《高级英语》中的修辞论析——以“The Trial That Rocked the World”为例

以张汉熙主编的外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》(第三版)第一册第四课"The Trial That Rocked the World"一文为例,通过分析文中出现的十五种修辞手段,分别从音韵修辞、语义修辞和结构修辞三个方面进行论述,阐明修辞教学在《高级英语》教学过程中的必要性,以期提高英语专业高年级学生的篇章阅读鉴赏能力和写作能力。

Damage Analysis of Circulating Soaked Rock Sample Based on Sonic-test Trials

Circulating soaked sandstone and mudstone samples sonic parameters were tested and analyzed, using RSM-SY5 sonic instrument, the variation between soaked times and the velocity of longitudinal wave and shear wave was studied, calculation and analysis of the damage variable of circulating soaked rock samples were taken, with sonic measurement results and the empirical formula, the damage variable formulas associated with cycle times was established. The results showed that： the attenuation of sonic velocity basically in line with the exponential relationship, with cycle times increasing; The results of the critical calculation of damage variables and the strength test are well matched, which further confirms that the occurrence and expansion of new crack inside the rock mass resulted from circulating soaked lead to the decrease of the rock strength; The trend of sonic parameters attenuation and damage variable growth are good correspondence.

A new framework for evaluation of rock fragmentation in open pit mines

The main purpose of blasting in open pit mines is to produce the feed for crushing stage with the optimum dimensions from in situ rocks. The size distribution of muck pile indicates the efficiency of blasting pattern to reach the required optimum sizes. Nevertheless, there is no mature model to predict fragmentation distribution to date that can be used in various open pit mines. Therefore, a new framework to evaluate and predict fragmentation distribution is presented based on the image analysis approach. For this purpose, the data collected from Jajarm bauxite mine in Iran were used as the sources in this study. The image analysis process was performed by Split-Desktop software to find out fragmentation distribution, uniformity index and average size of the fragmented rocks. Then, two different approaches including the multivariate regression method and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL) technique were incorporated to develop new models of the uniformity index and the average size to improve the Rosin-Rammler function. The performances of the proposed models were evaluated in four blasting operation sites. The results obtained indicate that the regression model possesses a better performance in prediction of the uniformity index and the average size and subsequently the fragmentation distribution in comparison with DEMATEL and conventional Rosin-Rammler models.

Development of methods of male contraception: impact of the World Health Organization Task Force

Objective: To give an historical record of the research of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force to develop methods of male contraception; to examine the social, political, medical, pharmaceutical, funding, and other factors that influenced progress; and to suggest reasons why such methods are only now becoming available. Design: Review of basic and clinical research over 30 years. Setting: Task force of a multinational agency and collaborating agencies. Conclusion(s): Through the involvement of many international scientists, the WHO Task Force has uniquely contributed to the exploratory phases of the research in male contraception and by its multicenter contraceptive efficacy studies has accelerated progress towards the ideal hormonal method. Despite an adverse climate involving social and political attitudes, funding constraints, and pharmaceutical industry hesitations, WHO formed coalitions with governments and international agencies to sustain research with results that apply to men in culturally diverse populations and thereby to influence activities across the whole range of global reproductive health and family planning.

ON THE AVERAGE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRANITOIDS IN CHINA AND THE WORLD

The exposed area of granitoids in China represents about ten percent land area of this country. The total average chemical composition of granitoids in who1e China is calculated with 12, 265 samples. And this total average of the world,s granitoids is also approximately calculated with 15, 790 samples adopted from Daly (1933), Nockolds (1954), Beus (1972) and this paper, by a compositive method of sample mean and regional mean. As based on the background of the world’sgranitoids, the regional characteristics of China,s granitoids are rich in the contents of silica, soda and potash.

Vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel disease:from randomized controlled trials to real-life evidence

The biologic antitumor necrosis factor alpha(anti-TNFα) agents have revolutionised the treatment of inflammatorybowel disease(IBD). However,some patients experience primary nonresponse,loss of response,or intolerance. Therefore,introducing a newer class of therapy with a mechanism of action that acts on different inflammatory pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis is appealing. Vedolizumab is a fully humanised monoclonal antibody that selectively targets α4β7 integrin. Based on the results of the pivotal clinical GEMINI trials,vedolizumab was approved for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis(UC) and Crohn's disease(CD) refractory or intolerant to either conventional therapy or TNFα inhibitors. This review describes the efficacy,safety,and tolerability of vedolizumab reported in both randomized,controlled,clinical trials and from real-world experience in patients with UC and CD in order to identify its place in treatment algorithms for IBD.

Using real world data to assess cardiovascular outcomes of two antidiabetic treatment classes

AIM To evaluate the effect on cardiovascular outcomes of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2(SGLT2) inhibitors in a real world setting by analyzing electronic medical records.METHODS We used Tri Net X, a global federated research network providing statistics on electronic health records(EHR). The analytics subset contained EHR from approximately 38 Million patients in 35 Health Care Organizations in the United States. The records of 46,909 patients who had taken SGLT2 inhibitors were compared to 189,120 patients with dipeptidyl peptidase(DPP) 4 inhibitors. We identified five potential confounding factors and built respective strata: elderly, hypertension, chronic kidney disease(CKD), and co-medication with either insulin or metformin. Cardiovascular events were countedas stroke(ICD10 code: I63) or myocardial infarction(ICD10: I21) occurring within three years after the first instance of the respective medication in the patients' records.RESULTS Of the 46909 patients with SGLT2 inhibitors in their EHR, 1667 patients(3.6%) had an ICD code for stroke or for myocardial infarction within the first three years after the first instance of the medication. In the control group, there were 10680 events of 189120 patients(5.6%), which represents a risk ratio of 0.63(95%CI: 0.60-0.66). The overall incidence of stroke or myocardial infarction in the strata with a potential confounding risk factor reached from 4.9% in patients taking metformin to 12.5% in the stratum with the highest risk(concomitant CKD). In all strata, the difference in risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event was similarly in favor of SGLT2 vs control, with Risk Ratio ranging from 0.62 to 0.81.CONCLUSION Real world data replicated the results from randomized clinical trials, confirmed the cardiovascular advantages of SGLT2 inhibitors, and showed its applicability to the US population.

World's Third-Largest Molybdenum Deposit Discovered in Caosiyao Area, Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia

On l lth September 2013, the Inner Mongolia Mineral Resources and Reserves Evaluation Center estimated that the world＇s third-largest molybdenum deposit had been found in the Caosiyao area of Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia, NE China. The find has 130235.60×10^4 t of （122b）＋（333） molybdenum ores, a metal amount of 1327649.27 t, with Mo grade of 0.102-a super-large one.

基于真实世界数据的观察性因果推断研究新框架(目标试验模拟)及其在中医药领域中的应用展望

“目标试验模拟”(target trial emulation)作为一种新的真实世界研究框架在近年来被正式确立,其可用于指导基于真实世界数据开展观察性因果推断研究,继而进行医疗干预有效性和安全性评价。该框架的核心思想是参照随机对照试验的原则,利用真实世界数据模拟相应的随机对照试验,进而得出干预措施与临床结局间因果关联的结论。其主要实施要点可总结为“3⁃7⁃2”,即声明因果问题、制订模拟方案和模拟目标研究3个实施步骤,纳排标准、治疗策略、干预分配、随访期、结局指标、因果比较和分析计划7个设计要素,对永恒时间偏倚和现用药者偏倚2个关键偏倚的控制。本文通过对该框架的历史与现状、实施要点、经典案例、优势与局限性及其在中医药领域中的应用前景进行概述,以期帮助中医药学者开展中医药真实世界研究,并为构建具有中医药特色的临床评价体系提供新思路。

医疗器械有效的科学证据及其监管考虑

在医疗技术迅速发展的背景下,依靠传统随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)进行医疗器械监管的方式逐渐难以满足实际工作需要。医疗器械固有的复杂性和可变性等特征使得其临床试验往往面临着方法学和伦理学上的挑战,极大限制了RCT的适用性和有效性。本文倡导对医疗器械监管决策的范式转变,采用更广泛的有效科学证据类型,包括真实世界数据和真实世界证据,并建议与美国食品药品监督管理局的相关适应性指导原则保持一致。该方法旨在寻求促进医疗器械创新与确保其安全性和有效性之间的平衡,提出一个更为灵活和包容的监管框架,以期更好地适应医疗器械的独特性。

临床研究数字化转型过程中电子知情同意应用的机遇与挑战

随着科技的迅猛发展,我国临床研究正处于数字化转型的关键阶段,数字化技术为临床研究提供了更高效的方式。然而,作为保障研究参与者权益的核心环节,知情同意的数字化进程相对滞后,目前缺乏明确的法律法规和伦理框架来规范电子知情同意(eIC)的发展。本文通过回顾现有文献,分析eIC相较于传统纸质知情同意的优势,总结其现有的实践成果,并探讨在应用过程中面临的挑战,以期为eIC系统的构建提供概念框架和理论支持。

真实世界研究用于医疗器械临床评价的探讨

目的:探究真实世界研究(RWS)如何在遵循伦理和法规的基础上,形成支持医疗器械上市监管决策的真实世界证据。方法:基于国内外关于RWS在医疗器械临床研究的相关政策、指导原则和研究现状,从研究方案设计要点、真实世界数据质量控制、数据统计分析以及实例分析等方面,分析RWS在医疗器械临床评价中的要求。结果与结论:RWS因其宽松的患者入组标准、广泛的覆盖人群以及庞大的样本量等特点,为医疗器械上市提供了有力的支持。科学、合理地设计临床试验方案,确保临床试验实施过程的可追溯性和质量可控,合理运用统计分析方法,是将真实世界数据转化为真实世界证据的关键。推动RWS在医疗器械临床试验中的应用,将加快医疗器械上市,促进整个医疗器械行业的健康快速发展。

医疗器械临床评价改革研究和实践

医疗器械临床评价是通过对临床数据进行分析评价从而证明产品安全有效性的活动。本文回顾自1990年逐步对医疗器械进行市场准入管理以来,医疗器械临床评价的发展历程。通过分析审评审批制度改革下,对于医疗器械临床评价关键性问题的研究情况和相应对策;总结中国药品监管机构牵头的国际医疗器械监管机构论坛临床评价工作组的研究成果;深入探讨新版《医疗器械监督管理条例》下临床评价的改革实践和相应成果,以及医疗器械临床评价的新工具——真实世界数据应用的研究情况与具体实践。

液动冲击螺杆马达在煤矿瓦斯抽放中的应用

主要介绍了液动冲击螺杆马达与配套的ZYWL-6500DS定向钻机在鑫运煤矿的使用情况。通过瓦斯抽放孔施工,证实液动冲击螺杆马达在施工超硬岩石时比普通液动马达效率更高,平均单班进尺不低于30 m。解决了煤矿在硬岩(f>8)钻进中速度较慢的问题。施工结果表明,液动冲击螺杆马达比同类型的孔底马达在钻进速度和成孔率方面有着明显的优势。

临床试验中借用外部数据的统计学方法

随着历史数据和同期外部数据等真实世界数据(RWD)资源及质量日益提升,越来越多的研究者开始关注使用外部数据为药物和医疗器械的安全性及有效性评价提供更全面有效的证据支持,特别是在难以实施大样本随机对照试验的罕见病和儿科疾病领域。因此,创新的分析方法对于高效利用这些数据变得尤为重要。在此背景下,本文旨在系统梳理并介绍临床试验中外部数据借用的研究方法,同时对比各种研究方法的优势与劣势,以期为研究者提供有价值的参考,进而推动临床试验在利用外部数据时更加高效、准确。

雁荡山世界地质公园火山岩年代学研究

雁荡山是中国第一个以中生代火山为主题的世界地质公园。长期以来．关于雁荡山火山岩时代及其层位归属存在争议。为了配合世界地质公园的申报、建设并提高其科学研究程度，笔者等对雁荡山火山岩开展了系统的同位素年代学研究。自下而上3个火山地层单元的锆石SHRIMPU—Pb年龄测定表明，雁荡山火山岩的形成时代为97．2～105．6Ma。属于早白垩世晚期；经区域地层对比．确定其层位应归属永康群小平田组，这为整个浙东、乃至与闽东之间的晚中生代火山-沉积地层系统划分与对比，提供了重要地质依据。

岩石单轴压缩PFC^(2D)模型细观参数标定研究

为了研究单轴压缩PFC^(2D)模型宏细观参数之间的关系及对其细观参数进行标定,以平直节理接触模型作为颗粒接触本构模型,对PFC^(2D)模型细观参数进行正交设计,以多因素方差分析、量纲分析研究宏细观参数之间的关系,在此基础上,提出了试错法标定细观参数的具体流程,将其用于灰岩单轴压缩PFC^(2D)模型细观参数的标定中,数值模拟所得宏观参数、应力-应变曲线和破坏特征与室内试验结果相近,验证了本文方法的可行性。分析结果显示,如果要建立双轴压缩PFC^(2D)模型,还需进一步标定细观参数tanφ_b和μ_b。研究成果可为岩石力学试验的颗粒流模拟提供一定参考。

考虑岩样尺度效应时钻井液对岩石力学性质影响的试验评价

在考虑试验岩样尺度效应的基础上,进行的模拟地层条件下钻井液对岩石力学性质影响的试验研究结果表明:经钻井液处理后的25mm×25mm岩样的抗张强度高于未经钻井液处理的50mm×50mm岩样,且处理后的岩样抗张强度均高于未处理的岩样。对于钻井液处理前后同尺寸的岩样,由于试验岩样中泥质软颗粒含量高低不同,在孔隙度小于2.5%时,孔隙度越小,处理前后的抗张强度相差越大,且处理前的岩样抗张强度比处理后的岩样大4MPa左右;在孔隙度大于2.5%时,钻井液处理前后的岩石抗张强度趋于一致。在模拟地层条件下,钻井液处理后的岩样抗压强度和弹性模量显著下降,泊松比增大。岩石矿物中的泥质黏土矿物遇到钻井滤液后产生软化效应,致使岩样呈现:经钻井液处理时间越长,其抗压强度和弹性模量下降越多的趋势。

动静态资料相结合的气井连通性分析——以克拉美丽气田火山岩气藏为例

克拉美丽气田是近年来准噶尔盆地天然气勘探的一个重大发现。针对该气田火山岩气藏内幕结构复杂,储层非均质性强、井间产能差异大的特征,提出了动静态资料相结合的气井连通性分析方法:首先利用试井、试采及油气水性质等动态资料从开发角度对相邻井进行井间连通性分析,然后结合地质以及地震资料对火山岩体轮廓和内幕结构精细刻画的成果,进一步确定井间连通情况。以滴西18井区为例,采用上述气井连通性分析方法分析认为:DX182、DX1824是连通的,DX1804可能与DX18或者DX1805连通,其余井间的连通性较差。在研究区的应用结果表明,该分析方法对单井开发动态趋势预测与实际符合率达到80%以上,为克拉美丽气田开发方案的编制提供了可靠的基础数据。

整体浇筑堆石混凝土拱坝拱梁分载法分析研究

贵州省遵义市地处气候温和地区,为了充分发挥堆石混凝土拱坝的优势,在取消振捣/碾压和冷却水管温控措施的基础上,简化坝体构造与施工、加快施工进度,在保障工程建设质量和安全的前提下,提出了不分横缝,整体浇筑的堆石混凝土拱坝。本文针对绿塘、龙洞湾、沙千和风光4座整体浇筑堆石混凝土拱坝,采用拱梁分载法进行应力分析,对拱圈封拱温度的选取,自重荷载处理方式,坝体与地基材料参数对拱坝应力的影响等开展研究,对4座拱坝的安全性进行论证,建议了辅助温控措施,并提出了整体浇筑堆石混凝土拱坝拱梁分载法应力复核方法及其控制标准:应根据拱坝实际浇筑温度估算拱坝每个拱圈的计算封拱温度,参照混凝土拱坝设计对坝体与地基材料参数进行取值,采用拱梁分载法进行拱坝应力复核,相应的允许应力标准初步可按照1.5~2.0 MPa控制。本文提出的分析方法除可以应用于整体浇筑堆石混凝土拱坝以外,对整体浇筑的碾压混凝土拱坝和砌石拱坝也有重要参考价值。