YI酸锌及其互配物作为PVC热稳定剂的性能研究

以YI酸和氧化锌为原料,制备了YI酸锌。对产品进行了物化常数检测;将YI酸锌与YI酸钙、硬脂酸钙、亚磷酸三苯酯进行了互配,通过热老化箱实验法、刚果红试纸法对YI酸锌及其互配系统进行了综合评价。结果表明,YI酸锌对PVC具有优异的热稳定性能;当稳定剂加入量为2份时,YI酸锌/硬脂酸钙的最佳比例为4/6,YI酸锌/硬脂酸钙/亚磷酸三苯酯的最佳比例为2/3/5。

植物乳杆菌YI-Y 2013冻干保护剂配方优化

为制备鲜湿米粉发酵剂,以分离自米粉自然发酵液的植物乳杆菌YI-Y 2013的菌体存活率为目标,在单因素试验基础上,经过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出有显著效果的3种保护剂:山梨醇、麦芽糊精和甘油,进一步通过中心组合试验设计和响应面分析得到显著性的拟合回归方程。结果表明,最佳保护剂配方为:山梨醇浓度1.1g/100g,麦芽糊精浓度24.8g/100g,甘油浓度2.4g/100g,该条件下菌体存活率为(76.08±2.68)%,与预测值较为接近。

关于三月竹Qiongzhuea opienensis Hsueh et Yi花果的补充描述

竹子开花周期性长,一生只开一次花,且花后立即死亡,并以种子更新形成新竹林。三月竹原发表时无花果记载。2010年正逢三月竹开花结实,现将花果形态予以补充描述。假小穗绿色或紫绿色;苞片2枚～3枚;小穗含3～5小花,长1.5 cm～3.7 cm;小穗轴节间长3 mm～7 mm,在具花一侧扁平;颖2版～3片,线状披针形,长6 mm～11 mm;外稃长7 mm～12 mm,具7(9)脉;内稃长7 mm～10 mm,脊外每侧具1脉,先端渐尖;鳞被3,边缘无纤毛;雄蕊3,花药长4.5 mm～5.5 mm,基部箭镞形;子房椭圆形,花柱1,柱头2,羽毛状。颖果坚果状,长8 mm～12 mm,直径4 mm～6 mm,长圆形,光亮,无腹沟,具宿存稃片,具宿存花柱,果皮厚1 mm～2 mm。

Casual sex and concurrent sexual partnerships among young people from an Yi community with a high prevalence of HIV in China

Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan province, China, has a high prevalence of HIV infection, which is reflective of a change in the mode of transmission from injection drug use （IDU） to heterosexual intercourse. However, few studies focus on HIV-related heterosexual risk behaviours among the majority Yi population. The objectives of this study were to explore the characteristics of an egocentric sexual network and estimate the prevalence of casual sexual behaviour. Yi villagers （n= 108）, aged 15-35 years, who reported having had sex within the previous year were interviewed as to their sexual behaviours and networks. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions provided supplementary information on sexual norms. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate unadjusted odds ratios （ORs） and 95% confidence intervals （CIs）. Most of the respondents reported having had casual sex at some time in their life, and 66.7% reported multiple sexual partnerships. Only 21.3% reported ever having used a condom. During the study year, a total of 137 partners were involved in 153 sexual partnerships. Among the reported sexual partnerships, 67.3% originated from a casual sexual relationship. For network members in components of size ≥3, 56,9% were involved in concurrent sexual partnerships. Having never been married （OR： 2.11; 95% CI： 1.03-4.33） and younger age （OR： 0.89; 95% CI： 0.83-0.95） were both associated with being in a component of size ≥3. Size （OR： 2.99; 95% Ch 1.17-7.66）, pair （OR： 0.54; 95% Ch 0.039-0.74）, the number of weak components of the egocentric sexual network （OR- 30.04; 95% Ch 6.47-139.46） and gender （OR. 0. 19; 95% Ch. 0.06-0.67） were all associated with being in concurrent sexual partnerships. HIV-related interventions for the Yi ethnic minority in Sichuan province must therefore address concurrent sexual partnerships and promote condom use.

Trends of Overweight and Obesity in Yi People between 1996 and 2007:An Yi Migrant Study

Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China from 1996 to 2007.Data were collected with identical methods,including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.Results Age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index （BMI） significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007,among Yi farmers,which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants （23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996） （P0.05）.Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 （OR=1.15,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 （P0.05）.Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 %in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 （OR=1.06,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 （OR=1.14,P0.001）.Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52‐fold higher risk ondeveloping overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.Conclusion The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity.Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.

Intervention effect of traditional Chinese medicine Yi Tang Kang on metabolic syndrome of spleen deficiency

Objective:To investigate effects of herbal compound Yi Tang Kang on the spleen deficiency metabolic syndrome.Methods:Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups:the normal control group and the MS spleen deficiency syndrome group.The control group rats were fed with standard diet and water,while MS spleen deficiency syndrome group with high fat diet and low dose intraperitoneal injection of slreptozocin.which swam to the endurance limit.After 12 weeks,the MS spleen deficiency syndrome group was randomly divided into two groups,with 13 rats in each group.Flats in model group were fed with high fat diet and conlinuouly administered with daily saline,and rats in intervention group with high fat diet were trated with traditional Chinese medicines Yi Tang Kang by gavage,2 mL/200 g at the same lime every day.10 weeks later,the expression of serum proteomics was investigated through abdominal aortic puncture and separation of serum,using isotope labeling technique,high performance liquid chromatography and four bar-Orbitrap mass spectrometer.Results:After treatment with traditional Chinese medicine yitangkang,in the model group,important carboxylesterase and retinal guanylate cyclase 2 precursor were upregulated.As for intervention group,these indesxes were raised,but immunoglobulin IgG,carnitine acetyltransferase,tubulin beta-5,and Gan Lu sugar binding protein C were down-regulated.At the same time,some new biological active substances,such as protein tyrosine kinase,beta glucosidase were also found.Conclusions:Traditional Chinese medicines Yi Tang Kang could regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome.

Traditional Chinese medicine “Qing Yi Tang” alleviates oxygen free radical injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM To observe the changes in oxygen free radical (OFR) and the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine 'Qing Yi Tang' in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).METHODS After induction of ANP by injection of sodium taurocholate into pancreatic duct, 16 dogs were randomly divided into control group and Chinese medicine group. Serum amylase, SOD and MDA were determined on postoperative day 1, 2, 4 and 7. The animals were sacrificed on day 7. SOD and MDA in organs were determined, and pathological changes in pancreas were observed.RESULTS As compared with control group, the serum level of amylase (734U/L vs 2783U/L) and MDA (7.8nmol/ml vs 14.8nmol/ml) in Chinese medicine group were decreased on day 7 (P＜0.05), while SOD increased significantly (281nU/ml vs 55nU/ml, P＜0.01), and similar changes occurred in MDA and SOD in organs, especially in the pancreas; the pathological changes in the pancreas were alleviated as well.CONCLUSION 'Qing Yi Tang' is effective in clearing OFRs and alleviating pathological changes in ANP.

Efficacy of Chinese medicine Yi-gan-kang granule in prophylaxis and treatment of liver fibrosis in rats

AIM:To investigate the efficacy of a Chinese medicine, Yi-gan-kang granule (granules for benefiting the liver), in prophylaxis and treatment of liver fibrosis in rats and its possible mechanism. METHODS: One hundred and forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (20 each): group 1, blank control group without any interference during the study; group 2, CCI4-induced liver fibrosis group; group 3, pig serum-induced liver fibrosis group; group 4, prophylaxis group of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 5, prophylaxis group of pig serum-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 6, treatment group of CCI4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang; group 7, treatment group of CCI4-induced liver fibrosis by Yi-gan-kang. At wk 6,10,14 and 20 (baseline for CCl4., or big serum induction), five rats in each group were anesthetized and their livers were removed for pathological studies including immunohistochemical studies for α-SMA, type I collagen and In situ hybridization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TTMP-1) mRNA of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Anti-lipid peroxidation in isolated mitochondria and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay for proliferation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medicated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), flow cytometry and electron microscopy for apoptosis in isolated HSCs were also studied. RESULTS: The mean number of pseudolobuli at wk 10, 14 and 20 in the prophylaxis group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05 or 0.01). The effect of prophylaxis at wk 14 in CCI4 rats and at wk 10 in pig serum-induced rats was much better than that of treatment group (P<0.01). The thickness (in μm) of fibers both in pig serum-induced prophylaxis and in treatment groups at wk 14 and. 20 was significantly less than that in control group (P<0.05). The number of fibers both in prophylaxis and in treatment groups from wk 10 or 14 to 20 was significantly less than that in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The tissue HSC positive rates of type I collagen, α-SMA and TIMP-1 mRNA, which represented the active phenotype of HSCs in tissues, remained very high from wk 6 to the end of model making in control group. While in prophylaxis group, they were at a relatively low level. In treatment group, there was a gradual decreasing trend. Time- and dose-dependent effects of anti-lipid peroxidation on isolated mitochondria, cell proliferation and apoptosis in cultured HSCs were also observed during the study. CONCLUSION: Yi-gan-kang can effectively inhibit or inverse the course of liver fibrogenesis in CCI4- and pig serum-induced rat models.

The Property of Nao Yi-an Granule (脑溢安颗粒) in Increasing Nestin Immunoreactive Neural Stem Cells in Rat Brains with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective: To explore changes of neural stem cells (NSCs) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the effect of Nao Yi-an granule (脑溢安颗粒, NYA) on them, and furthermore, to explore NYA's therapeutic mechanism Methods: Sixty rats were randomly divided into three groups, the sham operation control group, the ICH group and the NYA-treated group. Except those in the sham operation control group, all other rats were replicated to ICH models by stereotactical injection of collagenase type Ⅶ into their globus pallidus. After modeling, the rats in the NYA-treated group were administered with NYA at the dosage of 4. 92 g·kg-1·d-1 by gastrogavage, while those in the other two groups, 4 ml distilled water were given instead. The behavioral test was used to evaluate neurological deficit and immunohistochemical method was used to detect Nestin expression, the special marker for neural stem cells. Results: The ICH animals showed notable placing deficit in forlimbs from day 1 to day 28 after modeling. The deficit in the NYA-treated group was similar to that of the ICH group, but the former got recovered better than the latter from day 21 to 28, with significant difference shown ( P<0.05). Nestin-positive cells (N+ cells) could be seen around the hemotoma from day 2 on in the ICH group, the number of which gradually increased from day 4 to 7 ( P< 0.01) and reached the peak on day 14 (P<0.05), but reduced significantly on day 28 (P<0.01). Compared with that of the ICH group at the same time points , there was no significant difference in number of N+ cells in the NYA group on day 2 and 4, but it reached the peak earlier on day 7(P<0.01),with the level significantly higher than that in the ICH group( P<0. 01), and this high level lasted to day 14. Conclusion: NYA could promote the recovery of behavioral deficit in collagenase type Ⅶ-induced ICH rats, and increase the number of nestin-immunoreactive NSCs, suggesting that its effect on NSCs may be one of its pharmaceutical mechanisms in treating ICH.

Body Mass Index and Hypertension Hemodynamic Subtypes in Yi Farmers and Migrants

Objective To examine the relationship between overweight or obesity and the risk of the various hypertension hemodynamic subtypes in Yi farmers and migrants. Methods A cross-sectional study of 2 358 Yi farmers and 2 392 Yi migrants was carried out in the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Sichuan, China in 2007. Results The standardized prevalence of overweight in female Yi farmers （6.22%） was higher than in males （3.25%）, whereas in Yi migrants 32.56% of males and 28.78% of females were overweight. The standardized prevalence of obesity was 0 and 0.62% in male and female Yi farmers, compared to 3.91% and 5.57% in male and female Yi migrants, respectively. For both genders the standardized prevalence of ISH, IDH, and SDH was higher in Yi migrants than Yi farmers. Overweight and obese Yi men and women had a higher risk for IDH and SDH （P〈O.002） than non-overweight/obese individuals. However, an association of overweight or obesity with ISH was observed only in men. Conclusion Yi migrants have substantially higher proportion of overweight and obese individuals, as well as individuals affected by ISH, IDH, and SDH, than do Yi farmers. Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for the development of hypertension in Yi people.

An Analysis on Rural Tourism Development Model in Yi County of Huangshan City

The Yi County's rural tourism model has changed a lot,gradually transferring from the single model to the composite model,which integrates sightseeing,touring,entertainment,leisure,vocation,and shopping. This article mainly focuses on the rural tourism development model. Yi County is a typical case for others,which gives a new development model.

The Mode of Promoting Industrial Targeted Poverty Alleviation through Land Circulation in Western Mountainous Region of China——A Case Study of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province

In the industrial targeted poverty alleviation,land circulation is a key process. Based on the national strategy of targeted poverty alleviation,this paper combined the industrial development of targeted poverty alleviation with land circulation. According to the field survey on the current situation of land circulation and promotion of the industrial poverty alleviation in the typical project area of Zhongping Village in Zhongping Town and Jiaowuying Village in Jiulong Town in Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province,located in the high mountain canyon area of Jinsha River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west of China. This paper summarized and analyzed the organization and operation mechanism,basic practices and main results of the land circulation and promotion of industrial poverty alleviation model in the typical project area of the county. It also summarized the innovation and successful experience of the model,and then came up with measures to further promote the implementation of the model,so as to provide necessary reference for the implementation of land circulation and industrial targeted poverty alleviation for the poverty-stricken counties in Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,regions).

Tropical and Subtropical Urban Landscape Plant Cultivation in Southwest China—A Case Study of Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture

By studying current seedling production in Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, tropical and subtropical urban landscape plant production in southwest China was analyzed. Local nurseries total 6.40 km 2 , accounting for 5.1% of total constructed land area in the prefecture, and only 0.02% of the total land area in the prefecture. Application of local plant species in landscape engineering and green coverage ratio lags far behind the indexes of Chinese livable city and indexes of relieving urban heat island effect. By making proper policies and measures, seedling production can be promoted, rare and endanged wild plant species should be fully used to construct garden city, control PM2.5 and protect the living environment.

Pharmacognostic Identification of Yi Medicine Herba Boenninghauseniae Albiflorae

[Objectives] To identify original plant and traits of Yi medicine Herba Boenninghauseniae Albiflorae,and provide experimental data for its identification and application. [Methods] The original plant,traits,and microscopic identification were used. [Results] Essential identification characteristics of Yi medicine Herba Boenninghauseniae Albiflorae: small leaf was 1-2. 5 cm long,while the gynophore was 4-8mm long when bearing fruit; traits mainly included characteristic odor,strong and bitter taste,and spicy flavor; microscopic exclusive identifying characteristics: rich aleurone grain in the root; leaf had lysigenous secretory cavity,and non-glandular hairs and oil droplets were common. [Conclusions] Yi medicine Herba Boenninghauseniae Albiflorae( Ebazema) has distinctive identifying characteristics in original plant,traits,and microscopic tissues. This study is expected to provide certain reference for identification of original plant and medicine and formulation of quality standard for Yi medicine Ebazema,and to provide basis for its further research and development.

Total Coumarin Content and Antioxidant Activity in Different Parts of Obazema, a Yi Medicine

[Objectives]This study aimed to determine the total coumarin content and antioxidant activity in vitro of Obazema,a Yi Medicine.[Methods]The extraction process of coumarin from Obazema was optimized by response surface method,and the total contents of coumarin in different sources and different parts of Obazema were compared.With Vc,chlorogenic acid and citric acid as positive controls,the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of different parts of Obazema was determined.[Results]The optimum extraction process for coumarin from Obazema were as follows:80%ethanol,solid to liquid ratio 1∶67,extraction time 120 min and extraction temperature 57℃.The total contents of coumarin in roots,stems,leaves,flowers and fruit of Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa Levl.and B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.were 7.75,6.50,33.45 and 44.35,and 8.1,4.6,17.8 and 18.7 mg/g,respectively.The free radicle-scavenging activity of coumarin from Obazema had certain dose-effect relationship,and was slightly stronger than that of the positive drugs.Under the phenanthroline-Fe ^2+method,the free radicle-scavenging activity ranked as B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.>B.sessilicarpa Levl.>Vc>citric acid>chlorogenic acid;under the DPPH method,the free radicle-scavenging activity ranked as B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.>B.sessilicarpa Levl.>Vc>chlorogenic acid>citric acid;and under the ABSTS+method,the free radicle-scavenging capacity ranked was in the order as B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.>B.sessilicarpa Levl.>Vc>chlorogenic acid>citric acid.[Conclusions]There are significant differences in coumarin content between different sources and different parts of Obazema.When coumarin is used as the main active substance,Obazema is better harvested during the flowering period,and the free radicle-scavenging activity of B.sessilicarpa Levl.is higher than that of B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.The antioxidant activity of the flower-fruit ethanol extracts of B.sessilicarpa Levl.and B.albiflora(Hook.)Reichb.is stronger than that of the commonly used antioxidants such as Vc,chlorogenic acid and citric acid,which is related to antioxidant components in the ethanol extracts.

Anti-atherosclerotic effect of extract of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan-yi-lian in ApoE^(-/-) mice

OBJECTIVE To explore the anti-atherosclerotic effect of the extract of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan-yi-lian(DYL) and the related mechanism.METHODS Atherosclerosis(AS) mod.el was established in ApoE(-/-) mice with a western diet.The mice were orally administered with differ.ent doses of DYL or vehicle daily for 28 d.The anti-atherosclerotic effect was evaluated by measuring the aortic atherosclerotic lesion area and media thickness with ultrasound imaging and histological sec.tions staining method.The effect on blood lipid was investigated by determining TC,TG,LDL,HDL,Apo-A1,Apo-B,etc.The anti-oxidative activity as assessed by determining the level of SOD,CAT,GSH,GSH-Px and MDA.Western blot analysis was used to determine the effect on ICAM-1,VCAM-1,MMP-2 and TNF-α.RESULTS In Dan-yi-lian administered ApoE(-/-) mice,the plaque area and media thickness were significantly reduced.Meanwhile,serum TC,TG,LDL and Apo-B were decreased,in contrast to the increased level of HDL and Apo-A1.On the other hand,SOD,CAT,GSH and GSH-Px were increased,while MDA was reduced in liver homogenate.In addition,the expression of ICAM-1,VCAM-1,MMP-2 and TNF-α was obviously inhibited by Dan-yi-lian.CONCLUSION Dan-yi-lian exhibit.ed potent anti-athero-sclerotic efficacy,in which the lipid-regulating,anti-oxidative and anti-inflammato.ry mechanism might be involved.

Quality Evaluation of Yi Medicine "Qibujing" Based on Determination of Water Content and Ash Content

[Objectives]To determine the water content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content of Yi medicinal material"Qibujing",so as to provide experimental basis for establishing the Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province.[Methods]According to the second method(drying method)in 0832 water content determination method and 2301 ash content determination method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition),it was determined,respectively,and the data were processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and DPS 7.05 data processing system.[Results]All the 14 batches of sample met the stipulation that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%under"Guan Zhong-(Qibujing)"in the 2005 edition of Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine Standard.There was a negative correlation between water content,acid-insoluble ash content and altitude,and a positive correlation between total ash content and altitude.[Conclusions]It is suggested that Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province stipulate that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%.

名中医杨毅从“以平为期”理论探讨中医治疗肺癌思路

总结杨毅教授治疗肺癌的临床思路,临证时注重外感祛邪宣肺为要,因势利导。内伤调理脏腑为主,以平为安,辨证施治,匠心独运,验效颇丰。现择取杨师验案进行分析,为治疗肺癌拓宽思路,提高临床疗效。

Poverty Alleviation by Helping the Disabled in Impoverished Mountainous Areas of Western China:Taking Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province as an Example

Disabled people are the poorest in the rural poor with the biggest difficulty in getting rid of poverty and the highest rate of returning to poverty.They are one of the key groups in rural poverty alleviation work.This is the key and difficult point of winning the fight against poverty.Luquan County is a national poverty-stricken county with a large number of disabled people.Since the implementation of the fight against poverty in 2016,the county has introduced a series of policies and measures to help the disabled to get rid of poverty from housing,medical care,schooling for children of the disabled and income increase,and good results have been achieved in poverty alleviation,making important contributions to the poverty alleviation of the county.Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and condenses the specific practices,main results and successful experience of the poverty alleviation model in Luquan County,Yunnan Province to provide necessary reference for the targeted poverty alleviation by helping the disabled in Yunnan Province and other provinces.

High-Yielding and Carotenoid-Rich Clones Identification among Thirty-One Cassava Clones with Colored Flesh

Cassava is the second most important food crop produced and consumed in Côte d’Ivoire, after yam. White-fleshed varieties, which are low in total carotenoids, are widespread, while coloured-fleshed varieties (yellow to orange), carotenoid-rich, are rare. However, the consumption of carotenoid-rich cassava varieties could help to alleviate health problems related to vitamin A deficiency. This study aims to identify high agronomic performance, carotenoid-rich and versatile cassava varieties among 31 clones introduced from IITA. They were compared to three controls, Bocou2, Yacé and Bonou2, according to agronomic and technological parameters. Results found that out of the 31 clones, six (I082425, I084157, I084563, I085894, I083774 and I070520) were more productive than the control Bocou2 (46.01 ± 14.88 t·ha-1);the clone I083774 had the highest yield (55.88 ± 6.16 t·ha-1). Twenty-one clones had dry matter contents, ranging from 37% to 41%, significantly similar to Yacé control (42.70%). Thirteen clones had highest total carotenoid contents than the control Bocou2. Clones I084157 and I082425 recorded the highest total carotenoid contents with 17.57 ± 1.92 and 18.39 ± 1.19 μg·g-1 respectively. Overall 31 tested clones were fibrous to varying degrees while 27 clones had mild or neutral post-cooking flavours and 17 clones had poor cooking. The clone I084157 is the best compromise of agronomic and technological desired traits.