Nonfarm employment, agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical study based on China's major wheat-producing areas

Based on the cross-sectional data of the survey conducted in China's main wheat producing areas at the end of 2019,this paper uses the translog production function model to estimate agricultural technical efficiency,and studies the relationship between nonfarm employment,agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency.The results show that the household non-agricultural employment ratio and non-agricultural income have a significant positive impact on the purchase of agricultural machinery services.In addition to the effect of scale efficiency,non-agricultural employment does not have a significant impact on agricultural technical efficiency,and labor transfer does not have a significant negative impact on agricultural production.

Analysis on the Mode of Trans-Regional Allocation of Agricultural Machinery

With the continuous progress of agricultural technology, agricultural mechanization presents a good development trend after half a century development. But agricultural machinery equipment and the level of agricultural mechanization are imbalances in different regions; the structure of agricultural machinery equipment is unreasonable; there are great differences in agricultural mechanization level of different operations and different crops and the whole level of agricultural mechanization social service is not high. Through cross regional allocation of existing agricultural machinery to improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery;we can extend the operation time of the agricultural machinery and improve the operation effect and income of agricultural machinery.

Application of reaction nitrogen arc cladding TiCN/Fe composite coating on cutter of agricultural machinery

In order to solve the high-price and short-lifetime problems of the cutter of agricultural machinery,and improve the wear resistance of the cutter, the TiCN/Fe metal ceramic composite coating was prepared on the substrate of Q235 steel by reaction nitrogen arc cladding technique. The mixture powder of titanium and graphite was preplaced on the Q235 steel surface after intensive mixing by planetary ball mill and gluing with starch binder. The microstructure and phase of the coatings, interface behavior between coatings and the substrate were investigated by scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The micro-hardness distribution of the coating section was tested by micro-hardness tester. Friction coefficient and wear weight loss were measured by abrasion machine. Wearing surface morphology was investigated by scanning electronic microscope. The results show that an excellent bonding between the coatings and the Q235 steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface and phase of the coatings. The coatings are mainly composed of TiCN. The highest micro- hardness of the coatings reaches 1 089 HV0. 2, while the micro-hardness of Q235 steel substrate is only about 286 HV0. 2. The anti-abrasive test results show that the wear resistance of the cladding coating is better than that of quenched and tempered 65 Mn steel which is often used as cutter of agricultural machinery. The field test results show that the TiCN/ Fe metal ceramic composite coating prepared by reaction nitrogen arc cladding is feasible to the manufacture and remanufacture of the cutter of agricultural machinery.

Current Situations and Development Strategies for Integration of Peanut Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery in China

The mechanization level of peanut production is the bottleneck restricting the development of peanut production in China,while integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery is an essential approach for improving mechanization level of peanut production. This paper elaborated requirements of peanut agronomy for agricultural machinery from peanut planting modes,land cultivation,sowing,harvesting,picking,and shelling,etc. Besides,it discussed requirements of agricultural machinery for agronomy from peanut seed quality,variety characteristics,planting modes,and soil condition. In addition,it analyzed existing problems and restricting factors of integration of peanut agronomy and agricultural machinery. Finally,it came up with recommendations for development strategies including increasing government fund input,optimizing industrial distribution,and multidisciplinary joint research.

The Application of Combination Forecasting Model in Forecasting the Total Power of Agricultural Machinery in Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural machinery total power is an important index to reflect and evaluate the level of agricultural mechanization. Firstly,we respectively made use of exponential model,grey forecasting and BP neural network to construct models depending on historical data of agricultural machinery total power of Heilongjiang Province; secondly,we constructed the combined forecasting models that respectively based on divergence coefficient method,quadratic programming and weight distribution of Shapley value. Fitting results showed that the various combination forecasting model is superior to the single models. Finally,we applied the combination forecasting model which based on the weight distribution method of Shapley value to forecast Heilongjiang agricultural machinery total power,and it would provide some reference to the development and program for power of agriculture machinery.

On Development of Agricultural Machinery Operating Service in Chongqing

Development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing takes on rapid increase in number of service organizations,diversified service methods,improvement in service level,and constant service income. However,there are some problems,including unreasonable composition and small scale of service organization,imbalanced development of four service methods,low service level,and low operating income of agricultural machinery households. To accelerate development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing,it is recommended to take following measures: adjusting subsidy for purchase and operation of agricultural machinery; improving fiscal and taxation and financial system; speeding up infrastructure construction,establishing agricultural machinery information network,and improving organizational form and methods of agricultural machinery operating service.

The Impacts of Agricultural Machinery Purchase Subsidies on Mechanized Crop Residue Recycling

Crop residue recycling can improve the quality of the cropland,and it has multiple economic and ecological benefits.However,such practice is with low adoption due to different constraints.In this paper,we use the survey data from Baoding,Hebei province,and use the probit model to explore how the agricultural machinery purchase subsidies affect the mechanized crop residue recycling.The results showed that several factors that affect farmers in adopting the practice of mechanized crop residue crop recycling.Among these factors,the cost of adopting such practice is significant.The agricultural machinery purchase subsidies can effectively reduce the cost of such practice,as well as promote mechanized crop residue recycling.The paper also proposed several actions in the future.They include increasing the subsidies on agricultural machinery purchase and increasing farmers' awareness on crop residue recycling.

Purchase-oriented Classification Model of the Spare Parts of Agricultural Machinery

Based on the classification of spare parts and the research results of the demand of spare parts,a three-dimensional classification model of spare parts of agricultural machinery is established,which includes the application axis sorted by technical characteristics,the cost axis classified by ABC method,and the demand axis classified by the demand of the spare parts of agricultural machinery.These dimension axes represent different factors,and the application of factors in purchase is analyzed.Guiding value of each dimension axis is summarized in the field of the spare parts purchase;and corresponding strategy instruction is put forward.Integrated application of these strategies by model makes the purchase have more realistic operational meaning.Application field of the three-dimensional model of spare parts is discussed;and the direction for further research is pointed out.

Agricultural Machinery Input,Labor Resource Allocation,and Rural Household Land Transfers

This paper explores the impact of agricultural machinery input on rural households’land transfers,which is conducive to the acceleration of agricultural modernization,agricultural production at scale,and rural revitalization.By using the micro-data on rural households(2014–2018)from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we made an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers and drew three conclusions.First,agricultural machinery input has a positive impact on land transfers,which means the more rural households invest in agricultural machinery,the more willing they are to participate in land transfers.Second,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers is mainly exerted by adjusting the allocation of labor resources for rural households,or rather by increasing the number of farmers engaged in agriculture and reducing the number of farmers-turned traders and workers to facilitate land transfers.Third,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers concerns both the positive transfers-in and the negative transfers-out,and such an impact stays stable across income groups.Accordingly,we should further increase agricultural machinery-related subsidies,improve the agricultural machinery service outsourcing market,and help rural households to reasonably allocate their labor resource endowments and invest in agricultural machinery to increase land transfers.

Agricultural Machinery Industry in China

The agricultural machinery industry in China has obtained greatachievements and China has become a big country of agricultural machineryproduction along with the agricultural development.The development ofChinese agricultural machinery industry grew very fast in recent years.Since 2002,the annual growth rate of total output value of agriculturalmachinery and sales income exceeded 20 percent.Service object ofagricultural machinery covers the whole agricultural field.Integrate

Multi-machine collaboration realization conditions and precise and efficient production mode of intelligent agricultural machinery

Multi-machine collaboration of agricultural machinery is one of the international frontier and hot research in the field of agricultural equipment.However,the current domestic multi-machine collaborative operation of agricultural machinery is limited to the research of task goal planning and collaborative path optimization in a single production link.In order to achieve the purpose of zero inventory of agricultural materials and precise and efficient production operations,a new technology of agricultural machinery multi-machine collaboration with multi-dimension and full chain was proposed,which takes into account the whole process of agricultural production,as well as agricultural machinery system and external supply chain,storage and transportation chain collaboration.The problems of data collaboration,process collaboration and organization collaboration were analyzed.And the realization conditions of new multi-machine cooperative technology were analyzed.Meanwhile,the zero inventory mode and precise operation mode of agricultural materials under the background of multi-machine cooperation of intelligent agricultural machinery were studied.Then,a precise and efficient agricultural production mode based on data-process-organization collaboration was constructed.The results showed that the multi-machine cooperative technology mode of multi-dimensional and full-chain agricultural machinery could greatly improve the efficiency of agricultural machinery,operation quality,land utilization rate and reduce production cost.

中国大田无人农场关键技术研究与建设实践

智慧农业是现代农业的发展方向,无人农场是实现智慧农业的重要途径。为了探索和推广无人农场在现代农业中的应用,华南农业大学对大田无人农场的关键技术进行了深入研究,包括无人农场作业环境、作业对象和作业机械装备信息的数字化感知技术;土地整治、耕整、种植、播种、田间管理和收获方案的智能化决策技术;农机自动导航和农机精准作业的精准化作业技术;农作物生长、农机运维和农场经营管理的智慧化管理技术。2020年在广东增城创建全球首个无人农场,实现了五大功能,包括耕种管收生产环节全覆盖,机库田间转移作业全自动,自动避障异况停车保安全,作物生产过程实时全监控,智能决策精准作业全无人。取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益,2021年广东增城水稻无人农场种植的优质丝苗米十九香产量达到9934.35 kg/hm^(2),比当地的平均产量高32%;2023年湖南益阳千山红镇再生稻无人农场两季产量达到17988 kg/hm^(2),说明了人不下田也能种地,也能种好地。截至2023年11月,在国内15个省启动了30个无人农场的建设,包括水稻、小麦、玉米和花生4种作物,实践结果证明了无人农场和智慧农业发展的巨大潜力,为解决“谁来种地”和“如何种地”提供了重要途径。

离心式高速玉米精量排种器T形槽型孔设计与试验

针对离心式高速玉米精量排种器双粒种子并排填充导致重播严重的问题,该研究提出利用型孔槽对称凸台结构降低玉米种子并排填充概率的方法,设计了一种T形槽型孔。通过构建充种阶段玉米种子的力学模型,并结合玉米种子的形状特征确定了T形槽型孔基本结构参数。借助EDEM离散元仿真软件,以型孔槽前端长度、型孔槽后端面倾斜角以及型孔槽底部倾斜角为因素,以合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转回归组合仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明:在作业速度18 km/h条件下,型孔槽前端长度为9.31 mm,型孔槽后端面倾斜角为43.37°与型孔槽底部倾斜角为70.5°时,排种质量最优,排种合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数分别为94.03%、1.72%与4.25%。台架验证试验结果表明:作业速度为15 km/h时,T形槽型孔的合格指数最高为95.16%,在此作业速度下,排种器的重播指数为1.42%,漏播指数为3.42%,满足高速精量播种要求;作业速度在12~21 km/h内时,T形槽型孔的平均合格指数为94.77%,相较于矩形槽型孔提升了3.13个百分点,相较于蹄型槽型孔提升了1.80个百分点,T形槽型孔的平均重播指数为2.06%,相较于矩形槽型孔降低了3.41个百分点,相较于蹄型槽型孔降低了2.49个百分点。该研究可为离心式高速玉米精量排种器优化提供参考。

不同机械压实条件下黑土性质及入渗特征变化研究

为探究不同机械压实条件对黑土土壤性质入渗特征的影响,以克山县典型黑土为研究对象,设置3种不同型号机械(华夏HX2104-C:154 kW、约翰迪尔554:40 kW、中国海山:19 kW)和不同压实次数(0,1,3,5,7,9次)对秋收后大豆耕地垄沟开展模拟压实,通过测定土壤容重、含水率、孔隙及土壤入渗特征,分析不同机械压实条件对土壤物理性质及土壤入渗特征的影响。结果表明:在0~10 cm土层,大型、中型、小型机械压实后土壤容重分别增加54.17%、56.25%、46.88%;总孔隙度分别减小31.58%、28.07%、29.82%;含水率分别下降19.35%、16.13%、9.68%。首次压实对土壤性质的影响最显著,容重均增加32.29%以上,土壤总孔隙度均减小15.8%以上,只有大型机械使土壤含水率显著减小9.6%。随压实次数增加,各机械压实后10~20 cm土层土壤容重从1.25 g·cm^(-3)增加至1.58 g·cm^(-3),总孔隙度从52.16%减小至38.22%,土壤含水率从27.33%下降至20.67%,其中,大型机械在首次压实使容重及孔隙特征产生显著影响,而中型及小型机械对土壤物理性质的影响主要依靠压实次数的增加对土壤起到压实的累积作用。首次压实,中型及小型机械使2 h累计入渗量分别减少87.16%、50.81%,初渗速率分别减少87.59%、70.93%,中型机械使稳渗速率显著减少92.90%;3次压实,大型机械使2 h累计入渗量、初渗速率分别显著减小73.29%、75.67%,大型及小型机械使稳渗速率分别显著减少74.07%、66.97%;至5次压实后土壤各入渗特征无显著差异。0~20 cm土层土壤容重及土壤孔隙特征均影响机械压实土壤入渗特征,其中,0~10 cm土层土壤容重是影响综合土壤入渗特征的主导因素。

荸荠收获机弹簧辊式泥果分离装置研制

针对荸荠收获泥果分离难、果实损伤率高的问题,根据旱地环境下荸荠采收作业需求,该研究提出一种由正反旋弹簧并排布置的荸荠收获机弹簧辊式泥果分离装置。通过对荸荠与弹簧辊的相对运动过程动力学分析,确定了影响荸荠收获泥果分离的关键因素为弹簧外径、螺距、相邻弹簧间距、高度差及弹簧转速、线径、作业速度。利用EDEM软件建立泥果混合物离散元模型,对弹簧辊结构参数与工作参数进行单因素试验,分析各因素对泥果分离效果的影响。以荸荠筛分率和土壤筛分率为指标进行二次回归正交试验,得到弹簧辊最佳参数组合为外径100 mm、螺距30 mm、间距9 mm、转速420 r/min,该参数组合下荸荠筛分率为80.00%,土壤筛分率为80.69%。进行仿真验证试验,对比试验结果与模型预测值,荸荠筛分率平均相对误差为2.09%,土壤筛分率平均相对误差为2.42%。以明果率、伤果率、破皮率、挖净率为指标开展模拟采挖试验,分析不同线径弹簧辊的泥果分离能力,确定12 mm线径弹簧兼具较好的振动筛分性能和较低的损伤率。通过实际收获试验测得作业速度0.21 m/s,作业效率0.19 m^(2)/s,碎土率75.61%,明果率82.42%,伤果率14.73%,破皮率7.01%。研究结果可为荸荠收获机研制和优化改进提供参考。

机耕道自动驾驶农机局部路径规划

针对机耕道场景下自动驾驶农机行驶的安全性、平稳性与规划实时性的实际需求,该研究提出了一种基于二次规划的局部路径规划方法。首先基于有限状态机构建农机机耕道行驶模式,其次采用横纵向解耦的方法,通过改进状态栅格法分别对农机速度行为和轨迹行为进行决策,随后利用二次规划方法生成满足多目标、多约束条件的农机轨迹和速度,得到最优路径,最后在多种行驶环境中进行仿真和实车试验,行驶参考速度为2 m/s。实车试验结果表明,在绕行静态障碍物场景中,规划轨迹的平均绝对曲率为0.021 m^(-1),最大绝对曲率为0.056 m^(-1),平均绝对横向误差为3.23 cm,最大绝对横向误差为8.69 cm,农机与障碍物外轮廓的距离大于0.76 m;在规避相向行驶、同向行驶和横穿机耕道的动态障碍物场景中,规划速度的平均绝对速度误差为0.08~0.12 m/s,绝对速度误差小于0.38 m/s,加速度变化范围为-0.38~0.44 m/s^(2)。在规划周期为200 ms的仿真试验中,该文算法平均耗时48 ms,最大耗时75 ms,相比采用静态状态栅格法平均耗时减少38 ms,算法效率提升44%。研究结果可为机耕道场景下的农机局部路径规划提供技术支持。

农业机械电气自动化系统的远程监控与控制技术研究

农业安全问题是农业生产中的关键问题,农业机械电气自动化系统可以减少农业机械设备的故障频发,增加农业机械的使用寿命,在农业生产中至关重要。基于总线技术、无线通信技术的农业机械远程监控系统是智能化的管理系统,由监控中心、通信网络、农业机械系统终端组成。将监控设备与监控中心建立连接,中心服务器通过移动通信技术获取农业机械传感器信息,并储存在服务器数据库中,通过监控设备实现对农业机械的远程监控。提高了农业生产的安全性和农业机械的工作效率。

基于电动方向盘的拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

为提高轮式拖拉机自动导航过程中转向控制的精度与稳定性,该研究以雷沃欧豹M704-2H拖拉机作为试验平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,分析转向机械间隙对控制精度的影响,针对转向间隙特性设计转向控制算法。首先,为了获得准确的转向角,利用GNSS(global navigation satellite system)与二轮车模型快速标定虚拟轮转角,标定结果表明:虚拟轮转角的最大误差为1.3°,平均误差为0.11°。然后,对转向系统的机械间隙进行分析,设计一种带有间隙补偿的模糊PD(proportional derivative)转向控制算法,并在Simulink中验证算法的可行性。实车试验结果表明,该算法跟踪方波转角信号的响应时间为1.1 s,最大稳态误差为0.65°,平均稳态绝对误差为0.132°。跟踪正弦波转角信号的平均延时为0.5 s,最大误差为1.91°,平均绝对误差为1.09°。与无间隙补偿算法相比,有间隙补偿算法跟踪方波信号最大稳态误差减小了0.022°,平均稳态绝对误差减少了0.112°,角度误差在±0.2°内的时间提升了71%;跟踪正弦波信号最大误差减小了0.68°,平均绝对误差减小0.23°。田间直线导航转向控制试验结果表明,转角跟踪的绝对平均误差为0.61°,最大跟踪误差为2.82°,转向控制跟踪精度较高,稳定性好,满足导航作业需求。

旋转剪切式青花椒采摘装置设计与试验

针对基于“下桩”采摘方法的青花椒采摘设备存在喂入困难、易堵塞而造成采摘效率低的问题,该研究设计了一种旋转剪切式青花椒采摘装置。首先基于花椒枝物理、力学特性确定旋转剪切式青花椒采摘过程包括花椒枝旋转驱动、花椒枝导向喂入和剪切采摘,剪切采摘功能由往复式切割器实现。并设计双动刀往复式切割器及其传动机构,确定了剪切采摘装置的结构和运动参数。进一步地,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA构建花椒枝剪切仿真模型,确定最优齿形参数为:刀齿切割角20°,刀齿刃角50°,刀齿厚度2.5 mm,该条件下峰值切割力为3.739 N。最后通过单因素试验确定了花椒枝喂入角度、花椒枝喂入速度、花椒枝旋转速度的取值范围分别为40°~60°、20~40 mm/s、20~40 r/min;并采用BoxBehnken设计法制定三因素二次回归正交组合试验方案,运用Design-Expert 12对试验结果进行方差分析和响应面分析,得到旋转剪切式青花椒采摘装置的最优工作参数为:花椒枝喂入角度55°,花椒枝喂入速度33.21 mm/s,花椒枝旋转速度30 r/min;通过试验验证得出在最优工作参数下,单人单枝喂入时青花椒平均采摘效率为10.95 kg/h,平均采净率为95.57%,平均伤果率为12.87%。研究结果可为青花椒采摘机的研发提供技术参考。

蔬菜穴盘育苗播种漏播检测及智能补种装置设计与试验

为保证植物工厂蔬菜穴盘育苗高质量作业要求,该研究在气吸滚筒式蔬菜穴盘育苗精密播种器的基础上,优化设计了在线漏播检测与智能补种装置,以可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,实时进行播种器吸孔漏吸检测及穴盘穴孔漏播位置预报,并完成漏播穴孔的定点定穴补种。采用光电检测技术检测播种器吸孔漏吸位置,构建漏吸吸孔与育苗穴盘穴孔的对应动态补种矩阵,实现穴盘穴孔漏播位置精准预报;优化设计了智能补种装置,根据预报的穴盘穴孔漏播位置实现定点定穴精准补种。以中双11号菜心种子为对象,开展播种器吸孔漏吸检测与穴孔漏播位置预报试验,得到吸孔漏吸平均检测准确率为98.82%,穴孔漏播位置预报准确率为100%。采用BoxBehnken试验设计方法,对智能补种装置开展作业性能试验,构建主要性能指标(单粒合格指数、重播指数和漏播指数)与主要影响因素(吸针负压、吸针孔径和种室振动压力)的关系,并进行多目标优化,确定智能补种装置最优工作参数组合为吸针负压10.19 kPa、吸针孔径0.67 mm、种室振动压力0.07 MPa,此时补种装置播种的平均单粒合格指数为94.80%、重播指数为2.94%、漏播指数为2.26%。开展整机性能试验,在生产率为100盘/h条件下,整机的单粒合格指数由补种前的93.96%提高到98.18%;在生产率为300盘/h条件下,单粒合格指数由补种前的93.18%提高到97.89%。试验结果满足植物工厂和大田蔬菜穴盘育苗播种装置高精密播种作业要求,可提高蔬菜穴盘育苗的播种性能。