Forming mechanism of integral serrated high fins by plowing-extruding based on variational feed

Plowing-extruding tool was designed and plowing-extruding process was investigated.Then,a manufacturing method of integral serrated high-finned tube,plowing-extruding based on variational feed was proposed,in which plowing-extruding tool moved forward at two different feeds,f1 and f2,in turn.In this method,overlaps that are usually avoided in practical application were utilized to manufacture high fins and average height of fins was up to 1.58 mm.The critical feed(fc) of overlaps forming and terms of high fins forming were analyzed.The main technical parameters that affect the fins height were discussed.The experimental results show that the fins height increases with extruding inclination angle and plowing-extruding depth,and the fins height increases with f1 increasing when f1 is smaller than fc,and decreases with f1 increasing if f1 is larger than fc.

Optimized Design for the Plow of a Submarine Plowing Trencher

耕作 trencher 的潜水艇的犁是主要功能的机制之一，并且它的优化是很重要的。设计参数在决定一个容器的拖引的力量的要求起一个很重要的作用。一个多客观的基因算法在获得犁的最佳的设计的努力基于犁表面的分析模型被检验了并且适用。为一个特定的土壤条件，草稿力量和是在犁的工作过程的关键参数的犁板表面区域被发现犁片穿入角度的相应最佳的价值和犁的主要的切片的二个表面角度优化。象偏差，犁板电梯角度，正切线的尖变化，和跨越的长度的犁板方面角度那样的参数也沿着土壤流动方向关于犁板表面的力量被分析。结果证明优化的犁有改进的犁表演。分别地，主要的切片和犁板的草稿力量是 10.6% 和 7% 不到原来的设计。犁板的 Gaussian 弯曲的标准差被 64.5% 降低，它暗示优化犁板表面的光滑比原版大得多。

Soil remediation of degraded coastal saline wetlands by irrigation with paper mill effluent and plowing

Combined with anti-waterlogging ditches, irrigation with treated paper mill effluent （TPME） and plowing were applied in this study to investigate the effects of remediation of degraded coastal sa- line-alkaline wetlands. Three treatments were employed, viz., control （CK）, irrigated with 10 cm depth of TPME （I）, and plowing to 20 cm deep before irrigating 10 cm depth ofTPME （IP）. Results show that both I-treatment and IP-treatment could improve soil structure by decreasing bulk density by 5% and 8%. Irrigation with TPME containing low salinity stimulated salts leaching instead of accumulating. With anti-waterlogging ditches, salts were drained out of soil. Irrigation with 10 cm depth of TPME lowered total soluble salts in soil and sodium adsorption ration by 33% and 8%, respective!y, but there was no significant difference compared with CK, indicating that this irrigation rate was not heavy enough to remarkably reduce so!l salinity and sodicity, Thus, in-i： gation rate should be enhanced in order to reach better effects of desalinization and desodication. Irrigation with TPME significantly increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus due to the abundant organic matter in TPME. Plowing increased soil air circulation, so as to enhance mineralization of organic matter and lead to the loss of organic matter; however, plowing significantly improvedsoil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus. Improvements of physicochemical properties in I-treatment and IP-treatment both boosted soil microbial population and activity. Microbial biomass carbon increased significantly by 327% （I-treatment） and 451% （IP-treatment）, while soil respiration increased significantly by 316% （I-treatment） and 386% （IP-treatment）. Urease and dehydrogenase activities in both I-treatment and IP-treatment were significantly higher than that in CK. Phosphatase in IP-treatment was significantly higher than that in CK. Compared to I-treatment, IP-treatment improved all of the soil properties except for soil organic matter. The key to remediation of degraded sa- line-alkaline wetlands is to decrease soil salinity and sodicity; thus, irri- gation plus plowing could be an ideal method of soil remediation.

Plowing Ahead

ALTHOUGH Zhao Zijian＇s business card shows his office is in Beijing, he spends half the year on business trips to Africa. Zhao, who hails from central ChinEs Henan Province. has been in the agricultural and construction machinery business for decades, and is now the general manager of China- Africa Machinery Corp. （CAMACO）. He is involved in agricultural and construction machinery investment and trade in Africa.

1LF-5型液压翻转犁的设计与试验

为推动玉米秸秆还田保护性耕作农艺的发展,设计了一种集土壤耕作技术、玉米秸秆还田技术于一体的1LF-5型液压翻转犁,一次作业既翻转了土层、松碎了土壤,又可将土壤表层的玉米秸秆与作物残茬翻入土层下,形成隔层进行还田;同时,犁体受到突发外力冲击时,安全装置自动生效,使犁柱绕固定轴栓旋转,从而保护犁体与犁柱的安全。田间试验表明:1LF-5型液压翻转犁的平均耕作深度稳定为33.45cm,平整度为20mm,变异系数在3.166%~3.535%之间;在第1工况下,翻转犁的耕宽平均值为220.75cm,耕宽的变异系数范围为1.21%~1.71%;在第2工况下,翻转犁的耕宽平均值170.1cm,耕作宽度的变异系数范围为1.26%~1.68%;植被覆盖率平均值为89.97%,土垡破碎率为72.27%。机具满足国家标准GB/T14225对于耕作质量的各项要求,也满足翻耕农艺要求。

基于LS-DYNA的铧式犁结构优化设计及性能分析

基于LS-DYNA法建立犁体与土壤的耦合接触有限元模型,讨论不同犁体导曲线、铧刃角、安装角、端点角、耕作速度对耕作过程翻垡效果和犁体应力影响,并进行试验验证。结果表明:椭圆曲面比抛物线曲面耕作时阻力更小、土壤翻垡效果更好,阻力降低5.6%,翻垡距离提升14.8%;对犁体前进速度、铧刃角、安装角、端点角进行单因素分析,发现翻垡距离随着速度增加而增加,而随着铧刃角、安装角、端点角呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。因此,通过选取合适的速度与结构参数可以提升铧式犁的翻垡性能,减低犁体阻力。

从清宫内务府汉文奏销档看织染局种种

文章基于中国第一历史档案馆藏内务府汉文奏销档中关于织染局的七份档案,通过梳理乾隆和嘉庆年间内织染局设置及所辖人、财、物变更等重要事项,分析了清朝中期织染局的沿革历史、人员构成和分工、所用物料、织造品类和使用去向等种种问题,阐明了织染局作为清代官营织造机构之一的特殊性质和使命,以及与江南三织造的联系和区别。织染局作为清代唯一一处位于京内的官营织造机构,其用丝主要来自江南三织造的供应,在匠役的来源上也与江南地区有着密切联系。由于地理条件及生产规模所限,织染局所产丝织原料质量、生产规模和产品类别均不能与三织造相比。但是作为随传随办的织造机构,织染局能够灵活应变,满足上用和内用的临时需求,因此在清代官营织造机构中具有特殊地位。而且,自乾隆十七年(公元1752年)织染局迁入万寿山演化为耕织图后,不仅通过精简人员和技艺优化来扩大生产品类和提高产品质量,更与皇帝倡导农桑的政策紧密结合,逐渐形成兼具实际生产意义和政策示范性的场所,同时也满足了皇帝对江南田园生活的向往,成为承载官营生产织造和皇帝人文思想的理想机构。

西南喀斯特地貌区采煤沉陷对稻田的影响研究

为了研究分析采煤沉陷对稻田造成的影响,本文对比分析了采煤沉陷区内正常与非常稻田的土壤物理特性、犁底层入渗参数、水稻生长需水量以及生物和产量等因素。研究结果表明:在西南山地喀斯特地貌区,(1)采煤沉陷对稻田土壤的容重、孔隙度、机械组成影响不大,但影响土壤含水率较明显;(2)采煤沉陷导致稻田犁底层不同损坏,土壤入渗系数超过正常稻田犁底层土壤入渗系数10倍左右;(3)每公顷非正常稻田生长需水量比正常稻田多26.7 m^(3)水量;(4)每公顷正常稻田的产量和秸秆干重比非正常稻田分别多出3100 kg和1200 kg。而正常稻田的单株稻根干重比非正常稻田多1.74 g。总之,在西南山地喀斯特地貌区采煤沉陷已严重影响了稻田的正常生产,特别是稻田犁底层方面的损坏,这对于区域进行稻田生态复垦和社会协调稳定都具有理论与实践价值。

天水市旱作区春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究

为解决区域内春玉米—冬油菜一膜两用技术中秸秆利用不合理、土壤有机质含量低、有机肥投入不足、化肥施用不合理、土壤水分利用不足、肥料利用率较低等一系列问题,在天水市旱作区开展了春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究,以期为区域内化肥减施、地力提升和农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明,秸秆粉碎带膜翻压还田可以提高玉米籽粒产量7.96%、冬油菜籽粒产量9.91%,增加0~20 cm土壤有机质、全磷、有效磷含量(分别增加2.53 g/kg、0.08 g/kg、10.93 mg/kg),缓冲土壤pH值,影响土壤速效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮水平。

Two material removal modes in chemical mechanical polishing:mechanical plowing vs.chemical bonding

With the rapid development of semiconductors,the number of materials needed to be polished sharply increases.The material properties vary significantly,posing challenges to chemical mechanical polishing(CMP).Accordingly,the study aimed to classify the material removal mechanism.Based on the CMP and atomic force microscopy results,the six representative metals can be preliminarily classified into two groups,presumably due to different material removal modes.From the tribology perspective,the first group of Cu,Co,and Ni may mainly rely on the mechanical plowing effect.After adding H_(2)O_(2),corrosion can be first enhanced and then suppressed,affecting the surface mechanical strength.Consequently,the material removal rate(MRR)and the surface roughness increase and decrease.By comparison,the second group of Ta,Ru,and Ti may primarily depend on the chemical bonding effect.Adding H_(2)O_(2)can promote oxidation,increasing interfacial chemical bonds.Therefore,the MRR increases,and the surface roughness decreases and levels off.In addition,CMP can be regulated by tuning the synergistic effect of oxidation,complexation,and dissolution for mechanical plowing,while tuning the synergistic effect of oxidation and ionic strength for chemical bonding.The findings provide mechanistic insight into the material removal mechanism in CMP.

犁刀混合机动轴密封失效原因分析与研究

针对犁刀混合机工作介质为粉末物料时动轴密封失效问题,根据动轴密封试验结果及动轴密封原理展开失效原因分析。结果表明,密封气体出口压力大于工作介质压力、密封气体出口压力沿圆周方向均匀性、气密封通道宽度尺寸b沿圆周方向均匀性等3个条件,是保证犁刀混合机动轴密封性能的关键。在此基础上,再采用理论计算及有限元仿真相结合的方法对动轴密封失效原因展开进一步分析,根据分析结果分别从动轴密封设计、制造角度提出了犁刀混合机动轴密封失效的解决方法;最后通过试验验证了解决方法的正确性。试验结果表明,在动轴密封密封气体出口压力、配气环等设计符合要求的情况下,气密封通道宽度尺寸b沿圆周方向的偏心量为0.1 mm时,其连续密封时间分别是偏心量为0.3,0.6 mm时的3倍、13倍,即通过降低气密封通道宽度尺寸b沿圆周方向的偏心量,对提高动轴密封装置的密封性能有显著效果。研究成果对犁刀混合机动轴密封设计及应用具有一定指导意义。

高速犁体曲面结构参数对耕作阻力的影响研究

针对我国铧式犁高速作业时耕作阻力大、耕地质量差等问题,本文研究了高速犁体曲面结构参数对耕作阻力的影响.首先,分析了基于水平直元线法的高速犁体曲面形成过程,得出对高速犁体曲面作业性能影响较大的结构参数.然后,基于离散元法建立了高速犁体曲面-土壤互作模型,并通过土槽试验和仿真试验验证了该模型的合理性.最后,分别研究了铧刃角θ、导曲线开度l、犁铧安装角ε和高度偏差量ΔH等结构参数对耕作阻力的影响规律.研究结果表明:随着铧刃角的增大,耕作阻力以较快速度增大;随着导曲线开度的增大,耕作阻力逐渐减小;随着犁铧安装角的增大,耕作阻力在较小范围内波动;随着高度偏差量的增大,耕作阻力缓慢增大.

托卡尔丘克《糜骨之壤》中的宇宙生态观与伦理之问

波兰女作家奥尔加·托卡尔丘克的小说《糜骨之壤》创新性地将占星术与侦破谋杀案的线性叙事模式结合起来,巧妙地通过设计“动物复仇案”来探讨生态伦理难题。小说通过占星术探寻了人类活动与宇宙生态秩序之间的潜隐联系,强调在宇宙空间视域下审视生态整体价值。作为探索人类自我与宇宙生态关系的一种工具,小说中的占星术不仅充当了人类活动与深层生态的对话媒介,也为后续的生态伦理冲突起到一种预警作用,继而引出人物所面临的生态伦理选择的认知困境。最后,托卡尔丘克发出了“利己”还是“利他”的伦理之问,引发人们关于伦理正义性问题的思考。

国内外犁铧减粘耐磨研究现状与展望

犁铧作为一种典型的农耕触土部件,其主要功能是对土壤进行翻耕,起到松土、碎土的作用。犁铧等农耕触土部件在作业时易出现土壤粘附、部件磨损等现象,这些现象是增大农耕触土部件作业阻力,造成其失效与报废的重要原因,因此如何提升犁铧等农耕触土部件的减粘耐磨性能,是一项亟待解决的技术难题。简述了土壤对金属的黏附机理和磨损机制,归纳总结了几种可提升犁铧等农耕触土部件减粘耐磨性能的技术手段,并对我国犁铧等农耕触土部件的发展提出展望。

悬挂式粮食翻晒机研制

为解决粮食晾晒场上翻晒问题,设计了一种悬挂式粮食翻晒机,可以对各种粮食进行翻晒作业。试验测试结果表明,翻粮深度150mm,作业效率6750m2/h。其创新点是采用橡胶翻粮铧和橡胶分粮板,优势是效率高节省人力成本。

液压翻转犁智能控制系统开发和研究

该文基于PID控制器,通过对PID参数的调整实现对液压翻转犁的稳定控制,同时对系统中的检测元件进行设计与选型,构建一套完善的液压翻转犁智能控制系统。通过田间试验,验证设计的智能控制系统在实际工作环境中的可靠性和有效性。研究结果表明,标准偏差为0.25,控制精度的均方根误差(RMSE)为1.2,表明系统的控制精度较高,实际输出值与预期输出值之间的差异较小。作业效率为1000 m^(2)/h。该文提出的液压翻转犁智能控制系统能够实现对犁具的精确控制,研究结果对于提高农业生产效率和作业质量提供技术参考。

机械化平房仓智能连续移动进料设备关键技术的研究与应用

随着粮食仓储物流行业的快速发展,散粮机械化平房仓已得到广泛应用。但传统机械化平房仓进仓设备普遍采用固定犁式多点卸料皮带机,存在建设维保成本高、仓容利用率不佳、自动化程度低等问题。因此,本文研制出一种主要由除尘系统、卸料系统、行走系统和控制系统组成的智能连续移动进料设备,并详细介绍其研发背景、设计思路、具体方案以及实施效果。该设备具有一次建设投入设备数量少、维保成本低;卸料犁可连续进粮、仓容利用率高;环保抑尘效果好等优点,能有效提高机械化平房仓作业能力,促进粮食仓储行业的智能化与可持续发展。

Design Principles of the Non-smooth Surface of Bionic Plow Moldboard

The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.

Evaluation of plow system performance in long-wall mining method using particle flow code

The underground or open-pit methods are used for the extraction of mineral resources,each of which is divided into different categories.Coal is one of the mineral resources,which is exploited either by the surface or the underground methods.The long-wall mining is one of the methods for the underground coal mining.In this method,which is a mechanized one,some machines such as the shearer or plow are used for the mining.The coal mine in Parvadeh,Tabas is a mechanized mine that is extracted by the long-wall mining.The modeling with particle flow code software was used in this mine for the evaluation of plow performance using the coal specifications.In this regard,the sample was first calibrated by sampling from the Parvadeh coal mine and performing the uniaxial and Brazilian tests on the model.Then,the modeling was done by constructing the model and using the variables such as the clearance angle and the linear velocity of the plow.After making 28 models for the plow,the best model of the plow was selected based on the maximum force applied to the machine in the X direction.Finally,the results of this study showed that the best plow performance is for a model with the clearance angle of zero and the linear velocity of 9 mm/min,and the maximum force applied to this model is equal to 39,000 kN in the X direction.

粉垄耕作深度和间作大豆对木薯产量及效益的影响

【目的】分析不同粉垄耕作深度和间作大豆对木薯产量及效益的影响,为提高木薯种植经济效益和提高现有耕地利用率提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以华南205木薯和桂春15号大豆为试验材料。在不同粉垄耕作深度处理下,木薯‖大豆按50 cm的间作行距进行种植,动态测量木薯的农艺性状,称量木薯和大豆产量,并分析粉垄耕作深度和间作对木薯产量及效益的影响。【结果】(1)粉垄耕作深度能显著影响木薯生长前期的株高、茎径,粉垄深度越深其株高越高、茎径越大,但对木薯生长中后期的株高、茎径影响并不显著;在相同粉垄耕作深度下,间作木薯株高、茎径均低于单作木薯,但差异不显著。(2)间作条件下,粉垄耕作深度与株高、单株薯重、单位面积产量呈极显著正相关,与单株结薯数呈显著正相关;在相同粉垄耕作深度下,间作木薯产量均低于单作木薯产量,降幅为3.16%~7.19%;其中CF30、CSF30鲜薯产量分别为42 104.4 kg/hm^(2)、39 862.2 kg/hm^(2),分别显著高于C10、CS10处理,增幅分别为7.50%、9.88%;木薯鲜薯单位面积产量从高到低依次为CF30、CF40、CF20、CSF30、CSF40、C10、CSF20、CS10。(3)木薯‖大豆间作群体的总产值均显著高于木薯单作的产值,其中CSF30产值最高,为36 254.3元/hm^(2),显著高于其他所有处理,增幅为9.32%~32.23%;单位面积总产值从高到低依次为CSF30、CSF40、CSF20、CS10、CF30、CF40、CF20、C10;间作群体总LER均大于1,为1.39~1.43,其中最高的是CSF30,为1.43。【结论】CSF30处理群体总产值、LER值最大,可提高土地复种指数和土地利用效率,增加木薯种植效益。