CTX-M producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse,Indonesia

Objective: To determine the occurrence of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli(E. coli)from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia.Methods: A total of 220 cattle feces samples were collected from Bogor slaughterhouse from March to April 2015. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL) producing E. coli was detected by disc diffusion test based on the recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(2014). Bacterial strains which were confirmed as producing ESBLs were further analyzed for the presence of bla genes of the ESBL by PCR.Results: The results showed that CTX-M producing E. coli isolates were detected in 19 samples from 220 samples(8.6%). The b-lactamase genes detected were CTX-M-1(n = 10) and CTX-M-9(n = 9). All of the CTX-M producing E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes to at least four antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was showed to ampicillin(100.0%), cefotaxime(100.0%), and cefpodoxime(100.0%), followed by streptomycin(84.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(73.7%), erythromycin(52.6%), kanamycin(26.3%), doxycycline(10.5%), and ceftazidime(0.0%).Conclusions: Detection of CTX-M-producing E. coli in cattle feces raises important questions as they can represent a potential risk factor to public health.

Slaughterhouse Wastewater Characterization and Treatment: An Economic and Public Health Necessity of the Meat Processing Industry in Ontario, Canada

The characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents and current wastewater treatment practices in the province of Ontario, Canada are analyzed. Meat processing plants are found to produce large amounts of wastewater due to the slaughtering process and cleaning of their facilities. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater varies according to the type and number of animals slaughtered and the water requirements of the process. However, the slaughterhouse wastewater usually contains high levels of organics and nutrients. Several slaughterhouses in Ontario discharge their wastewater into the municipal sewer system after primary pretreatment at the meat processing plant. Therefore, due to the high-strength characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents, an extensive treatment for a safe discharge into the environment is required. Thus, the combination of biological processes and advanced oxidation technologies for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment is evaluated in this study. Results show that the application of combined biological and advanced oxidation processes is recommended for on-site slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.

Rate of carcass and offal condemnation in animals slaughtered at Yazd slaughterhouse,central Iran

Objective:To determine the rate of carcass and offal condemnation in the animals slaughtered at Yazd slaughterhouse,Yazd,Iran.Methods:In a nine-month retrospective survey from June 2011 to March 2012,all the carcasses and offal condemnations for large animals(cattle and camels) and small animals(sheep and goats)in Yazd Slaughterhouse were carefully recorded daily.Results:In total,2741 large animals(cattle and camels) and 77515 small animals(sheep and goats) were slaughtered during the period of this survey.Six carcasses(0.21%) of the large animals and 18 carcasses(0.02%) of the small animals were condemned.For large animals,condemnations in summer and autumn were significantly greater than winter(P<0.05).Condemnation rate of liver,lungs and kidneys for the large animals were 5.36%,21.23%and 3.68%respectively and for the small animals were 4.37%,5.46%and 0.51%respectively.The main recorded reasons for carcass condemnations in both large and small animals were icterus and cachexia.The most prevalent lesion resulting in offal condemnation was due to parasitic infection specially metacestods.Conclusions:This study aimed to show the efficiency of documentation records during meal inspection at slaughterhouses to monitor the amount of condemnation and possible approaches to better awareness about the future preventive programs.Considering the percentage of condemnation of carcass and offal in the present study and their price in Iranian markets,the overall economic losses seems to be notable at Yazd slaughterhouse.

Hepatitis in slaughterhouse workers

Slaughterhouse workers(SHW) are at increased risk of hepatitis which can occur due to different organisms and should be investigated for viral, bacterial, and parasitic organisms. Slaughter house personnel including butchers are at a higher risk of infections from cuts and blood-letting, with the possible risk of the transmission of blood-borne pathogens to their colleagues. The objective of this review is to evaluate the common etiologies of hepatitis in SHW which will assist in the assessment of these patients presenting with transaminitis. Types of Microorganisms causing hepatitis with their reservoirs, routes of transmission,laboratory diagnosis, clinical features, treatment options and preventive strategies are included in this review. Proper investigation and awareness is of utmost importance as it causes significant financial constraints derived from workers health cost and from livestock production losses when the disease is confirmed. The work up is essential because infected workers might be a source of infections to other colleagues, family and the consumers.

Slaughterhouses Wastewater Characteristics in the Gaza Strip

Slaughterhouses generate considerable quantities of wastewater due to the huge amount of blood produced from slaughtering process and the need for cleaning and hygiene of meat. Due to the extraordinary content of organics and minerals, wastewater from slaughterhouses needs special care and treatment for safe disposal to the environment. Currently, wastewater from slaughterhouses in the Gaza Strip is discharged to the public networks without any treatment burdened central wastewater treatment plant, where partially treated effluent discharged to the sea. The aim of this research is to characterize the wastewater from Gaza slaughterhouse to identify the best approach for treatment. Samples from the slaughterhouse were collected during working hours and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. The pH, EC, DO, BOD, TSS, COD, Ammonia Nitrogen and TKN account for 7.1, 3300 μsm, 1.95, 2350, 3500, 4502, 30 and 154 mg/l, respectively. Wastewater from Gaza city slaughterhouse is within the range in comparison to other wastewater from slaughterhouses all over the world.

Practical handling skills during road transport of fattening pigs from farm to slaughterhouse: A brief review

The transport of fattening pigs is characterized by a strong human-animal interaction. Consequent handling is important because of animal welfare, meat quality and matching economic consequences. During road transport, human impact can be divided in different steps: 1) driving pigs from the pens via an alley to the trailer, 2) loading, 3) actual transport, 4) unloading to the lairage, and 5) the final phase driving pigs to the stunning. An inadequate design and a poor condition of the facilities will negatively affect the ease of handling pigs. Because of the consequences, acute stress during transport and slaughter should be minimized by acting on the education of people, on equipment and on preparation of animals for the journey. Education programs have to be repeated regularly so that knowledge can be refreshed.

Extraction of Fat and Fatty Acid Composition from Slaughterhouse Waste by Evaluating Conventional Analytical Methods

To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along with fatty acid (FAs) composition. Four selected methods including Soxhlet (SOX), acid hydrolysis, Bligh & dyer (B&D), and Folch (FOL) were assessed. After methylation, extracted lipids were analyzed by Gas chromatography for FA composition. Data indicated that all selected methods were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, particularly higher differences were noticed for low lipid-containing products (Tongue, Pancreas) as well as their respective FA Composition. Based on Analysis of Variance and Principal component analysis, the effective method for lipid and FA Composition analysis was the FOL method. The Soxhlet method was only effective for samples with high-fat content i.e., suet, while the B&D method gave comparatively low lipid content in analyzed samples. Hence based on the results, excellent fat and fatty acid extraction was achieved with the FOL method.

Multidrug resistance extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC producing Escherichia coli isolated from the environment of Bogor Slaughterhouse,Indonesia

To determine the multidrug resistance extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC producing) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia.MethodsA total of 35 samples from 7 locations in slaughterhouse i.e., source of water, slaughtering floor, swab of carcass area floor, swab of evisceration area floor, untreated waste water, treated waste water, drinking water for cattle were collected from March to April 2016. Presence of ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli and susceptibility testing against 8 antimicrobial agents (penicillin G, streptomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and polymyxin B) were detected by disk diffusion test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.ResultsESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were identified in 14.3% (5/35) of the collected samples from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates were detected in untreated waste water (n = 3), slaughtering floor (n = 1), and carcass area floor (n = 1). Most of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates (80%) showed multidrug resistance phenotypes against at least three classes of antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was against penicillin G (100.0%) and streptomycin (100.0%), followed by gentamicin (60.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60.0%), tetracycline (40.0%), ciprofloxacin (40.0%), enrofloxacin (20.0%), and polymyxin B (0.0%).ConclusionsThe transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into the environment may be a potential risk for human health.

Machine Design Approach to Bone Waste Utilization in Slaughterhouses of Developing Countries with Focus on Nigeria

The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, there are fewer successful strategies to transform bone waste into high-value products. While most research papers have concentrated on revealing the environmental, aesthetic, and catastrophic health problems associated with the current slaughterhouse waste disposal in developing countries, this paper presents an engineering approach to managing slaughterhouse solid wastes that majorly consist of bones and horns. A medium-size bone milling machine was designed and fabricated with well-detailed design principles to make it reproducible in any industrial capacity. 3D modeling and simulation were employed to evaluate the machine design and performance. Static simulations performed show that the machine can withstand values of 219.313 kPa, 12.7 exp 7 MPa and 2182.5 Nm for the shaft bending moment, hammer pressure, and output torque, respectively. The machine is 98% efficient on performance evaluation, milling 250 kg of treated sun-dried cow bones in an average time of 10 min 2 sec. This paper also recommends workable means for the installation and utilization of the bone milling machine in slaughterhouses across Nigeria.

Influence of Climate Temperature on the Valorization of Dung-Wastewater Slaughterhouse Biogas in Two Regions: In Chad and Senegal

In this work, we have produced biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and slaughterhouse wastewater under different climate temperatures in two countries: N’Djamena in Chad, a country of Central Africa and Dakar in Senegal, a country of West Africa. In a first approach, we put the cow dung in cans of 1.5 L, hermetically closed. The goal was to know how long you could produce biogas. Then we built a bio-digester to produce biogas for cooking. Each bio-digester was exposed to receive solar heat that varied between 27°C to 41°C in Chad and between 24°C to 30°C in Senegal. Influenced by the high temperature and a minimum residence time, the experiments showed that the N’Djamena test produced biogas more quickly than the Dakar test which, on the contrary, had a low temperature and a long residence time. The production of biogas began at the end of seven days with flammability on the twenty-first day for the bio-digester in Chad and after twenty-seven days with a flammability on the thirty-sixth day for the bio-digester of Senegal. The different digestates were valorised in fertilizers, bricks and green coal. Our research aims to meet the living conditions of the rural world specifically for women by reducing their work and thus allowing them to have more time to self-educate and educate their children.

Factors Influencing Salmonella Contamination and Microbial Load of Beef Carcass at the Yaoundé Slaughterhouse, Cameroon

Delivering safe beef carcass at the Yaoundéabattoir is challenged by improper Good Manufacturing Practices(GMP)and poor hygiene practices leading to microbial contamination during slaughtering and dressing processes.This study was to estimate the safety and quality of carcasses via detection of Salmonella and evaluation of aerobic colony count(ACC),Enterobacteriaceae count(EC).Swabs of carcass from 145 cattle were collected at three different sites.Hides&anus from live cattle,butchers’hands,and processing environment were also swabbed.Detection of Salmonella was carried out following ISO 6579.ACC and EC were evaluated using ISO 4833 and ISO 21528-2.Beef carcass registered higher Salmonella prevalence(4.37%).Generally,microbial load of carcass was beyond FAO microbiological criteria.The post-evisceration carcasses had the highest isolation rate of Salmonella(52.63%).Both sampling site and seasonal variations had statistically significant impact(p<0.05)on microbial load.Our results reflected poor conditions of slaughtering and inadequate hygienic practices.There is an urgent need for training the abattoir personnel on the GMP and need for the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP)principles throughout the slaughtering process at the Yaoundéslaughterhouse.

Sero-prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus among Camels at a Slaughterhouse in Kenya, 2015

Dromedary camels are implicated as reservoirs of MERS-CoV （Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus）. High prevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies in dromedaries in Africa and Arabian Peninsula was demonstrated from sera archived between 1992 and 2012 with matching of camel-derived and human-derived sequences from various regions suggesting zoonotic transmission. We assessed sero-prevalence of anti-MERS-CoV antibodies among dromedaries at Athi-River slaughterhouse, Kenya. Proportions were calculated and associations between anti-MERS-CoV antibody sero-positivity and age group, sex, and origin of camels were assessed using Chi-square tests. Out of 373 specimens, 53% were females, antibody sero-prevalence was 82%. Sero-prevalence did not differ by age group, sex, or origin. This study reports high sero-prevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies demonstrated among camels brought for slaughter from different regions of Kenya. This was consistent with other studies in Africa among adult camels and further proves that the virus likely remains present in Kenya. Since only mature camels were assessed, more studies on younger populations of camels could help determine the dynamics of virus transmission. Though the risk from mature animals is not known, at some point these camels become re-infected and human populations exposed to camels may still face some risks.

The American Quest for Identity： Theme and Form in the Catcher in the Rye, Invisible Man and Slaughterhouse Five

American society went through some especially speedy and drastic changes, after the World War II. Its transformation into a significant superpower as well as the horrors of the recent conflict is reflected in specific American novels and in the writing of certain elite novelists. They focus on human loss and a consequent search for identity and problematic belonging in a world of prejudice and hostility. This search for identity and aspiration to conformity with the new change is among of the main features of Salinger＇s the Catcher in the Rye, Ellison＇s Invisible Man and Vonnegut＇s Slaughterhouse Five. The paper focuses on certain similarities in theme and form which link these three novels and examines the extent of presentation of the style of narration set in motion by all three writers.

On the Anachrony in Kurt Vonnegut's Masterpiece Slaughterhouse-Five

By making use of narratological theories of Gerard Genette,especially in terms of anachrony,this thesis studies the seemingly chaotic but systematic anachrony in Slaughterhouse-Five.It means to show that the superficially chaotic structure and language of the novel are derived from the narrative techniques applied in Slaughterhouse-Five.

甘肃省及周边地区畜禽屠宰及市售环节沙门菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

[目的]为合理防控沙门菌感染,本试验针对甘肃省及周边地区畜禽屠宰及市售环节沙门菌的感染情况开展研究。[方法]通过细菌分离培养、生化试验及分子生物学方法进行细菌分离鉴定,采用玻片凝集法和多位点序列分型(MLST)确定沙门菌血清型。采用结晶紫染色定量法评价分离株生物被膜形成能力,通过药敏试验检测分离菌对常用抗菌药的敏感性,评估4种市售消毒剂对沙门菌的灭菌效果,并确定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。[结果]细菌分离培养结果显示,疑似沙门菌分离株在BS平板上菌落呈黑色有金属光泽、棕褐色或灰色;在XLD平板上菌落有光泽且中心呈黑色,或呈现全部黑色的菌落;镜检显示为革兰阴性短杆菌。生化鉴定结果显示,分离菌硫化氢、葡萄糖、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸脱羧酶反应结果呈阳性;尿素酶、氰化钾、乳糖、蛋白胨水反应结果呈阴性。PCR扩增沙门菌特异性基因invA获得大小约为284 bp的目的条带,共分离到95株沙门菌,均属于肠道沙门菌的3种血清型——鼠伤寒沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌、里森沙门菌。多位点序列分型共鉴定出3种,分别为ST34、ST469、ST40型。所有分离株均可形成生物被膜。药敏试验结果显示,所有菌株对米诺环素、万古霉素完全耐药,对阿米卡星、头孢曲松、卡那霉素、头孢唑啉、头孢氨苄、庆大霉素等敏感性较强,75.78%的菌株具有多重耐药性。4种消毒剂对分离株MIC存在差异,0.2%甲醛溶液的MIC为0.125~0.25 mg/mL,0.2%苯扎溴铵的MIC为0.0625~0.125 mg/mL,0.5%碘溶液的MIC为0.3125~0.625 mg/mL,2%氢氧化钠的MIC为1.25~2.5 mg/mL。[结论]德尔卑沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和里森沙门菌是当前屠宰场中沙门菌的主要血清型,具有生物被膜形成能力和多重耐药性,给公共卫生带来很大威胁。本研究为加强甘肃省及周边地区屠宰场及市售环节卫生管理提供科学依据。

UASB-MSBR-混凝处理高浓度屠宰废水的研究与工业应用

采用UASB-MSBR-混凝工艺处理某生猪屠宰场废水,总处理规模70 m^(3)/d,其工艺稳定运行7 d后,对COD、SS、NH_(3)-N、TP和动植物油的去除率分别达到97%,98%,94%,96%和97%,经处理后的出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级排放标准。

广东省某生猪屠宰场tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)阳性菌的流行特征

为了探究广东省某生猪屠宰场中替加环素耐药基因tet(X4)和碳青霉烯耐药基因bla_(NDM)阳性菌的流行特征,本试验从广东省某生猪屠宰场采集94份不同来源样品(55份猪粪便、20份屠宰场环境和19份猪胴体),使用含替加环素和美罗培南的麦康凯琼脂培养基筛选替加环素和美罗培南不敏感菌株;采用PCR方法检测tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)基因阳性菌,并对阳性菌进行菌种鉴定;采用微量肉汤稀释法和琼脂稀释法测定阳性菌的药物敏感性。结果显示,所有样品的tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)阳性菌检出率分别为93.62%(88/94)和51.06%(48/94),其中tet(X4)基因阳性菌的检出率在猪粪便样品中最高(98.18%,54/55),其次是胴体样品(89.47%,17/19)和环境样品(85.00%,17/20);bla_(NDM)因阳性菌的检出率在环境样品中最高(80.00%,16/20),其次是猪粪便样品(47.27%,26/55)和胴体样品(31.58%,6/19)。2种耐药基因的主要携带菌种均为大肠杆菌,分别占比95.65%(88/92)和74.07%(40/54),另外也检测到tet(X4)阳性的弗格森埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌和摩氏摩根菌,bla_(NDM)阳性的肺炎克雷伯菌、雷氏普罗威登斯菌和瓜里科州假单胞菌等。药敏试验结果显示,tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)阳性大肠杆菌均为多重耐药菌,其中tet(X4)阳性菌对四环素和氟苯尼考的耐药率为100%;bla_(NDM)阳性菌对头孢噻肟和头孢他啶的耐药率为100%;2种基因阳性菌均对黏菌素较为敏感。结果表明,该屠宰场tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)阳性菌污染严重,主要菌种为大肠杆菌。屠宰场tet(X4)和bla_(NDM)阳性菌的污染对食品安全和公共卫生构成威胁,提示应加强对生猪屠宰场中耐药菌污染情况调查和长期监测。

屠宰废水预处理后协议进污水处理厂的可行性论证

屠宰废水属于高浓度的有机废水,具有产生量大、污染物浓度高等特点,如直接排入水环境,将会带来严重的污染。目前已经有较成熟的工艺来处理屠宰废水,处理达到直排标准后排入周边水体,经处理后屠宰废水中营养物质被分解,造成了水资源的浪费。本研究主要通过理论分析,从政策和技术两方面论证屠宰废水经预处理后协议排入污水处理厂进一步处理的可行性。屠宰废水协议排入污水处理厂后,碳氮比、氮磷比等指标提高,改善了污水处理厂污水可生化性和脱氮除磷效果。此举既可减少屠宰企业污水处理站的建设和运行费用,又减少了污水处理站碳源的投加,体现了环境效益和经济效益的统一。

深圳市生猪屠宰环境卫生调查及控制关键点

为调查深圳市四家生猪定点屠宰场屠宰环境卫生情况,分析找出影响肉品卫生质量的关键控制点,并给出优化建议。本文在不同时间段,采集屠宰车间空气样品、屠宰各环节水样品、环境表面涂抹样品等三大类样品,覆盖车间空气、屠宰用自来水、烫毛池水、冲洗池水、刀具、托盘、吊钩、冲洗设施设备表面、墙面和地面等10个采样环节,共278份样品。开展了菌落总数(细菌总数)和大肠菌群等卫生指示菌项目的动态检测分析。结果显示,屠宰车间空气细菌总数范围为1-151 CFU/皿。烫毛池水大肠菌群值相对较低,但菌落总数均值高达2.8×10^(6)CFU/mL,冲洗池水与烫毛池水相比,菌落总数值降低,大肠菌群值升高。各环境表面涂抹样品菌落总数占比最大的数据区间均为1×10^(3)CFU/mL以下,大肠菌群数据占比最高区间为10CFU/mL以下。通过以上研究,基本掌握了屠宰各环节环境中的菌落总数(细菌总数)和大肠菌群数据情况,对各环节卫生状况作出初步评价,发现卫生管理控制关键点,为政府监管和企业加强自我管理提供科学依据。

屠宰废水生态治理技术和效果评价研究

随着社会经济不断发展,各地农产品加工数量持续攀升,给农业生态环境带来严重冲击的同时,这些企业也在提高农业经济效益。农产品加工企业废水中含有大量氮、磷元素,如果这些污水直接排入河面,对水质危害严重,容易造成水体富营养化。基于此,本文根据屠宰废水水质特征,通过生态治理方法治理废水,利用动植物群落、微生物、填料等元素的相互作用,有效解决屠宰水污染。经过试验证明,这种生态治理方式具有构造简单、出水水质高、处理费用低等特征,在解决污水的同时,能给企业带来良好的经济效益,全面增强企业污水处理的积极性。