This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief...This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief overview of the meaning and types of cultural heritages as well as the evolution of the concept and practice of the protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Having critically analyzed the basic essences of the legal provisions of the cultural heritage conservation proclamations of the Imperial, the Military （Derg）, and the reigning governments, the article argues that the decrees issued mainly reflect the political philosophy of the three respective regimes. As a result, the second legal provision is not better than the first one, and within the same logic, the third is more expected to mitigate the problems related to cultural heritage management than the second one. Nevertheless, it is an open secret that the destruction and loss of cultural heritages in Ethiopia are increasing from time to time. Finally, the article provides conclusions consisting of recommendations to address the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia.展开更多
During the period of social transformation in modern China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modern Western medical system promoted the profound...During the period of social transformation in modern China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modern Western medical system promoted the profound self‑revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modern times and the complicated“country‑region‑medical institutions‑other institutions‑individuals”correlations.展开更多
During the period of social transformation in modem China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modem Western medical system promoted the profoimd s...During the period of social transformation in modem China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modem Western medical system promoted the profoimd self-revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modem times and the complicated“country-region-medical instilulions-other institutions-individuals”correlations.展开更多
The main purpose of this paper is to explore how the conceptualisation and management of cultural heritage have been treated in the cultural heritage proclamations of Ethiopia.The analysis of the four cultural heritag...The main purpose of this paper is to explore how the conceptualisation and management of cultural heritage have been treated in the cultural heritage proclamations of Ethiopia.The analysis of the four cultural heritage proclamations reveals that the notion of cultural heritage improves from the frst to the fourth proclamation.In the first two proclamations,the term antiquity was employed,and the latter two employed the term of cultural heritage.The 1966 proclamation included antiquities that were dated prior to 1850 EC,while the 1989 proclamation removed this cutoff date and expounded upon the definition of antiquities.The 2000 proclamation replaced the term antiquity with cultural heritage and introduced the concept of intangible cultural heritage.In terms of the management of cultural heritage,the differences between the 1989 and 2000 proclamations are quite minimal.The 2014 proclamation attempted to classify cultural heritage into national and regional cultural heritage.It also defined important components of intangible cultural heritage.The management of cultural heritage exhibits some evolution from the first to the last proclamation.However,due to the diversified nature of cultural heritage conceptualisation and management,it will be important for additional legislation to be issued separately for movable,immovable and intangible cultural heritage,for example.This study argues that strong legal and institutional frameworks should be established to properly protect,conserve and study cultural heritage.展开更多
文摘This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief overview of the meaning and types of cultural heritages as well as the evolution of the concept and practice of the protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Having critically analyzed the basic essences of the legal provisions of the cultural heritage conservation proclamations of the Imperial, the Military （Derg）, and the reigning governments, the article argues that the decrees issued mainly reflect the political philosophy of the three respective regimes. As a result, the second legal provision is not better than the first one, and within the same logic, the third is more expected to mitigate the problems related to cultural heritage management than the second one. Nevertheless, it is an open secret that the destruction and loss of cultural heritages in Ethiopia are increasing from time to time. Finally, the article provides conclusions consisting of recommendations to address the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia.
文摘During the period of social transformation in modern China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modern Western medical system promoted the profound self‑revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modern times and the complicated“country‑region‑medical institutions‑other institutions‑individuals”correlations.
文摘During the period of social transformation in modem China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modem Western medical system promoted the profoimd self-revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modem times and the complicated“country-region-medical instilulions-other institutions-individuals”correlations.
文摘The main purpose of this paper is to explore how the conceptualisation and management of cultural heritage have been treated in the cultural heritage proclamations of Ethiopia.The analysis of the four cultural heritage proclamations reveals that the notion of cultural heritage improves from the frst to the fourth proclamation.In the first two proclamations,the term antiquity was employed,and the latter two employed the term of cultural heritage.The 1966 proclamation included antiquities that were dated prior to 1850 EC,while the 1989 proclamation removed this cutoff date and expounded upon the definition of antiquities.The 2000 proclamation replaced the term antiquity with cultural heritage and introduced the concept of intangible cultural heritage.In terms of the management of cultural heritage,the differences between the 1989 and 2000 proclamations are quite minimal.The 2014 proclamation attempted to classify cultural heritage into national and regional cultural heritage.It also defined important components of intangible cultural heritage.The management of cultural heritage exhibits some evolution from the first to the last proclamation.However,due to the diversified nature of cultural heritage conceptualisation and management,it will be important for additional legislation to be issued separately for movable,immovable and intangible cultural heritage,for example.This study argues that strong legal and institutional frameworks should be established to properly protect,conserve and study cultural heritage.
