Mental state verbs(MSVs)are believed to be closely related with the development of Theory of Mind(ToM).Studies on MSVs have yielded fruitful results abroad over the past three decades,especially in ToM,while it still ...Mental state verbs(MSVs)are believed to be closely related with the development of Theory of Mind(ToM).Studies on MSVs have yielded fruitful results abroad over the past three decades,especially in ToM,while it still has a long way to go for the Mandarin-speaking children.The present study focuses on mental state verbs in Mandarin-speaking children and explores the universality of ToM,as well as the development features.An analysis of their spontaneous speech from the CHILDES archives reveals,first,that Mandarin-speaking children use desire terms much earlier than other terms,suggesting a pattern of theory-of-mind development similar to that in English;second,the developmental trend of the MSVs is relatively steady while the number of different categories varies a lot.This study suggests a consistency in the overall sequence,but variation in the timing of beginning and end points,which is helpful to further related investigation.展开更多
Background:Parkinson’s Disease(PD)with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)(PD-MCI)represents one of the most dreaded complications for patients with PD and is associated with a higher risk of developing dementia.Although ...Background:Parkinson’s Disease(PD)with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)(PD-MCI)represents one of the most dreaded complications for patients with PD and is associated with a higher risk of developing dementia.Although transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been demonstrated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD,to date,no study has investigated the effects of tDCS on Theory of Mind(ToM),i.e.,the ability to understand and predict other people’s behaviours,in PD-MCI.Methods:In this randomized,double-blind,sham-controlled study,we applied active tDCS over the medial frontal cortex(MFC)to modulate ToM performance in twenty patients with PD-MCI.Twenty matched healthy controls(HC)were also enrolled and were asked to perform the ToM task without receiving tDCS.Results:In the patients with PD-MCI,i)ToM performance was worse than that in the HC,ii)ToM abilities were poorer in those with fronto-executive difficulties,and iii)tDCS over the MFC led to significant shortening of latency for ToM tasks.Conclusions:We show for the first time that active tDCS over the MFC enhances ToM in patients with PD-MCI,and suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation could be used to ameliorate ToM deficits observed in these patients.展开更多
Human social interaction is essential in daily life and crucial for a promising life,especially in people who suffer from disease.Theory of Mind(ToM)is fundamental in social interaction and is described as the ability...Human social interaction is essential in daily life and crucial for a promising life,especially in people who suffer from disease.Theory of Mind(ToM)is fundamental in social interaction and is described as the ability to impute the mental states of others in social situations.Studies have proposed that a complex neuroanatomical network that includes the frontal cortex mediates ToM.The primary neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease(PD)involves the frontal-striatal system;therefore,patients with PD are expected to exhibit deficits in ToM.In this review,we summarize the current research with a particular focus on the patterns of impaired ToM,potential mediators of ToM,and the impact of ToM deficits on clinical disability in PD.Further studies to investigate the progression of ToM and its relationship with dementia in subjects in PD are needed.展开更多
目的:修订适用于中国大陆的孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理推理能力测验(ToM Tests for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder),用来测试孤独症儿童(ASD)心理推理能力(ToM)的发展状况。方法:通过生活事件观察及记录修订测验,选取幼儿园到小...目的:修订适用于中国大陆的孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理推理能力测验(ToM Tests for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder),用来测试孤独症儿童(ASD)心理推理能力(ToM)的发展状况。方法:通过生活事件观察及记录修订测验,选取幼儿园到小学6年级符合入组标准的200名普通儿童进行正式测验,对有效数据(n=156)进行Pearson相关分析、内部一致性信度检验;邀请3名专家进行内容效度检验;间隔2月后,随机选取其中30名儿童进行重测。另外选取25名ASD儿童,比较其与普通儿童的测验评分。结果:修订后测验共39个条目,分为3个分测验,满分42分。各分测验间的相关系数为0.54~0.77,各分测验与总分的相关系数为0.62~0.93(均P<0.01);3名专家对测验条目的评分分别为114、108、105;ASD儿童的测验总分及分测验得分均低于普通儿童(均P<0.01)。总测验的Cronbachα系数为0.84,各分测验Cronbachα系数分别为0.83、0.80、0.78;总测验的重测信度(r)为0.84,各分测验的重测信度(r)分别为0.75、0.74、1.00。结论:修订后的孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理推理能力测验的指标符合心理测量学要求,可以用于测量中国大陆孤独症儿童心理推理能力。展开更多
基金sponsored by Hunan Provincial Graduate Scientific Research and Innovation Project(Number:CX20210140)Independent Exploration and Innovation Program of Central South University(Number:2021zzts0450)。
文摘Mental state verbs(MSVs)are believed to be closely related with the development of Theory of Mind(ToM).Studies on MSVs have yielded fruitful results abroad over the past three decades,especially in ToM,while it still has a long way to go for the Mandarin-speaking children.The present study focuses on mental state verbs in Mandarin-speaking children and explores the universality of ToM,as well as the development features.An analysis of their spontaneous speech from the CHILDES archives reveals,first,that Mandarin-speaking children use desire terms much earlier than other terms,suggesting a pattern of theory-of-mind development similar to that in English;second,the developmental trend of the MSVs is relatively steady while the number of different categories varies a lot.This study suggests a consistency in the overall sequence,but variation in the timing of beginning and end points,which is helpful to further related investigation.
基金Mauro Adenzato was supported by the University of Turin(Ricerca scientifica finanziata dall’Università“Cognizione sociale e attaccamento in popolazioni cliniche e non cliniche”)Ivan Enrici was supported by University of Turin grants(Ricerca scientifica finanziata dall’Università“Linea Generale”and“Linea Giovani”).
文摘Background:Parkinson’s Disease(PD)with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)(PD-MCI)represents one of the most dreaded complications for patients with PD and is associated with a higher risk of developing dementia.Although transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been demonstrated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD,to date,no study has investigated the effects of tDCS on Theory of Mind(ToM),i.e.,the ability to understand and predict other people’s behaviours,in PD-MCI.Methods:In this randomized,double-blind,sham-controlled study,we applied active tDCS over the medial frontal cortex(MFC)to modulate ToM performance in twenty patients with PD-MCI.Twenty matched healthy controls(HC)were also enrolled and were asked to perform the ToM task without receiving tDCS.Results:In the patients with PD-MCI,i)ToM performance was worse than that in the HC,ii)ToM abilities were poorer in those with fronto-executive difficulties,and iii)tDCS over the MFC led to significant shortening of latency for ToM tasks.Conclusions:We show for the first time that active tDCS over the MFC enhances ToM in patients with PD-MCI,and suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation could be used to ameliorate ToM deficits observed in these patients.
基金This work was supported by grant NSC 101-2314-B-002-182NSC 100-2420-H-002-019-DR from the National Science Council,Taipei,Taiwan.
文摘Human social interaction is essential in daily life and crucial for a promising life,especially in people who suffer from disease.Theory of Mind(ToM)is fundamental in social interaction and is described as the ability to impute the mental states of others in social situations.Studies have proposed that a complex neuroanatomical network that includes the frontal cortex mediates ToM.The primary neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease(PD)involves the frontal-striatal system;therefore,patients with PD are expected to exhibit deficits in ToM.In this review,we summarize the current research with a particular focus on the patterns of impaired ToM,potential mediators of ToM,and the impact of ToM deficits on clinical disability in PD.Further studies to investigate the progression of ToM and its relationship with dementia in subjects in PD are needed.
文摘目的:修订适用于中国大陆的孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理推理能力测验(ToM Tests for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder),用来测试孤独症儿童(ASD)心理推理能力(ToM)的发展状况。方法:通过生活事件观察及记录修订测验,选取幼儿园到小学6年级符合入组标准的200名普通儿童进行正式测验,对有效数据(n=156)进行Pearson相关分析、内部一致性信度检验;邀请3名专家进行内容效度检验;间隔2月后,随机选取其中30名儿童进行重测。另外选取25名ASD儿童,比较其与普通儿童的测验评分。结果:修订后测验共39个条目,分为3个分测验,满分42分。各分测验间的相关系数为0.54~0.77,各分测验与总分的相关系数为0.62~0.93(均P<0.01);3名专家对测验条目的评分分别为114、108、105;ASD儿童的测验总分及分测验得分均低于普通儿童(均P<0.01)。总测验的Cronbachα系数为0.84,各分测验Cronbachα系数分别为0.83、0.80、0.78;总测验的重测信度(r)为0.84,各分测验的重测信度(r)分别为0.75、0.74、1.00。结论:修订后的孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理推理能力测验的指标符合心理测量学要求,可以用于测量中国大陆孤独症儿童心理推理能力。
