On Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations： a Case Study of ＂Red＂ and ＂Black＂

Through analyzing the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations and exploring the case study of"red"and"black"in thedifferent culture backgrounds, the problems in the comprehension are put forward for the purpose of enhancing the learners' abilityof words comprehension based on a complex meaning system.

基于改进Black-Litterman模型的投资组合优化

考虑到金融市场“非完全有效性”且投资者“非完全理性”,通过贝叶斯框架建立了投资者观点与多渠道信息相结合的改进Black-Litterman模型,由此确定了最优的个性化投资策略.在中国股票市场的实证研究中,利用SVM-ARIMA-GARCH模型解决了投资者观点量化的问题.对比几类参考策略,改进Black-Litterman模型所确定的最优投资策略的样本外绩效表现更加稳健,在不同市场行情下均能获得较高的夏普比率和较低的换手率.

基于宏观因子的SVR-Black-Litterman资产配置模型及其实证研究

随着全球经济不稳定性的增强和我国利率市场化的深入推进,金融资产的波动性不断加剧,资产组合优化配置问题依然是金融投资理论研究和实务领域的核心问题。Black-Litterman模型因其解决了传统均值方差模型对参数敏感的问题,且允许将投资者观点融入模型中,已被广泛应用于资产配置实践中。然而投资者观点矩阵的确定一直是Black-Litterman模型理论和应用研究的难点。将宏观因子融入投资者观点矩阵,应用基于主成分分析法的支持向量回归(SVR)模型实现观点矩阵的估计,构建融入宏观因子的SVR-Black-Litterman资产配置模型。为检验模型的有效性,将该模型与经典模型进行比较。实证结果表明,所构建的模型具有较好的市场表现。

Assessing the Efficacy of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Extracts in Combating Black Pod Disease: Sustainable Solutions for Controlling Phytophthora megakarya in Cameroon’s Cocoa Plantations

The use of plant extracts as antifungal agents is gaining increasing attention, particularly for the control of black pod disease in cocoa. Despite extensive research, current strategies haven’t been entirely effective. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus and Blumea balsamifora leaf extracts, both individually and in combination, against Phytophthora megakarya. We assessed the efficacy of the most promising combination (75% B. balsamifera, 25% C. citratus) after storage at room temperature for up to 9 days. Agar microdilution and in vivo bioassays were conducted to determine antifungal susceptibility and effectiveness. Blumea extract exhibited the highest overall inhibitory activity, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (117 µl mL−1) while C. citratus had a narrower range of MIC (146 to 233 µl mL−1). The combination of C. citratus and B. balsamifera demonstrated a synergistic effect against P. megakarya, achieving growth inhibition on V8 media (92.72 ± 4.20% to 100%) and on artificially infected detached pod cortex (92.24 ± 4.53% to 98.75 ± 1.25%), which was not significantly different from the positive control (Ridomil). Furthermore, this combination maintained its effectiveness for up to 9 days at room temperature. These findings suggest that combining plant extracts can enhance their antifungal properties.

Black Garlic as an Antiviral for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Lung Cells

Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-GloTM H2O2 assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.

Multiverse/Hyperverse Models: (4 + 1)-Dimensional Landscape (Black Saturns, Bousso-Hawking Nucleation, Gogberashvili Multiverses, Schwarzschild-De Sitter Nurseries) and a (3 + 1)-Dimensional Model for Dark Energy

We consider the Hyperverse as a collection of multiverses in a (4 + 1)-dimensional spacetime with gravitational constant G. Multiverses in our model are bouquets of thin shells (with synchronized intrinsic times). If gis the gravitational constant of a shell Sand εits thickness, then G~εg. The physical universe is supposed to be one of those thin shells inside the local bouquet called Local Multiverse. Other remarkable objects of the Hyperverse are supposed to be black holes, black lenses, black rings and (generalized) Black Saturns. In addition, Schwarzschild-de Sitter multiversal nurseries can be hidden inside those Black Saturns, leading to their Bousso-Hawking nucleation. It also suggests that black holes in our physical universe might harbor embedded (2 + 1)-dimensional multiverses. This is compatible with outstanding ideas and results of Bekenstein, Hawking-Vaz and Corda about “black holes as atoms” and the condensation of matter on “apparent horizons”. It allows us to formulate conjecture 12.1 about the origin of the Local Multiverse. As an alternative model, we examine spacetime warping of our universe by external universes. It gives data for the accelerated expansion and the cosmological constant Λ, which are in agreement with observation, thus opening a possibility for verification of the multiverse model.

A Novel Derivation of Black Hole Entropy in all Dimensions from Truly Point Mass Sources

It is explicitly shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy (in all dimensions) emerges from truly point mass sources at r=0due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature involving the Dirac delta distribution. In order to achieve this, one is required to extend the domain of r to negative values −∞≤r≤+∞. It is the density and anisotropic pressure components associated with the point mass delta function source at the origin r=0which furnish the Schwarzschild black hole entropy in all dimensions D≥4after evaluating the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. Two of the most salient results are i) that the observed spacetime dimension D=4is precisely singled out from all the other dimensions when the strong and weak energy conditions are met, and ii) the point mass source described in this work is not the result of a spherically symmetric gravitational collapse of a star as described by the Oppenheimer-Snyder model because we are not neglecting the pressure. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature βHas the length of the circle Sβ1obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, it=τ, to imaginary time. This approach can be generalized to the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman metrics. The physical implications of this finding warrant further investigation since it suggests a profound connection between the notion of gravitational entropy and spacetime singularities.

Black-Scholes模型下亚式期权定价的一种快速傅里叶算法

针对几何平均亚式期权,利用快速傅里叶变换方法得到含特征函数的表达式,从而更快速求解亚式期权.对期权价格进行傅里叶变换,得到表达式可以用标的资产价格对数的特征函数来表示,该表达式可以输出期权价格的结果.对其进行离散化处理,再利用快速傅里叶变换来求解,以输出结果.对Black-Scholes模型下的几何亚式期权定价的表达式进行计算,得出其期权定价模型的特征函数,便可以带入快速求解出相应的期权价值.利用Black-Scholes模型在该方法求解的几何平均亚式期权价值与Black-Scholes模型下原始期权价值的数据进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性和高效性.

Generalized Newton’s Theory of Universal Gravitation and Black Holes

The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with Black Holes, with the horizon of events. Possibility of systematization of all Black Holes is shown. An illustration is given on the example of Black Hole SgrA*.

Evaluation of Rhizobium tropici-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substances on Selected Soil Properties, Seed Germination, and Growth of Black-Eyed Peas (Vigna unguiculata)

Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been used in soils to enhance soil structures and mitigate soil erosions. However, information on their use to improve soil health and fertility indicators, and plant growth is limited. In a greenhouse study, we investigated their effects on some soil health, soil fertility indices, and the growth of black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculate). Results showed that soils incubated with EPS significantly increased basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). The EPS shifted microbial populations from bacteria to fungi and Gram (−ve) to Gram ( ve) bacteria. However, it had little or no effects on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The EPS decreased soil moisture loss, increased soil aggregate stability, but delayed blacked-eyed peas germinations in the soils. At 0.1% (w/w) concentrations in soils, there was increase in plant root nodulations and vegetative growth. This study was carried out within 40 days of incubating soils with EPS or growing the black-eyed peas in a greenhouse study. The plant growth parameters were taken before flowering and fruiting. Further studies of the effects of incubating soils with the extracellular polymeric substances on plant growth. Soil microbial biomass, microbial diversities, and other soil fertility indices are deemed necessary.

Quantum Unruh Effect on Radiation of Black Holes

The quantum Unruh effect on radiation of a gravitational object including a black hole is analyzed and calculated. It is surprisingly found that the well-known Hawking radiation of a black hole is not physical. Applying the Stephan-Boltzmann law with the use of the Unruh radiation temperature at the surface of a black hole to calculate the power of radiation of the black hole is conceptually unphysical. This is because the Unruh radiation temperature results from the gravitational field of the object rather than from the thermal motion of matter of the object, so that the Stephan-Boltzmann law is not applicable. This paper shows that the emission power of Unruh radiation from a gravitational object should be calculated in terms of the rate of increase of the total Unruh radiation energy outside the object. The result obtained from this study indicates that a gravitational object can emit Unruh radiation when the variation of its mass and radius satisfies an inequality of dM/M > 1.25dR/R. For a black hole, the emission of Unruh radiation does not occur unless it can loose its mass (dM < 0). The emission power of Unruh radiation is only an extremely tiny part of the rate of mass-energy loss if the black hole is not extremely micro-sized. This study turns down our traditional understanding of the Hawking radiation and thermodynamics of black holes.

Black Hole Singularities and Planetary Formation

The goal of this research is to explore the effects of black hole singularities. Methodology is to start with large objects like galaxies and continue to smaller objects within our solar neighbourhood. High-redshift observations from the James Webb Space Telescope reveal that distant galaxies and their central black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. An innovation about the speed of light explains how supermassive black holes could have formed primordially. Predictions of Hawking radiation include the possibility of black holes contributing to the energy of stars such as the Sun. Black holes have also been suggested as a source of radiation and magnetic fields in giant planets. Observations of Enceladus raise the possibility that this moon and other objects near Saturn’s Rings contain small singularities. Extrapolations of this methodology indicate that black holes could exist within solar system bodies including planets. Extended discussion describes how their presence could explain mysteries of internal heat, planetary magnetic fields, and processes of solar system formation.

On Our Peculiar Black Hole Universe

The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.

Abdominoplasty, Liposuction and Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL) in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. My Experience in This Aesthetic Plastic Surgery with Black African Women in a Low-Income Country

Background: In low-income African countries, the demand and use of plastic surgery operations including abdominoplasty, liposuction and Brazilian butt lift (BBL) are increasing. The goal of this work is to present my experience and the challenges of this aesthetic plastic surgery among black African women. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted about the abdominoplasties, liposuctions and Brazilian butt lift (BBL) which I operated in public and private hospitals at Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) in black African women. It covers a period of 13 years, going from December 1, 2010 to December 1, 2023. For this study, I had at least 6 months period (to Juin 1, 2024) to assess the occurrence of early and late postoperative complications. Results: I performed 84 abdominoplasties, 144 liposuctions and 23 Brazilian butt lifts (BBL). The average age at the time of abdominoplasty was 44 years with extremes ranging from 26 to 55 years and a concentration of cases (60.7%) in the age group of 40 to 49 years. The age group of 20 to 29 years old represented the lowest rate of requests for abdominoplasty (4.7%). Patients with a BMI of 30 to 2 were the majority (61.9%), followed by those between 25 to 2 (29.7%). 67.8% of patients were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The average age at the time of liposuction was 41 years with extremes ranging from 21 years to 69 years;and more than half of cases (68%) in the age group between 30 and 49 years. As for Brazilian butt lift (BBL), the average age was 33 years with extremes ranging from 24 to 42 years and a concentration of patients (91.3%) between 20 and 39 years. The immediate postoperative complications of abdominoplasties observed were: seroma in 7% of cases, hematoma and partial infection of the surgical site in 5% of cases. Pathological scars (hypertrophic, keloid) after abdominoplasties were observed in 9% of cases. The most common complication of liposuction was contour deformity. I observed 16 patients (11.1%) with soft-tissue depressions or elevations, skin panniculus or folds. For Brazalian Butt Lift (BBL), complications like asymmetry for 2 patients (8.9%), contour irregularities for 2 patients (8.9%), and excessive fat removal for 6 patients (26%), had observed. I have not recorded any cases of death or pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: I perform aesthetic plastic surgery procedures in black African women with a high socioeconomic standard of living compared to the average of the general population. The renunciation of planned surgery is motivated by the impossibility of paying the cost of the operation as well as by popular and religious perceptions regarding cosmetic surgery. The results of these aesthetic plastic surgery procedures carried out are very satisfactory for them. The challenges to overcome are mainly threefold: the unforeseeable complications of these cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, popular and religious perceptions of cosmetic surgery as well as the poverty of the population.

Application of Elzaki Transform Method to Market Volatility Using the Black-Scholes Model

Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of European Stock options and establish the theoretical foundation for Option pricing. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Black-Schole model in simulating the European call in a cash flow in the dependent drift and focuses on obtaining analytic and then approximate solution for the model. The work also examines Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) and extracts the link between FPE and B-SM for non equilibrium systems. The B-SM is then solved via the Elzaki transform method (ETM). The computational procedures were obtained using MAPLE 18 with the solution provided in the form of convergent series.

Black Hole Complementarity in Terms of the Outsider and Insider Perspectives

A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation of black hole interior “space-and-time-reversal”. Specifically, it is proposed that the “singularity” space of the black hole interior is time-like and the expansion time of the black hole interior is space-like. The resemblance of this new insider interpretation to our own expanding and redshifting big bang universe is compelling.

柑橘黑斑病(Citrus Black Spot)发生危害现状和研究进展

柑橘黑斑病(Citrus Black Spot,CBS)主要危害果实,在果皮上形成各种病斑而影响果实的外观品质和销售价格,严重时可造成田间落果和贮藏期果实腐烂。同时,黑斑病被欧盟列为A1类外来有害生物,美国对此也有严格的限制。因此,该病害影响柑橘鲜果的国际贸易。黑斑病的病原属球座菌(Guignardia),其无性态为叶点霉菌(Phyl-losticta)。宽皮柑橘(Citrus reticulata)、橙类(C.sinensis)和柠檬(C.limon)上为柑橘球座菌(G.citricarpa),无性态为柑橘叶点霉(P.citricarpa)。而最新研究表明亚洲柚黑斑病(也称tan spot,棕褐斑病)的病原与上述柑橘上的不同,其有性态尚未发现,无性态则为亚洲柑橘叶点霉菌(P.citriasiana)。此外,P.capitalensis作为一种内生菌普遍存在于各类柑橘中,常干扰病害的检测。鉴于该病害在我国发生普遍,局部危害严重,而相关信息匮乏,作者综合国内外相关研究报道,结合自身部分工作,就病害发生历史、分布和危害性,病害症状,病原菌种类,发生规律和检测,病害在欧盟国家的发生风险,以及病害的防治等方面作了较为详细的介绍,以期满足读者对柑橘黑斑病的全方位了解需求。

C57black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型脑内Bax和Bcl-2的表达

本研究采用C57black/6小鼠制备全脑缺血模型,观察脑缺血后多个脑区Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达。双侧颈总动脉夹闭(bilateral common carotid artery occlusion,BCCAO)15min,造成全脑缺血,24h后取脑组织进行Bax和Bcl-2免疫组织化学染色。结果显示:Bax阳性细胞广泛分布在大脑皮层、丘脑和杏仁核,阳性产物主要位于胞质内。除丘脑外,其他各部位Bax阳性神经元的密度缺血组均显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血组各区域细胞染色灰度值均显著低于假手术组(P<0.01)。Bcl-2阳性细胞在大脑皮层和丘脑均有表达,缺血组大脑皮层内Bcl-2阳性神经元的密度显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血组各区域细胞染色灰度值均显著低于假手术组(P<0.01)。以上结果表明双侧颈总动脉夹闭法致C57black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型可致多脑区Bax和Bcl-2的广泛表达,提示Bax和Bcl-2可能介导了缺血所致的神经元损伤。

基于Black-Scholes实物期权定价模型的发电商投资决策分析

从电源投资建设项目的特点出发,结合电源建设投资的期权特性,得出了与Black—Scholes期权定价模型相对应的电源建设投资实物期权内容。通过建立基于Black-Scholes实物期权定价模型,并将其运用到电源建设投资决策中,避免了传统的电源投资决策方法依赖项目净现值等缺点。通过算例对电源建设投资项目的期权进行了估价,表明将实物期权理论应用到电源建设投资决策中是可行的。

广义Black-Scholes模型期权定价新方法——保险精算方法

利用公平保费原则和价格过程的实际概率测度推广了MogensBladt和TinaHviidRydberg的结果· 在无中间红利和有中间红利两种情况下,把Black＿Scholes模型推广到无风险资产(债券或银行存款)具有时间相依的利率和风险资产(股票)也具有时间相依的连续复利预期收益率和波动率的情况,在此情况下获得了欧式期权的精确定价公式以及买权与卖权之间的平价关系· 给出了风险资产(股票)