Enhanced Species Diversity Unlocked by Habitat Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes: New Perspectives on Ecological Weed Management and Sustainable Intensification—Species Diversity and Habitat Conservation

The impulse to remain profitable by increasing agricultural production levels in view of the greater demand for food, provided impetus to production intensification. The aim of this review is to summarise current literature, reporting specifically on the impact of production intensification on habitats and yield constraints caused by weeds. Secondly, in alleviating these effects over the short term, ecological measures that enhance species diversity in conserved habitats and promote semi-natural habitats in the agricultural landscape, are discussed. In large-scale intensive agriculture, weed control is predominantly rooted in agrochemical applications in the form of herbicides. Long lasting intensive agricultural practices show discord both with the promotion of the biodiversity of microbes belowground and aboveground and with organisms involved in the breaking down of plant material. The presence of native species in the surroundings, in combination with hedgerows and field margins, with a comparatively intricate and balanced variety of plants in a sheltered environment, are essential for settlement of benign insects, particularly in the face of intensive agricultural production. The promising tactic of advantageous seed predators enables decreased herbicide applications. Crop mosaics arranged to advance compatibility at the landscape scale are important to bolster pollination services and insect management, while ecological variety in the surroundings acts as a safety net for habitat diversity. Weed control in combination with different tactics of vegetation use, comprising cover cropping, hedgerows and field margins, sets up safe havens in the landscape, and improves the diffusion of complementary life forms. Field margins perform a meaningful natural function as point of provision for forage, safe havens and distribution passageways for pollinators and insect predators. Production practices that promote more heterogeneity and combine high density semi-natural safe havens and habitat conservation in agro ecosystems are beneficial to species diversity across trophic levels and contribute to agricultural production stability and food safety.

我国芝麻田杂草防控现状及建议

本研究对我国主要芝麻产区杂草发生情况和防控现状进行了调查。结果显示,我国芝麻田杂草共计31科86种,使用的除草剂共15种,普遍存在阔叶杂草难防控等问题。芝麻田杂草防控难与科研基础薄弱和可用除草剂品种严重不足有关。针对上述情况,提出加大基础研究力度、重视除草剂筛选登记工作、加强抗除草剂育种、加速植保机械的研发及产业化、研究和推广注重芝麻田生态系统保护的标准化防控技术等建议。

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利,但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加,抗性形成机制复杂,导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种,一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性,另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展,以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。

苗前与苗后除草剂配施对白菜型冬油菜田间杂草防效及产量的影响

针对强抗寒冬油菜生育周期长,人工除草成本高,田间杂草高效防控技术较为欠缺等问题,选用当地主栽强抗寒白菜型冬油菜(天油4号)为试验材料,选用常见苗前除草剂与苗后除草剂,分别设置3个不同处理梯度,以清水为对照,共16个不同配施处理组合,于2017—2018年开展了大田试验,以探究苗前与苗后除草剂对白菜型冬油菜田间杂草防效及产量的影响。结果表明,苗前除草剂单施平均总株防效40.63%,总鲜重防效51.64%,苗后除草剂单施总株防效60.94%,总鲜重防效50.75%,共施的总株防效62.33%,总鲜重防效57.23%,与苗前除草剂单施相比,共施的总株防效与鲜重防效平均提升了21.70和5.59百分点,与苗后除草剂单施相比,共施的总株防效与鲜重防效平均提升了1.39和6.48百分点。产量方面,苗前除草剂单施平均增产642.32 kg/hm^(2),平均增幅61.91%,苗后除草剂单施平均增产616.42 kg/hm^(2),增产幅度59.41%,共施处理平均增产368.52 kg/hm^(2),增产幅度35.52%,产量极显著增高的单施和共施处理为R_(3)O_(0)和R_(3)O_(2),分别增产1122.78和896.78 kg/hm^(2),增幅分别为108.22%及86.43%。因此,可根据冬油菜田间杂草密度选择苗前除草剂R_(3)单施或R_(3)与苗后除草剂O_(2)共施,从而达到最高效的杂草防控效果和最显著的油菜增产目标。

Development and Fabrication of Manually Push-Pull Type Conical Weeder for Bangladesh Condition

In Bangladesh, the use of machinery in agriculture production is fast rising. Researchers are developing technology to replace traditional hand weeding to manage weeds in rice fields. The present study has been taken to increase weeding efficiency and reduce the drudgery in weeding and mulching. A line-to-line distance of 20 cm, the operation is push-pull, and field operating condition at 2 - 4 cm standing water (for softening the field) was the designed hypothesis. The weeder consists of a skid/float, float holder, float adjuster, main body frame, rotor, axel, bush, rotor holder, rotor holder adjuster, handle, handle griper, handle holder, handle height adjuster, nut, bolt, etc. The designed weeder was fabricated using MS sheet, MS pipe, MS flat bar, MS nut-bolt, etc. When the rotors perform back and forth, the weeder’s two conical rotors with six plain blades and six serrated blades work together to uproot and bury the weeds. It also contains a 2 mm thick float assembly with a precise angle of 22 degrees. Weeds are uprooted by the weeder’s blades and buried in the muddy soil. It causes topsoil disturbance and enhances aeration. The weeding efficiency and capacity of the conical weeder were 81.92% and 0.0203 ha/h respectively. With a push-pull operation, the weeder can uproot and bury the weeds in a single row at a time. The pushing force and weight of weeder were 43.42 N and 5.6 kg respectively. Farmers can use this weeder to increase their comfort and reduce the drudgery associated with weeding and mulching in their fields.

Fungal Flora on Weeds in the Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Orchard in Côte d’Ivoire

Since 2015, Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s largest cashew producer. However, cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire are infected by fungal diseases that weaken production. And the contribution of weeds to the spread of these diseases is not yet understood. This study was initiated with the aim of establishing the role of weeds in the proliferation of pathogenic fungi in orchards. It consisted of a survey of weeds showing disease symptoms in cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire from February 2021 to July 2022. The itinerant method was used for the weed inventory. Symptomatic leaves were collected and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis on PDA (Potatoes Dextrose Agar) medium. In total, 50 species in 46 genera and 23 families were recorded. Laboratory diagnosis of the samples showed that 80% of the weeds identified harboured pathogenic fungi. The highest infection rates were obtained on Danielia oliveri R. (99.33% to 100%), Vitellaria paradoxa G. (100%), Pterocarpus erinaceus P. (83.91% to 99.33%), Micuna pruriens L. (98.33% to 100%) and Isoberlinia doka C. et S. (56.33% to 100%). The diagnosis revealed the presence of Lasiodiplodia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Pestalotia sp, Alternaria sp and Curvularia sp on weeds in the cashew orchard in Côte d’Ivoire.

轻简化栽培稻田杂草发生趋势与防控技术

随着水稻轻简化栽培技术的应用与推广,东北稻区、西北稻区、长江流域稻区和华南稻区等水稻主产区的杂草种群演替加快,稗草、千金子和马唐等恶性杂草频繁发生,杂草抗药性水平上升迅速。若杂草防控不及时、不彻底,极易对水稻生产构成严重威胁。为此,对水稻直播、机插和抛秧等轻简化栽培稻田杂草的草相特征、发展趋势和防除方法等进行了概述,以期为制定合理、高效的轻简化栽培稻田杂草综合防控技术、水稻用农药减量增效除草方案,延缓杂草抗药性产生与发展提供借鉴。

基于YOLO v5的农田杂草识别轻量化方法研究

针对已有杂草识别模型对复杂农田环境下多种目标杂草的识别率低、模型内存占用量大、参数多、识别速度慢等问题,提出了基于YOLO v5的轻量化杂草识别方法。利用带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜(Multi-scale retinex with color restoration, MSRCR)增强算法对部分图像数据进行预处理,提高边缘细节模糊的图像清晰度,降低图像中的阴影干扰。使用轻量级网络PP-LCNet重置了识别模型中的特征提取网络,减少模型参数量。采用Ghost卷积模块轻量化特征融合网络,进一步降低计算量。为了弥补轻量化造成的模型性能损耗,在特征融合网络末端添加基于标准化的注意力模块(Normalization-based attention module, NAM),增强模型对杂草和玉米幼苗的特征提取能力。此外,通过优化主干网络注意力机制的激活函数来提高模型的非线性拟合能力。在自建数据集上进行实验,实验结果显示,与当前主流目标检测算法YOLO v5s以及成熟的轻量化目标检测算法MobileNet v3-YOLO v5s、ShuffleNet v2-YOLO v5s比较,轻量化后杂草识别模型内存占用量为6.23 MB,分别缩小54.5%、12%和18%;平均精度均值(Mean average precision, mAP)为97.8%,分别提高1.3、5.1、4.4个百分点。单幅图像检测时间为118.1 ms,达到了轻量化要求。在保持较高模型识别精度的同时大幅降低了模型复杂度,可为采用资源有限的移动端设备进行农田杂草识别提供技术支持。

改进流向算法的无线传感器网络覆盖优化

针对标准流向算法易陷入局部最优和收敛精度低等问题,提出一种融合莱维(Levy)飞行和入侵杂草策略的改进流向算法.首先,该算法在选择水流流向时引入Levy飞行机制,使水流沿最优水流位置方向做Levy飞行运动,避免陷入局部最优;其次,利用入侵杂草策略,对每一代水流进行繁殖、空间扩散和竞争操作,增加水流的多样性,扩大搜索范围,提高全局寻优能力.最后,将改进流向算法应用于无线传感器网络覆盖优化中,并与标准流向算法及其他改进算法进行实验对比.仿真结果表明,相比标准流向算法及其他改进算法,所提改进流向算法的覆盖性能有大幅提升,覆盖率可达98.52%,可实现更均匀的节点分布和更低的部署成本.

基于改进DeepLabv3+的轻量化作物杂草识别方法

为在存储资源与计算能力有限的设备上实现田间作物和杂草的识别,本文提出一种基于改进DeepLabv3+的轻量化语义分割网络。首先,以MobileNet v2作为DeepLabv3+的特征提取骨干网络,提出双分支残差模块替换倒残差模块,并删除后两层卷积以降低模型参数量。其次,在空洞空间金字塔池化(Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling,ASPP)模块中引入分组逐点卷积,使用深度扩张卷积替换标准卷积,并将卷积后的特征图进行多尺度特征融合增强对作物和杂草深层特征的提取能力。最后,将原有的非线性激活函数替换为Leaky ReLU激活函数来提升分割精度。实验结果表明:改进后网络的mIOU达到86.75%,参数量仅为0.69M,FPS达到了98,与原始DeepLabv3+以及3个典型轻量化语义分割网络的相比,参数量最小,在对比的轻量化网络中具有最高的分割精度。

春播豌豆田杂草综合防控技术

杂草严重影响豌豆产量和品质,制约豌豆产业发展。为加强对豌豆田杂草的规范化防控指导,基于多年的防控技术研发和生产示范,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语与定义、防控对象与原则、防控技术和操作要求等方面提出了春播豌豆田杂草综合防控技术。

Weed Management Practices in Nursery Propagation

Weeds are inimical to the nursery growers as they negatively interfere with the growth and aesthetic value of nursery crops. Propagated crops are more vulnerable to weed competition. Nursery growers are adopting hand weeding, mulching, and different herbicides to get rid of the weeds in propagation. However, the most effective and efficient methods for weed control in propagation are still obscure. In this study, we comprehensively review the most used propagation techniques and weed management practices along with their pros and cons. Hand weeding is the most common method of weed control, but it is labor intensive and costly. Nowadays, herbicides are widely used for weeds management. But there are a limited number of registered and labelled herbicides for greenhouse use. Most of the herbicides contain dinitroanilines (DNAs) which inhibit root growth. Along with the leaching problem, several detrimental effects of herbicides have been revealed in propagation. Considering drawbacks of the use of herbicides, mulching in propagation is gaining popularity. But mulch type and depth may affect rooting of cuttings and weed control efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct additional research aimed at discovering efficient mulching materials and preemergence herbicides for weed control during propagation, while preserving root initiation, plant development, and growth.

Taxonomic Studies of Weed Communities Growing in Date Palm and Christ’s Thorn Jujube Farms in Ad-Dawadimi, KSA

The problem of food shortage is one of the most important problems facing many countries in the world. Various factors affect the decline in crop productivity. Where weeds are the most important reasons that cause a huge loss in crop productivity. Studying agricultural ecosystems, knowing their components and explaining the relationship between all of their components, helps a lot in achieving the highest productivity of different crops in addition to benefiting from some types of weeds, as well as, identifying appropriate methods to control the growth of weeds. In this study, 60 species were listed. The most frequent plant families were Asteraceae, Poaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Annuals were the most common life span, as well as, therophytes were the most frequent life form. The most frequent floristic categories were Saharo-Sindian-Sudano-Zambezian and Saharo-Sindian regions. The most famous indicators of biodiversity (species richness, species evenness and species diversity) have been calculated. For managing and classifying data PC-ORD program (TWINSPAN and DCA analyses) was used.

‘瑰夏’咖啡园杂草种类调查及防控建议——以佐园咖啡庄园为例

为明确‘瑰夏’咖啡园杂草种类及防除现状,2020—2023年对佐园咖啡庄园‘瑰夏’咖啡园杂草的种类和防除现状开展调查,结果在‘瑰夏’种植基地共发现杂草25科53种,菊科杂草种类最多,禾本科杂草种类次之,分别为15种(占比28.30%)和8种(16.33%);属级水平杂草种类分布较均匀,每属杂草种类介于1~2种。目前基地杂草防控主要以人工除草、机械除草和地布覆草为主,导致杂草群落多样性水平降低。据此提出杂草防除建议。

云南曲靖和蒙自万寿菊主栽区有害生物调查与分析

近年来,我国万寿菊单一种植规模不断扩大,有害生物的发生越发严重,影响万寿菊产量与品质,造成较大的经济损失。关于万寿菊有害生物调查,前人报道多集中于吉林、海南、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃、山西等地,对云南万寿菊主产区的有害生物缺乏系统调查。因此,本次研究在全国最大的万寿菊种植区和近两年来万寿菊叶黄素含量最高的种植区,即曲靖市沾益区和蒙自市冷泉镇进行有害生物系统调查,发现曲靖地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和枯萎病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫等10种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、鬼针草、马唐、千针苋等19种。蒙自地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和炭疽病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、四斑长跗萤叶甲、棉铃虫等9种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、马唐、尼泊尔蓼、细柄野荞麦等13种。

二甲戊灵、扑草净与丙炔氟草胺的配比筛选及在油莎豆田的应用效果

为探索和论证二甲戊灵、扑草净与丙炔氟草胺三者复配的合理性及三者复配制剂对油莎豆Cyperus esculentus var.sativus田杂草的防效和对油莎豆的安全性,本试验依据除草剂室内活性测定标准并借鉴除草剂防治大豆田杂草田间药效试验准则,进行了一系列试验。结果表明,二甲戊灵、扑草净与丙炔氟草胺三者联合作用对稗草Echinochloa crus-galli、苘麻Abutilon theophrasti、藜Chenopodium album 3种杂草表现为相加或增效作用,当三者混配比例为30∶30∶1时联合作用为增效,为最佳比例。此比例下的36.6%二甲戊·扑·丙炔SC对油莎豆田一年生杂草有较好的防效,试验有效剂量在1647.0~1921.0 g/hm^(2)范围内,对油莎豆出苗、生长较安全;施药后40 d对一年生杂草的防效为91.3%~97.7%。由此可见,二甲戊灵、扑草净与丙炔氟草胺三者联合研制新药剂具有可行性,能扩大杀草谱和应用范围,可用于油莎豆田杂草防控,适宜用量1647.0~1921.0 g/hm^(2)。

细胞色素P450介导的杂草抗药性研究进展

细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)是一类重要的亚铁血红素-硫醇盐蛋白超家族,属于单加氧酶,广泛分布于生物界中。研究发现P450主要具有“生物合成”和“生物解毒”两大功能,被誉为“万能的生物催化剂”。大多数除草剂在植物体内代谢的初始阶段即涉及植物细胞色素P450的作用。近些年,由P450介导的抗药性杂草呈多发态势,其复杂的抗性谱,给杂草化学防除带来了新的挑战。本文对P450分类命名、P450与除草剂代谢的关系、P450抗性鉴定手段、P450介导抗性杂草发生情况、与除草剂代谢有关的植物细胞色素P450基因克隆等内容进行了综述,旨在为该领域的相关研究提供参考。

棉隆土壤消毒联合种植密度防除油菜田杂草及对作物产量和田间光照的影响

在农田杂草的治理中,结合农艺措施来治理草害的发生,可有效减少化学除草剂的使用,实现草害的综合治理。本文采用田间试验研究了棉隆土壤消毒联合油菜不同种植密度对油菜田主要杂草野燕麦Avena fatua、苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus的防除效果,及杂草对氮、磷、钾及水分消耗的影响。结果表明,土壤消毒联合种植密度对油菜田杂草防除效果显著,对野燕麦、苦苣菜均有良好防效,总鲜重防效达到89.8%~100.0%。采取防除措施后,杂草对田间氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗量减少85%以上,有效改善了田间的水肥和光照条件。土壤消毒联合种植密度不同处理的油菜籽产量达到3155.0~4920.5 kg/hm^(2),增产效果显著,产量较未消毒土壤区增加13.3%~76.8%,增收1857.3~10684.8元/hm^(2)。研究表明采用土壤消毒结合种植密度对油菜田杂草具有很好的控制效果,适度增加油菜种植密度既能保证对杂草防效,同时也能保证产量。

我国西瓜田草害发生及综合防控技术

杂草是西瓜田重要的有害生物之一,近年来西瓜田杂草危害呈加重趋势。初步调查发现我国西瓜田杂草137种,隶属34个科,在样方中出现频率5%以上的杂草87种,隶属26个科。西瓜移栽后20~30 d为杂草防治关键期。西瓜田登记的除草剂有效成分有7个,其中,土壤处理剂精异丙甲草胺、异丙甲草胺、敌草胺、仲丁灵等对禾本科杂草防治效果较好,对大部分阔叶杂草防效差;茎叶处理剂精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵、噁草酸等对禾本科杂草有效。西瓜田杂草防控应遵循良好种植规范下的综合治理策略(IPM),利用植物检疫、农作方法、生态调控等除草措施辅助除草剂科学使用,同时注重选育耐除草剂西瓜材料,保证西瓜高产、优质和安全生产。

双氯磺草胺在东北地区春大豆田的应用效果

为明确双氯磺草胺土壤封闭与茎叶处理对东北地区春大豆田阔叶杂草的防除效果和对作物的安全性。采用随机区组设计,连续2年开展田间试验。结果表明:25.2~76.5 g/hm^(2)有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂用于大豆田进行土壤封闭处理,施药后60 d,对东北地区常见阔叶杂草藜、本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻、水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都在90.0%以上,对龙葵的株防效和鲜重防效都在87.0%以上。对阔叶杂草的总株防效为93.3%~99.0%,总鲜重防效为94.7%~99.4%。25.2~63.0 g/hm^(2)有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂茎叶喷雾处理,施药后30 d,对本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻的株防效和鲜重防效都在93.0%以上,对水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都高于82.0%,对藜、龙葵的株防效为59.8%~85.5%,鲜重防效为62.5%~90.9%。对阔叶杂草总的株防效为80.1%~93.2%,总的鲜重防效为82.2%~95.9%,施药后初期,大豆叶片有受害症状,后期新生叶片正常。双氯磺草胺土壤封闭和茎叶喷雾施药方式都能有效控制东北地区春大豆田的阔叶杂草,但依据大豆产量分析,84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂有效剂量25.2~76.5 g/hm^(2)4个土壤封闭处理区大豆产量与人工除草相比差异不显著。本试验为大豆田苗后除草剂选择提供了新思路,茎叶喷雾施药方式适宜的剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂31.5~37.8 g/hm^(2);土壤封闭施药方式具有更好的除草效果,适宜的施药剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂25.2~50.4 g/hm^(2)。