No country is an island in regulating food safety:How the WTO monitors Chinese food safety laws through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM)

Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.

The Challenges of Water Pollution, Threat to Public Health, Flaws of Water Laws and Policies in Pakistan

In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff limited natural fresh water resources in the country. Human health is facing serious problems due to deteriorating drinking water quality. Current review paper provides an insight to the water quality problems in Pakistan with an attempt to emphasize the challenges of water laws enforcement. Although Pakistan has developed many water laws the state of implementation is dominant, intermediate pollution crises are still remaining. We could come to the conclusion that strictly enforcement is compulsory for water environment regulations in Pakistan. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system for water quality, human health and ecological safety.

General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences

Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.

Medium-term and Long-term Environmental Economic Policies on Thermal Power Industry in China Seen from the New Environment Protection Law

In the newly revised Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China that has been implemented since January 1,2015,there is a lot of emphasis on environmental economic policies. In this paper,according to the current situation of environmental pollution and protection in thermal power industry,it is proposed that based on the new environmental protection law,it is needed to study various environmental economic policies on thermal power industry and analyze the effects on environmental cost of thermal power enterprises at the macro level. At the micro level,it is necessary to control environmental cost of thermal power enterprises effectively,and establish a suitable environmental management system for environmental economic policies including environmental cost accounting and trading of emission rights,thereby improving environmental management level of thermal power enterprises.

Water Exchange Calculations Using the Salt Conservation Law in Ayla Lagoons in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

The salt conservation law was applied, for the first time, in order to compare the real and calculated values of water outflow (m3/s) and residence time (days) in the lagoons of Ayla Oasis at the northernmost tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. The aim is to obtain the scientific bases of monitoring beside the real observation in areas that could not be measured directly by the current meters. The real measurements of water current by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) workhorse 600 kHz, salinity and density by the Conductivity, Temperature and Depth meter (CTD 19plusV2), were collected during the period June 2012-May 2013. The statistical analysis was performed using Statview (5.0) software. The results revealed highly significant correlation between the real and calculated values for both water flow (r = 0.90;P = 0.0001) and residence time (r = 0.89;P 3/s) and residence time (0.80 ± 0.72 days) should be taken into consideration to correct the calculated values.

One Belt And One Road Policy from the Perspective of International Law

"One Belt And One Road" is a major initiative put forward by China in the new historical period in accordance with the new development and changes in the international and domestic situation, and has been praised internationally. This paper makes an in-depth analysis of One Belt And One Road from the perspective of international law. Starting from the relationship between international law and One Belt And One Road, it explores the purpose, approach and existing realistic dilemma of One Belt And One Road from the perspective of international law, in order to put forward some useful insights for the rapid promotion of One Belt And One Road in China.

Does Environmental Laws and Policies Work?A Review Of Ghana’s Case

Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.

我国中小学法治教育的政策脉络、实践问题与发展对策

中小学法治教育是为社会培育新一代法治公民的基本工作。我国中小学法治教育政策经历了出台有关法制宣传教育纲领性文件、明确法治教育是德育工作的重要内容、在中小学设立法治知识课程三个重要阶段。深入实践层面发现,中小学法治教育存在重视程度不足、师资力量薄弱、教学理念与形式落后、家庭和社会参与度低的问题。建议健全中小学法治教育体系,强化政策、研究和实践的整体推进;加强中小学法治教育师资力量,完善岗位培训激励;更新中小学法治教育理念,创新法治教学手段;提高中小学法治教育的家社参与度,推动家校社联动。

大食物观视角下提高我国大豆供给保障能力的政策体系研究——基于RECS政策模拟的分析

本文以大食物观为视角,以食物消费的班尼特效应为理论依据,结合东亚先行国家在相同发展阶段的食物消费特征,预测了我国在高收入阶段的大豆总需求。在此基础上,对基于Matlab架构的理论模型进行RECS政策模拟,量化比较了提高我国大豆供给保障能力的不同政策工具。模拟结果表明,在2030—2035年基期,通过综合补贴与进口关税两项政策工具的综合使用可以完善我国大豆供给保障能力,提升在大豆贸易体系中的主导权。具体来说,在保持综合补贴水平处于0.30~0.45区间范围的基础上,可以将3%的大豆进口最惠国关税作为基准,根据国际贸易形势通过关税调节大豆进口:若判断国际贸易形势稳定,则降低关税并采用自由贸易政策,此时将实现最大的消费者剩余与内需满足率,扩种大豆与协调耕地资源的压力变小,自给率也有所下降;若判断国际贸易形势不利,则可以考虑提高关税,此时生产者剩余和社会总剩余均能提高,国内生产受到激励,自给率上升,内需满足率虽有下降但国内有效需求仍能得到满足。本文的研究结论为大食物观下提高我国大豆供给保障能力提供了可选择的政策空间,对推进食物安全战略目标的实现具有重要参考价值。

法政策学视角下低空经济的法治保障研究

当前,低空经济政策是我国地方政府推动低空经济发展的重要制度动力,并为低空经济的法治转化提供了低空空间改革开放、空域资源合理使用以及政府简政放权等法治意蕴。但随着我国地方政府所出台的29份低空经济政策(立法)的深入实施,低空经济政策的法治转化也暴露出政策思维与法律思维的协调性矛盾、政府调控与市场经济的主导性矛盾、政策开放与既有法律的制度性矛盾。为了更好地推进低空经济的法治保障,我国应当以“有限赋权”的理念来构建低空空域监管制度,构建以“开放竞争”为主导的低空经济制度,并建立低空经济的权益保障制度,从而实现低空经济的高质量发展。

Application of annexation principle to the study of thermodynamic properties of ternary molten salts CaCl_2-MgC_2-NaCl

Based on the practical basis of measured activities and phase diagrams aswell as in the light of the mass action law. the model of inseparable cations and anions of moltensalts and mattes, and the annexation principle of two kinds of solutions in binary melts, thecalculating model of mass action concentrations of molten salts CaCl_2-MgCl_2-NaCl was formulated.The results of calculation not only agree with experimental values, but also obey the mass actionlaw, testifying that the model formulated can embody the structural characteristics of these ternarysalts, and that the model of inseparable cations and anions as well as the annexation principle oftwo kinds of solutions in binary melts are also applicable to these ternary salts.

Investigation of rock salt layer creep and its effects on casing collapse

Casing collapse is one of the costly incidents in the oil industry. In the oil fields of southwest Iran, most casing collapses have occurred in Gachsaran formation, and the halite rock salt layer in this formation may be the main cause for these incidents because of its peculiar creep behavior. In this research, triaxial creep experiments have been conducted on Gachsaran salt samples under various temperatures and differential stresses. The main purpose was to determine the creep characteristics of Gachsaran rock salt,and to examine the role of creep in several casing collapses that occurred in this formation. Results indicated that the halite rock salt of Gachsaran formation basically obeys the power law;however, its creep parameters are quite different from other halite rocks elsewhere. The time-dependent creep of Gachsaran rock salt exhibits strong sensitivity to temperature change;however, its sensitivity to variation of differential stress is rather low. The numerical simulation of the rock salt creep in a real oil well demonstrated the importance of creep and reservoir conditions on the safety factor of the tubing related to casing collapse.

Theoretical research on gas seepage in the formations surrounding bedded gas storage salt cavern

When constructing salt cavern gas or petroleum storage in lacustrine sedimentary salt formations rich in mudstone interlayers, the influence of the sealing performance of interlayers and salt-mud interface on the storage tightness should be considered adequately. In order to reveal the gas seepage in deep formations surrounding bedded salt cavern underground storage, a leakage analysis model was established based on the characteristics of a low dip angle and the interbedded structure of bedded rock salt. The gas seepage governing equations for one-dimensional and plane radial flow were derived and solved. A gas seepage simulation experiment was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the theoretical calculation results. The error of the seepage range was approximately 6.70%, which is acceptable. The analysis and calculation results indicate that the motion equation of gas in deep formations satisfies a non-Darcy's law with a threshold pressure gradient and slippage effect. The sufficient condition for the gas flow to stop is that the pressure gradient is equal to the threshold pressure gradient.The relationship between the leakage range and operating time is a positive power function, that is, the leakage range gradually increases with time and eventually stabilizes. As the seepage range increases, the seepage pressure decreases sharply during the early stage, and then decreases gradually until the flow stops.Combining the research results with engineering applications, three quantitative evaluation indexes named the maximum admissible leakage range, leakage volume and leakage rate are proposed for the tightness evaluation of gas storage salt cavern during their operating stage. These indexes can be used directly in actual engineering applications and can be compared with the key design parameters stipulated in the relevant specifications. This work is expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the gas loss and tightness evaluation of gas storage salt caverns.

Rheology of rock salt for salt tectonics modeling

Numerical modeling of salt tectonics is a rapidly evolving field; however, the constitutive equations to model long-term rock salt rheology in nature still remain controversial. Firstly, we built a database about the strain rate versus the differential stress through collecting the data from salt creep experiments at a range of temperatures（20–200 ℃） in laboratories. The aim is to collect data about salt deformation in nature, and the flow properties can be extracted from the data in laboratory experiments.Moreover, as an important preparation for salt tectonics modeling, a numerical model based on creep experiments of rock salt was developed in order to verify the specific model using the Abaqus package. Finally, under the condition of low differential stresses, the deformation mechanism would be extrapolated and discussed according to microstructure research. Since the studies of salt deformation in nature are the reliable extrapolation of laboratory data, we simplified the rock salt rheology to dislocation creep corresponding to power law creep（n = 5） with the appropriate material parameters in the salt tectonic modeling.

Environmental regulatory and policy framework in China: an overview

China has developed one of the most comprehensive environmental regulatory and policy framework in the world. This paper provides a description of the main institutions for environmental management in China, and overviews the regulatory and policy framework in place.

The Effects of Rotation and Salt Concentration On Thermal Convection In a Linear Magneto-Fluid Layer Overlying a Porous Layer

A linear stability analysis is applied to a system consisting of a linear magneto-fluid layer overlying a porous layer affected by rotation and salt concentration on both layers. The flow in the fluid layer is governed by Navier-Stokes’s equations and while governed by Darcy-Brinkman’s law in the porous medium. Numerical solutions are obtained using Legendre polynomials. These solutions are studied through two modes of instability: stationary instability and overstability when the heat and the salt concentration are effected from above and below.

Research on the Policies and Means Changes of Macro Regulation and Control of Chinese and Foreign Governments

In the process of economic development, government uses the "visible hand" to achieve macroeconomic regulation and control for "market failure", which has been common knowledge among people after World War II. Comparing policy and means adopted by Chinese and foreign governments in macro regulation and control, we can see that the choice is different in different historical periods and the change of emphasis in macro regulation and control policy and means has the convergence tendency. We can make the following conclusion from research of the change rules of macro regulation and control means in the market economic condition of Chinese and foreign governments: supply-side structural reform in China complies with the basic rules of development of market economy.

关于加强我国古籍保护法治建设的若干思考

做好古籍保护与利用,对赓续中华文脉、弘扬民族精神、增强国家文化软实力、建设社会主义文化强国具有重要意义。近年来,国家高度重视古籍工作,古籍保护立法工作已经取得一定成效,但仍存在文物保护相关法律法规无法完全适用、古籍相关规定较为宏观或效力较低、实践中仍有大量实际问题需要法律保障等问题。基于此,建议优先选择行政法规作为古籍保护立法的突破口,尽快推动《古籍保护条例》出台;平衡与已有法律法规和政策文件之间的关系;针对古籍保护利用中的实际需求和问题进行立法。表2。参考文献14。

从“法制”到“法治”:改革开放以来我国家庭教育政策的演进逻辑与推进路径

家庭教育政策是规范与支持家庭教育发展的重要工具,是推进我国家庭家教家风建设的重要手段。改革开放以来,我国家庭教育政策经历了以边缘性探索为中心的萌芽发展阶段、以系统性规划为抓手的改革发展阶段和以体系化建设为重点的深入发展阶段。在此过程中,其动力机制、价值取向、实施过程保障及话语规则均有其独特的演进逻辑。家庭教育法治化是我国教育治理现代化的必然要求,在未来的发展中我国家庭教育从“法制”走向“法治”,可采取以下推进路径:形成强化基础建设、优质均衡发展的政策动力机制,秉持兼顾个体与社会、协调多元利益的政策价值取向,深化加强顶层设计、完善组织建设的政策实施过程保障,体现深入了解民情、广泛反映民意的政策话语规则。

优化营商环境背景下我国公平竞争制度建设的基本框架

在我国营造市场化、法治化和国际化一流营商环境的过程中,公平竞争是其内在要求和核心内容,这就需要公平竞争制度或者竞争政策予以确认和保障。在我国公平竞争制度建设中,强化竞争政策基础地位是顶层设计,落实公平竞争审查制度是关键环节,加强反垄断反不正当竞争是基础保障,引导和激励企业反垄断合规是必要举措。这些方面构成了进一步优化营商环境背景下我国公平竞争制度建设的基本框架。