoscience research was analyzed; scientific value of the geological remains was evaluated together with aesthetic value, science popularization and education value, and tourism development value.

Response of silicate chemical composition variation on thermal metamorphism of ordinary chondrites and classification of petrologic types:the case of L chondrites from Grove Mountains,Antarctica

Analysis of the thermal metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites is a key premise for gaining insights into the accretion and heating of rocky bodies in the early solar system.Such an analysis also represents an essential condition for constraining the early thermal and evolutionary histories of asteroids and terrestrial planets.Classifying ordinary chondrites into petrologic type(type 3–6)is the criterion for studying the thermal metamorphism of their parent bodies.However,the boundary between the unequilibrated(type 3)and equilibrated(type 4–6)chondrites is ambiguous at present,thus,limiting the understanding of their thermal metamorphism.In this study,the petrology,mineralogy and chemical composition of a set of seven ordinary chondrites with different degrees of thermal metamorphism collected from Grove Mountains(Antarctica)have been studied.The results demonstrated that these chondrite samples were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6 type meteorites,with optimal correlations of Si,Mg,Fe,Mn and Ca with equilibrium degree of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene and petrologic type.In this respect,the multi-parameter classification standard PMD(SiO2)-PMD(MgO)-PMD(MnO)-PMD(CaO)based on the percent mean deviation(PMD)of the chemical compositions of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene was proposed to distinguish between the unequilibrated and equilibrated meteorites.The proposed standard exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification,thus,also deepening the understanding of the effect of the silicate mineral composition in the thermal metamorphism of chondrites.Highlights The chemical groups and petrologic types of the selected seven Antarctic chondrites were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6.A new method for petrologic type classification is proposed to distinguish the unequilibrated and equilibrated chondrites.The above developed multi-parameter system exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification.

Confirmation and Preliminary Study of Aluminous A-Type Granites in the Wuyi Mountain Area, Eastern Jiangxi Province, China

Widespread in the Wuyi Mountain area of eastern Jiangxi are petrochemically peraluminous granites and they are characterized as being high in silica (SiO\-2>75%) and highly alkaline (ALK=6.9%-7.5%) with K\-2O>Na\-2O and rather high ratios of FeO\+T/MgO (11.3-17.9). The rocks have low contents of CaO, MgO, TiO\-2 and P\-2O\-5 . The granites are enriched in REE (ΣREE=210.3-496.8 μg/g) with remarkable negative Eu anomalies, but depleted in Eu, Ba, Sr, V, Co, and Ni, with 10000×Ga/Al ratios, varying from 6.1 to 9.8. It is clear that these granites are obviously different from the I\| and S\|type granites, but are quite similar to those typical A\|type granites such as aluminous A\|type granites in the coastal areas of Fujian Province.

Characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under various grassland types along a transect in a mountain-basin system in Xinjiang, China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil total nitrogen （STN） in arid regions are important components of global C and the N cycles, and their response to climate change will have important implications for both ecosystem processes and global climate feedbacks. Grassland ecosystems of Funyun County in the southern foot of the Altay Mountains are characterized by complex topography, suggesting large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC and STN. However, there has been little investigation of SOC and STN on grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of SOC and STN in different grassland types in a mountain-basin system at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains, north of the Junggar Basin in China, and explored their potential influencing factors and relationships with meteorological factors and soil properties. We found that the concentrations and storages of SOC and STN varied significantly with grassland type, and showed a decreasing trend along a decreasing elevation gradient in alpine meadow, mountain meadow, temperate typical steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate steppe desert. In addition, the SOC and STN concentrations decreased with depth, except in the temperate desert steppe. According to Pearson＇s correlation values and redundancy analysis, the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture content and soil available N concentration were significantly positively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. In contrast, the mean annual temperature, pH, and soil bulk density were significantly and negatively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. The mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature were the primary factors related to the SOC and STN concentrations. The distributions of the SOC and STN concentrations were highly regulated by the elevation-induced differences in meteorological factors. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature together explained 97.85% and 98.38% of the overall variations in the SOC and STN concentrations, respectively, at soil depth of 0-40 cm, with precipitation making the greatest contribution. Our results provide a basis for estimating and predicting SOC and STN concentrations in grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure.

Nitrous oxide emissions from three temperate forest types in the Qinling Mountains,China

To understand soil N2O fluxes from temperate forests in a climate-sensitive transitional zone,N2O emissions from three temperate forest types(Pinus tabulaeformis,PTT;Pinus armandii,PAT;and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,QAT)were monitored using the static closed-chamber method from June 2013 to May 2015 in the Huoditang Forest region of the Qinling Mountains,China.The results showed that these three forest types acted as N2O sources,releasing a mean combined level of 1.35±0.56 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1,ranging from0.98±0.37 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in PAT to 1.67±0.41 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in QAT.N2O emission fluctuated seasonally,with highest levels during the summer for all three forest types.N2O flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm or in the water-filled pore space,where the correlation was stronger for temperature than for the water-filled pore space.N2O flux was positively correlated with available soil nitrogen in QAT and PAT.Our results indicate that N2O flux is mainly controlled by soil temperature in the temperate forest in the Qinling Mountains.

Effects of Fertilization Type on Carbon Storage of Soil and Crops in Mine Wasteland

Taking a three-year fertilization trial in mine reclamation soil from Shanxi Province, China as an example, the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil carbon storage and carbon fixation by corn were studied in this paper. Four treatments were designed in the experiment, including fertilizer （ F）, organic manure （ M）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer （ FM） and control （CK）. The results showed that fertilization had certain roles in increasing organic carbon storage of mine reclamation soil, and the application of single or combined organic and inorganic fertilizers had the most remarkable influence. Meanwhile, the treatment of single or combined organic and inorganic fertilizers could improve the carbon fixation capacity of corn prominently, and increased soil organic matter input. Thus, the application of organic manure or combined organic and inorganic fertilizer has great contribution to enhancing soil carbon sink and sustainable development of agriculture. However, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is the best choice for agricultural field based on economic consideration.

Dependency of litter decomposition on litter quality,climate change,and grassland type in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Litter decomposition is an important component of the nutrient recycling process and is highly sensitive to climate change.However,the impacts of warming and increased precipitation on litter decomposition have not been well studied,especially in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains.We conducted a manipulative warming and increased precipitation experiment combined with different grassland types to examine the impact of litter quality and climate change on the litter decomposition rate based on three dominant species(Astragalus mongholicus,Potentilla anserina,and Festuca ovina)in Tianshan Mountains from 2019 to 2021.The results of this study indicated there were significant differences in litter quality,specific leaf area,and leaf dry matter content.In addition,litter quality exerted significant effects on litter decomposition,and the litter decomposition rate varied in different grassland types.Increased precipitation significantly accelerated the litter decomposition of P.anserina;however,it had no significant effect on the litter decomposition of A.mongholicus and F.ovina.However,warming consistently decreased the litter decomposition rate,with the strongest impact on the litter decomposition of F.ovina.There was a significant interaction between increased precipitation and litter type,but there was no significant interaction between warming and litter type.These results indicated that warming and increased precipitation significantly influenced litter decomposition;however,the strength was dependent on litter quality.In addition,soil water content played a crucial role in regulating litter decomposition in different grassland types.Moreover,we found that the litter decomposition rate exhibited a hump-shaped or linear response to the increase of soil water content.Our study emphasizes that ongoing climate change significantly altered litter decomposition in the alpine grassland,which is of great significance for understanding the nutrient supply and turnover of litter.

Human Herpes Virus Type 2 ( HSV2 ), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the Male Genital Tract and Fertilization

The possibility of infection of the human male genital tract by human herpes virus type 2 (HSV2) or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is well established and their sexual transmission has been the object of many studies. Moreover, medically assisted procreation, which helps in numerous fertility problems, raises the question of new viral risks linked to the application of these new technologies. In this review, we shall consider current knowledge in terms of the presence of HSV 2 and HCMV in the different parts of the genital tract of immunocompetent or immunodepressed men. We shall also consider the possibility of viral transmission by the sexual act or by the various techniques used in medically assisted procreation. We shall describe studies in human beings and in animals.

Role of Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator in the Precontact Sperm-egg Communication and Fertility of Mice in vitro

Objective To explore the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator（uPA） in precontact sperm-egg communication and fertility of mice in vitro. Methods Firstly, sperm chemotaxis （SC） induced by uPA was assayed by measuring the sperm densities in capillaries with a descending gradient or no gradient of uPA respectively. Secondly, the role of uPAR that exists in sperm plasma membrane in SC was studied by examining the change of sperm density in capillary after incubating spermatozoa with anti-uPAR antibody. Thirdly, SC induced by eggs, which had been treated with uPA, PAl-1 and anti-uPAR beforehand respectively, was assayed to study the role of uPA in PSEC. Lastly, the fertilization capability of spermatozoa treated with uPA was examined by counting the number of fertilized eggs. Results 1）The density of spermatozoa that migrated down the gradient of uPA into the capillary was significantly lower than that into the capillary containing no-gradient uPA. 2） When uPAR of spermatozoa was inhibited by anti-uPAR antibody, the density of spermatozoa that migrated into the capillary with ascending gradient of uPA decreased correspondingly. 3） The density of spermatozoa attracted by eggs, which were treated with uPA beforehand, increased significantly than that of attracted by non-treated eggs. On the contrary, the sperm density decreased correspondingly when the egg was treated with PAI-1. 4） The number of fertilized eggs increased significantly after the spermatozoa used here was treated with uPA beforehand. Conclusion uPA could induce SC of mice sperm in vitro through the uPAR on its membrane, enhance the capability of egg inducing SC, and promote spermatozoa to fertilize eggs. Thus, uPA may act as an attractant in PSEC, increase the chance encounter of spermatozoa and eggs, therefore, enhance the fertility success correspondingly. This study, in some degree, provides an evidence that uPA may be used as a new medicine and diagnostic reagent for male infertility.

Types and formation mechanism of collapse in Tianchi region of Changbai Mountain

Collapse is a disaster in Changbai Mountain area.Based on the present stage of collapse,the anthors summarized three types of collapse and analyzed their formation mechanism.This research makes sense to further study.