Gas source of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Zhongjiang large gas field of Western Sichuan Depression:Constraints from geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbons

The Zhongjiang gas field is a typical large gas field in terrigenous strata of the Western Sichuan Depression.It remains debatable which member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation served as the source rocks and how significant the member contributed to the gas accumulations in the Zhongjiang gas field.In this study,we analyzed the essential characteristics of the Lower Jurassic source rocks and the geochemical features of light hydrocarbons in natural gas from the 2nd(T_(3)χ^(2))and 4th members(T_(3)χ^(4))of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)χ),as well as the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao(J_(2)s)and Qianfoya(J_(2)q)formations.Based on this,we explored the sources of the natural gas in the Zhongjiang gas field and determined the natural gas migration patterns and their effects on the properties of light hydrocarbons in the natural gas.The results indicate that the Lower Jurassic lacustrine source rocks of the Zhongjiang gas field contain humic organic matter,with vitrinite reflectance(R_(0))values ranging from 0.86%to 0.98%.Samples meeting the criterion for effective source rocks[total organic carbon(TOC)content≥0.75%]exhibited an average TOC content of merely 1.02%,suggesting significantly lower hydrocarbon generation potential than source rocks in the underlying T3x,which show higher thermal maturity and TOC contents.For natural gas samples from T_(3)χ^(2),T_(3)χ^(4),J_(2)s,and J_(2)q reservoirs,their C_(5-7)iso-alkane content was significantly higher than their n-alkane content,and their methylcyclohexane(MCH)index ranged from 59.0%to 77.3%,indicating the predominance of methylcyclohexane in C_(7)light hydrocarbons.As indicated by the origin identification and gas-source correlation based on the geochemical features of light hydrocarbons,the natural gas in the Zhongjiang gas field is typical coal-derived gas.The gas from the primary pay zone of the Shaximiao Formation,with significantly high K_(1),(P_(2)+N_(2))/C_(7),and P_(3)/C_(7)values,predominantly originated from the 5th member of the T3x and migrated in the free phase,with a small amount possibly sourced from the Lower Jurassic source rocks.The dissolution and adsorption during gas migration led to a decrease in the aromatic content in C_(6-7)light hydrocarbons and an increase in the isoheptane values.Therefore,their effects must be considered when determining the gas origin and thermal maturity based on the aromatic content in C_(6-7) light hydrocarbons and iso-heptane values.

The Original Organism Assemblages and Kerogen Carbon Isotopic Compositions of the Early Paleozoic Source Rocks in the Tarim Basin, China

Original organisms are the biological precursors of organic matter in source rocks. Original organisms in source rocks are informative for oil-source rock correlation and hydrocarbon potential evaluation, especially for source rocks which have high-over level of thermal maturity. Systematic identification of original organism assemblages of the Lower Paleozoic potential source rocks and detailed carbon isotopic composition of kerogen analyses were conducted for four outcrop sections in the Tarim basin. Results indicated that the original organism assemblages of the lower part of the Lower Cambrian were composed mainly of benthic algae, whereas those of the Upper Cambrian and the Ordovician were characterized by planktonic algae. Kerogen carbon isotopic data demonstrated that the δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks dominated by benthic algae are lower than-34‰, whereas the δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks dominated by planktonic algae are higher than-30‰ in general. We tentatively suggested that the carbon species those are utilized by algae and the carbon isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis are the major controls for the δ13 Ckerogen values in the Lower Paleozoic source rocks in the Tarim basin. Correlating the δ13 C values of oils exploited in the Tarim basin, the original organism assemblages, and δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks, it implied that the Lower Paleozoic oils exploited in the Tarim basin should be sourced from the source rocks with original organism assemblages dominated by planktonic algae, and the hydrocarbon sourced from the Cambrian benthic algae should be of great exploration potential in future. Original organism assemblages in source rocks can provide important clues for oil-source rocks correlation, especially for the source rocks with high thermal maturity.

A Semantic-based Clustering Method to Build Domain Ontology from Multiple Heterogeneous Knowledge Sources

In order to improve the efficiency of ontology construction from heterogeneous knowledge sources, a semantic-based approach is presented. The ontology will be constructed with the application of cluster technique in an incremental way. Firstly, terms will be extracted from knowledge sources and congregate a term set after pretreat-ment. Then the concept set will be built via semantic-based clustering according to semanteme of terms provided by WordNet. Next, a concept tree is constructed in terms of mapping rules between semant^me relationships and concept relationships. The semi-automatic approach can avoid non-consistence due to knowledge engineers having different understanding of the same concept and the obtained ontology is easily to be expanded.

Origin and depositional environments of source rocks and crude oils from Niger Delta Basin: Carbon isotopic evidence

Thirty-nine crude oils and twenty-one rock samples from Niger Delta Basin,Nigeria have been characterized based on their isotope compositions by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry.The bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole rock extracts,saturate and aromatic fractions range from–28.7‰to–26.8‰,–29.2‰to–27.2‰and–28.5‰to–26.7‰,respectively while the bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole oils,saturate and aromatic fractions range from–25.4‰to–27.8‰,–25.9‰to–28.4‰and–23.5‰to–26.9‰,respectively.The average carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes(nC12-nC33)in the rock samples range from–34.9‰to–28.2‰whereas the average isotopic values of individual n-alkanes in the oils range from–31.1‰to–23.8‰.Theδ13C isotope ratios of pristane and phytane in the rock samples range from–29.2‰to–28.2‰and–30.2‰to–27.4‰respectively while the pristane and phytane isotopic values range from–32.1‰to–21.9‰and–30.5‰to–26.9‰,respectively.The isotopic values recorded for the samples indicated that the crude oils were formed from the mixed input of terrigenous and marine organic matter and deposited under oxic to sub-oxic condition in lacustrine-fluvial/deltaic environments.The stable carbon isotopic compositions were found to be effective in assessing the origin and depositional environments of crude oils in the Niger Delta Basin.

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle-Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C15–n C19), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ~1, regular steranes with C29 > C27 > C28, gammacerane/C30 hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δDorg of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks;the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks;and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.

基于Ontology的多数据源语义集成研究

针对某航空研究所存在的多数据源集成问题,本文提出了基于Ontology的多数据源语义集成方法,该方法采用Ontology描述数据源语义,通过多Ontology之间的映射实现多数据源之间的语义集成。该方法已成功用于某航空研究所。

Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition

Groundwater forms the main freshwater supply in arid and semi-arid areas,and contamination of this precious resource is complicated by the slow rate of recharge in these areas.Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a global water quality problem,as it entails threat to human health as well as aquatic ecosystems.Source identification of contamination is the cornerstone and a prerequisite for any effective management program of water quality.Stable isotope composition of the dissolved nitrate(δ^(15)N-NO_(3)-andδ^(18)O-NO_(3)-)has been applied to identify NO_(3)-sources and the main transformation processes in the upper aquifer system(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7 aquifers)in the Wadi Shueib catchment area,Jordan.Moreover,the stable isotope compositions of the groundwater(δ^(2)H-H_(2)O andδ^(18)O-H_(2)O)in conjunction with the groundwater hydrochemistry were integrated to investigate the origin and evolution of the groundwater.Results revealed that groundwater in the study area is fresh and hard-very hard water,and mainly a Ca-Mg-Cl type.NO_(3)-concentration was in the range of 7.0-74.0 mg/L with an average of 37.0 mg/L.Most of the samples showed concentration higher than the natural background concentration of NO_(3)-(5.0-10.0 mg/L).Theδ^(2)H-H_(2)O andδ^(18)O-H_(2)O values indicated that the groundwater is meteoric,and of Mediterranean origin,with a strong evaporation effect.Theδ^(15)N-NO_(3)-values ranged between 6.0‰and 11.3‰with an average of 8.7‰,and theδ^(18)O-NO_(3)-values ranged between 1.6‰and 5.9‰with an average of 3.4‰.These values are in conformity with the stable isotope composition of nitrate derived the nitrification of wastewater/manure,and soil NH4.Nitrification and denitrification are the main transformation processes affecting nitrogen species.Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in theδ^(2)H-H_(2)O andδ^(18)OH_(2)O values,andδ^(15)N-NO_(3)-andδ^(18)O-NO_(3)-values for the three aquifers(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7),indicating that the groundwater of these aquifers has the same origin,and a common source of pollution.

Using the KISO's Framework to Integrate Knowledge Sources

In complicated application environment such as CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacture System) enterprise, it will bring great benefits to integrate distributed knowledge sources. But the difficulties of knowledge sharing and reuse seriously encumbrance the implementation of knowledge integration. In this paper, we describe how a framework of knowledge-integrated system based on ontology (KISO) can be used to support integrating distributed knowledge sources.

Origin of dolomites in the Permian dolomitic reservoirs of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin, NW China

Origin of authigenic dolomites in the dolomitic reservoir of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin is unclear.Occurrence and genetic evolution of the authigenic dolomites in dolomitic rock reservoir of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag were analyzed by polarized and fluorescence thin sections,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron microprobe(EMP),C,O and Sr isotopes analysis,and other techniques.(1)Dolomites were mainly precipitated in three stages:penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage(early stage of the Middle Permian),middle burial stage(middle stage of the Middle Permian),and middle-deep burial stage,with the former two stages in dominance.(2)Dolomitization fluid was high-salinity brine originating from alkaline lake.In the penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage,Mg^(2+)was mainly supplied by alkaline-lake fluid and devitrification of volcanic glass.In the middle burial stage,Mg^(2+)mainly came from the transformation of clay minerals,devitrification of volcanic glass and dissolution of aluminosilicates such as feldspar.(3)Regular changes of Mg,Mn,Fe,Sr,Si and other elements during the growth of dolomite were mainly related to the alkaline-lake fluid,and to different influences of devitrification and diagenetic alteration of volcanic materials during the burial.(4)In the penecontemporaneous stage,induced by alkaline-lake microorganisms,the micritic-microcrystalline dolomites were formed by primary precipitation,replacement of aragonite and high-Mg calcite,and other processes;in the shallow burial stage,the silt-sized dolomites were formed by continuous growth of micritic-microcrystalline dolomite and replacement of calcites,tuffs and other substances;in the middle burial stage,the dolomites,mainly silt-and fine-sized,were formed by replacement of volcanic materials.The research results are referential for investigating the formation mechanism and distribution patterns of tight dolomitic reservoirs in the Mahu Sag and other similar oil and gas bearing areas.

“文明起源”史观之意味:“中西马”视角的考察

“文明起源”作为国内学界使用频率极高的舶来语,主要用以说明距今五千多年至“三代”时期历史文化的发展。但是否合适的问题很少有人认真考虑过,似乎马克思、恩格斯使用了就没有问题。其实马恩晚年虽借用了“文明”等术语,但对其核心内容如剥削、阶级性、虚伪、贪欲、国家镇压机器等都是持具体批判与整体否认态度的,尽管认为如此发展有其必然性,与其他学人用“文明”“野蛮”区分历史进步、停滞与落后,即无意中把知性专断与西方普遍性的观念传播开去明显不同,因为马克思是从人的全面发展和多数人得到解放出发看问题的。从历史研究追求平实公正应该使用更中性一些术语看,用褒义明显的“文明”来说某一时段历史的特质也是不合适的,因为说甲文明意味着乙不文明或野蛮,必然分出等级差别。回到传统中国,被视为“文明起源”这一段历史,中国古人认为是“大同”向“小康”、“公天下”向“私天下”之过渡,是以物役使人性的开始,是战争杀伐愈益激烈和彼此互助走向你争我夺、淳朴自然走向尔虞我诈的时期,此与马恩的认知明显具有相通之处。古史研究使用“文明起源”作为关键词展现的是西方资产阶级重物质、轻人道的历史观,体现的是西方资本主义价值观,不仅与马克思主义、中国文化精神相背离,也与史学自身追求相矛盾,说明目前的古史考量还深陷于西方中心观念之中,反省不够。在此认知基础上文章提出用相对平实的“文化源”代替不甚中性的“文明起源”,以作为中国文化精神开启之初一段历史的研究之用。

汉字“生”“活”“存”“在”本义的存在论意义--存在论的“汉语哲学”诠释

汉语“本体论”与“存在论”应当严格地区别开来,前者对应传统的“ontology”,后者对应的则应当是“Being theory”,因为后者思考的并非形而上的存在者,而是前存在者的存在。尽管前者可以汉译为“存有论”,但后者却不能,因为汉语“有”的本义是一种存在者化的观念,在哲学上所指的正是作为形而上存在者的本体。所谓“汉语哲学”,其中心任务应当是揭示中国哲学关键词的存在论意义。汉字“生”“在”“存”的本义,即人与草木浑然不分的共在,都是中国远古先民对存在的感悟,从而具有存在论意义;而“活”的本义作为“水流声”,则表征着人是由于倾听“天命”而得以存在的,从而具有当代诠释学的意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田上古生界致密气轻烃地球化学特征

大牛地气田是鄂尔多斯盆地典型致密砂岩大气田之一。为了更深入了解该区天然气的成因和来源,揭示天然气运移相态,对大牛地气田上古生界致密气开展了轻烃地球化学特征分析。研究表明,该区上古生界致密气C5-7轻烃组成具有异构烷烃优势分布,C6-7轻烃组成中芳烃含量整体偏低(<10%),甚至未检出芳烃,C7轻烃组成具有甲基环己烷优势分布特征,甲基环己烷相对含量均超过50%。上二叠统下石盒子组天然气K_(1)值、K_(2)值均与二叠系山西组和石炭系太原组天然气一致,而δ^(13)C_(1)值则与山西组天然气一致,与太原组天然气有明显不同。与山西组天然气相比,下石盒子组天然气整体具有偏低的苯/正己烷、苯/环己烷和甲苯/正庚烷比值,以及明显偏高的正庚烷/甲基环己烷比值。轻烃地球化学特征及烷烃气碳氢同位素组成综合表明,大牛地气田上古生界天然气为典型煤成气,其中山西组和太原组天然气均为原地自生自储,而下石盒子组天然气为下伏山西组烃源岩生成的天然气经历了游离相垂向运移聚集形成,太原组烃源岩不具有显著贡献。受天然气运移和水溶等作用影响,庚烷值、异庚烷值、苯/正己烷比值等轻烃指标直接用于判识大牛地气田致密气成熟度会存在偏差。

“大学只是围绕图书馆的一组建筑,图书馆才是真正的大学”出处探源

论文探究了广为流传的引语“大学只是围绕图书馆的一组建筑,图书馆才是真正的大学”的真正出处。论文首先从《图书馆名言集》的中英文版本入手,确认了引语的原始表述。随后,作者对《南北战争:叙述》一文进行了全文检索,发现引语并未出现在该书中,从而引发了对引语真实出处的进一步探索。通过持续的追问和跨平台检索,最终在JSTOR数据库中找到了该引语的正确出处。此项发现纠正了先前的误传,同时强调了学术研究中原始资料的准确性和多源验证的重要性。

唯物史观视域下习近平文化思想人民性的生成

人民性是习近平文化思想鲜明的理论特质。习近平文化思想人民性的生成源自中国传统文化的民本思想、马克思主义经典作家文化理论的人民性思想、中国共产党文化观的人民性,源自习近平对当前社会存在某些忽视“文化建设服务人民”现象的社会根源的反思,源自习近平从政以来坚持以人民为中心的文化工作实践。因此,深入探究习近平文化思想人民性,有助于更加深刻领悟其思想内涵,有助于科学指导新时代中国特色社会主义文化强国建设。

定牌加工出口下的商标侵权请求权基础探析

定牌加工出口为我国十分重要的产业发展方向,海关系统也对知识产权提供边境执法保护。然而,假使境外委托方并未在我国境内进行商标注册,并且在我国境内却由第三人拥有该商标专用权,则我国境内受托方定牌加工的行为将可能产生侵权疑虑。在平衡境内商标权利人的权利保护及促进定牌加工制造业发展间,应找出一个平衡点,但长期以来,司法裁判观点历经数次变动与海关执法存在一定的逻辑矛盾,使得相关争议一直存在,因此,明确请求权基础才能把问题从根本上解决,也才能平衡我国加工出口产业的发展及商标权保护。

基层检察视域下诉源治理路径的探寻与完善

作为司法机关和国家法律监督机关的检察机关在诉源治理方面取得了较大成绩,也面临着诸多困境。为了取得诉源治理的更大成绩,从基层检察机关的视角来看,需要从诉源治理的时代要求出发,在司法办案过程中立足自身职能定位,以积极能动的姿态,贯彻诉源治理理念,从不同角度以创新发展的思维和务实的措施,探寻与完善检察建议、公开听证、案例指导、数字检察、公益诉讼等路径,提升诉源治理效能,最大限度减少和避免社会对抗,厚植党的执政基础,为推进国家社会治理体系和治理能力现代化贡献检察力量。

羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩芳烃地球化学特征及意义

为认识羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境及成熟度,本研究采用抽提分离和气相色谱-质谱联用等技术分析了双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩中芳烃类化合物地球化学特征。结果表明,双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩中存在较高丰度的1,2,5-三甲基萘、9-甲基菲、惹烯、?及三芳甾烷系列化合物等,指示了高等植物的母质来源。三芴、二苯并噻吩及三芳甾烷系列化合物的分布特征指示索瓦组烃源岩沉积于还原环境。萘、菲、二苯并噻吩及三芳甾烷系列化合物等成熟度参数表明,羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩已达到成熟阶段。综合有机质丰度及类型分析,认为羌塘盆地索瓦组烃源岩具有一定油气资源勘探价值。

松辽盆地四深1井区上古生界烃源岩原始品质特征恢复及排烃量估算

松辽盆地四深1井区基底古生界已发现天然气,但是烃源岩有机质热演化程度高,仅依据现今残余的有机质丰度和生烃潜力参数会极大降低烃源岩评价的准确性,误导油气远景的评估。利用岩石热解参数、有机碳同位素、镜质体反射率及有机显微组分等实验数据,通过多种方法恢复烃源岩原始有机质丰度及生烃潜力,确定降解率法的恢复结果可靠,进一步结合生烃潜力法分析热演化过程中烃源岩的排烃特征。结果表明,四深1井区古生界烃源岩大部分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ_1型有机质,恢复后的原始有机碳(TOC)平均值为2.56%,原始热解烃量(S_(2))平均值为16.11 mg/g,恢复后的原始烃源岩品质达到好—极好级别。基于Ⅰ和Ⅱ_1型有机质热演化过程中烃源岩的排烃量曲线,得出四深1井区上古生界烃源岩在三叠纪早期(约230 Ma)进入排烃门限(R_(o)=0.7%),在三叠纪晚期(约210 Ma)到达排烃高峰(R_(o)=1.1%),原油主要成藏阶段在三叠纪—侏罗纪早期(230~200Ma),排烃量为416.423×10^(8)t。主要成气期在侏罗纪中晚期阶段(200~165 Ma),排烃量为55.093×10^(8)t。研究表明,四深1井区上古生界烃源岩已经为油气藏的形成提供了丰富的烃源。

江陵凹陷古近系新沟嘴组下段原油芳烃馏分地球化学特征及油源对比

【目的】油气来源对比是油气勘探的基础,为扩大江陵凹陷油气资源勘探领域。【方法】基于前期饱和烃分析结果,利用色谱—质谱分析技术对江陵凹陷古近系新沟嘴组下段原油的芳烃馏分进行了分析研究,对原油来源进行了探讨。【结果】研究区原油可分为两大类:Ⅰ类原油取自万城断裂构造带和公安单斜带,其母源形成于一般还原环境并且水体具有一定盐度的半深湖相沉积环境,萘系列及三芳甾烷系列高碳数异构体比值体现其母质类型较好以及陆生高等植物输入较少的特点,该类原油整体处于成熟—高熟阶段,其中万城断裂构造带中的万13井和万12井和公安单斜带中的耀5井是高成熟原油,推测处于各自构造单元中最接近油藏充注点的位置;Ⅱ类原油取自荆州背斜带,成熟度低于Ⅰ类原油,母质类型以低等水生生物输入为主但相较于Ⅰ类原油接受了更多的陆生高等植物输入,形成于高盐度、强还原的深湖相沉积环境,且位于荆州背斜带中部及东南部的Ⅱ2类原油相较于荆州背斜带西北部的Ⅱ1类原油成熟度更低、陆生高等植物输入更多。【结论】万城断裂构造带的Ⅱ油组和Ⅲ油组为Ⅰ类原油的主要烃源岩,同时存在来自荆州背斜带Ⅰ油组的贡献,高的成熟度特征可能指示该类原油还存在除本文外的其他区域或层位的贡献;Ⅱ类原油主要来自荆州背斜带和万城断裂构造带的Ⅱ油组,同时存在荆州背斜带北部Ⅲ油组的贡献。

基于多源异构数据融合的造价数据与GIM模型挂接方法

针对电网工程构件的GIM模型无法包含造价分析所需要的所有信息,导致造价分析精度及效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于多源异构数据融合的造价数据与GIM模型的挂接方法。该方法建立了电网工程GIM构件属性集和造价数据库,并从中提取出构件本体来实现GIM构件到本体间的映射以及造价数据到本体间的映射关系,进而完成多源异构的造价数据与GIM模型间的挂接。仿真实验及分析结果表明,所提方法能够大幅节省造价分析人员的查询和计算时间,从而提高电网工程造价分析与管理的效率。