Fault zone structures of northern and southern portions of the main central fault generated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using fault zone trapped waves

The rupture process of the May 12, 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake was very complex. To study the rupture zones generated by this earthquake, four dense temporary seismic arrays across the two surface breaking traces of the main-shock were deployed in July and recorded a great amount of aftershocks. This paper focuses on the data interpretation of two arrays across the central main fault, the northern array line 1 and southern array line 3. The fault zone trapped waves recorded by the two arrays were used to study the structure of the central main fault and the difference between the northern and southern portions. The results show that the widths of the rupture zone are about 170-200 m and 200-230 m for northern and southern portions respectively. And the corresponding dip angles are 80° and 70°. The seismic velocity inside the fracture zone is about one half of the host rock. By comparison, the northern portion of the rupture zone is slightly narrower and steeper than the southern portion. Besides these differences, one more interesting and important difference is the positions of the rupture zone with respect to surface breaking traces. At the northern portion, the rupture zone is centered at the surface breaking trace, while at the southern portion it is not but is shifted to the northwest. This difference reflects the difference of rupture behaviors between two portions of the central main fault. The width of the rupture zone is smaller than that of MS.1 Kunlun earthquake though these two earthquakes have almost the same magnitudes. Multiple ruptures may be one factor to cause the narrower rupture zone.

Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves （FZTWs） at the south Longman-Shan fault （LSF） zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Immediately after the mainshock,two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling （WFSD） boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault （YBF）,the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone.Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m,respectively.The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge,breccia,cataclasite and fractures.Close to WFSD-1 site,the nearly-vertical slip of ～4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake.A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks.Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths.The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip,within which seismic velocities are reduced by ～30-55％ from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ～200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth.The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes.We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake.We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ～10％ due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock.Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault （AGF）,two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth.A combination of seismic,petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics,and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.

Spatial-temporal characterization of the San Andreas Fault by fault-zone trapped waves at seismic experiment site,Parkfield,California

In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s,and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting.More than ten types of field experiments(including seismic,geophysical,geochemical,geodetic and so on)have been carried out at this experimental site since then.In the fall of 2003,a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth(SAFOD)site;the main-hole(MH)passed a~200-m-wide low-velocity zone(LVZ)with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of~3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level(Hickman et al.,2005;Zoback,2007;Lockner et al.,2011).Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004,which were located within the LVZ of the fault at~3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF.On September 282004,a M6 earthquake occurred~15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield.The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake.This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF,California,will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models,the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.

Fault-zone trapped waves at Muyu in Wenchuan earthquake region

Trapped waves in the Qingchuan fault zone were observed at Muyu near the northeastern end of the fractured zone of the Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake. The results indicate a fault-zone width of about 200 m and a great difference in physical property of the crust on different sides of the fault. The inferred location of crustal changes is consistent with land-form boundary on the surface

Fault zone trapped waves at Longmenshan fault belt

Trapped waves in different sections of Longmenshan fault belt were observed, and the results show the difference between the northern and southern portions of this fault belt. Guanzhuang and Leigu surveying lines are located at the northern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 160 - 180 m. The center position of rupture zone underground corresponds to the surface breaking trace, and is equally distributed at the edges of the two fault walls. However, Hongkou surveying line is located at the southern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 180 -200 m. The rupture zone underground is mainly distributed below fault scarp. The Wenchuan MsS. 0 earthquake and Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake both occurred at the Longmenshan fault belt. The results will provide information for the structure background of the two violent earthquakes.

Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Usage for an Enclosed Cavity Indifferent Climatic Zones of India

The utilization of energy in building sectors comprises 30–40%of the entire global energy consumption.Most of the energy is being utilized for cooling&heating the buildings.These cooling and heating depend on the nature of climate for different places.In this,the detailed analysis of the building envelope across five areas(viz.Srinagar,Jaisalmer,New Delhi,Thiruvananthapuram and Bangalore)representing different climatic zones had been carried out.Simulations are performed for these locations using eQUEST and ANSYS software.Three of the result output from the eQUEST simulation are used to assess the different cases.These outputs are:total electrical energy consumption of the year,peak cooling load&peak heating load for a particular time of the year.Temperature variations and airflow for a fan with moisture influence are also simulated for five different locations by using the radiation model and shear stress transport in ANSYS.The internal temperature distribution in accordance with an occupant is also compared and discussed for the five regions.Lastly,the predicted mean vote and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction are found to be in the range of−0.50 to−0.99 for all zones that signifies 13%to 30%of people are dissatisfied with the indoor environment.

Thermal Comfort Zone for Thai People

Radiant cooling system for thermal comfort of Thai people was developed. Questionnaires for subjective experiments were examined for development of radiant cooling system for thermal comfort. Thermal sensation, humid sensation and air movement sensation were used for thermal comfort assessment. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) value was used for thermal comfort evaluation and it was observed that the PMV values are in the comfortable ranges during 18:00 to 10:00 for air velocity 0.2 m/s and 0.4 m/s. Comfortable periods are extended for higher air velocity. Neutral temperatures are in the ranges of 26.44℃-33.60℃. The percentage number of dissatisfied (PPD) value for each air velocity was also investigate and the value of PPD is five for zero value of PMV. Simulation and experimental results were evaluated by using three indicators, namely, the coefficient of variation (CV), the mean bias error (MBE) and Chi-Square (x2). The values of CV, MBE and (x2) for mean radiant temperature are 14.52%, 1.54% and 3.95℃, respectively. Zones of acceptable thermal environment were developed for Thai People. Results revealed that the comfortable zones of Thai people are in the ranges of relative humidity 50% 70% and effective temperatures (ET) 24℃ 27℃.

Dyke Emplacement in the Narmada Rift Zone and Implications for the Evolution of Deccan Traps

Dykes are primarily extensional fractures that form perpendicular to the minimum principal compressive stress,which have been extensively studied in the world during the past decades for various reasons including the

SEM Numerical Simulation of Vertical and Inclined Fault Zone Trapped Waves and Comparison of Their Wave Fields

Fault zone trapped waves （FZTWs） mainly travel along the fractured fault zone （FZ） which is of low velocity and high attenuation. FZTWs often carry significant information about a fault＇s internal structure, so it is important to understand their wave field characteristics for FZ structure inversion. Most previous simulations are based on vertical faults, while in this paper we implement the FZTW simulations on vertical or inclined faults and compare their wave fields in both time and frequency domains. The results show that the existence of fault zone and inclined angle of fault can significantly influence the features of waves near faults. In amplitude, a fault zone can generate a larger amplitude of waves. The velocity contrast between two wails of fault may lead to amplification of amplitudes in the low velocity fault wall. In frequency, a fault zone tends to influence the waves in the low frequency range. In a pattern of particle polarization of FZTWs, it tends to be single direction for vertical faults but fork to multiple directions for inclined faults, which might provide a new way to study the fault zone with FZTWs. These conclusions may be valuable for FZ structure inversion, and will enhance the knowledge on near-fault strong ground motions.

Study on rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface.

Exploration of fault-zone trapped waves at Pingtong Town,in Wenchuan earthquake region

Pingtong Town is located on the fractured zone of the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake, and is seriously damaged by the earthquake. Our observation line is centered at an earthquake exploration trench across the fractured zone in the NW-SE direction, and is about 400 m long. The results reveal trapped waves in the rup- tured fault zone of the earthquake, and indicate a great difference in physical property between the media inside and outside the fault zone. The predominant frequency of the fault-zone trapped waves is about 3 -4 Hz. The wave amplitudes are larger near the exploration trench. The width of the fault zone in the crust at this location is estimated to be 200 m. In some records, the waveforms and the arrival times of S waves are quite different between the two sides of the trench. The place of change coincides with the boundary of uplift at the surface.

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

基于扫视路径速度的隧道入口驾驶舒适性分析

为了更准确地评价公路隧道入口段驾驶员的视觉舒适性,以隧道入口段的驾驶员视觉特性为研究对象,在云南上鹤高速公路的野鸭塘1号、2号和3号隧道开展实车试验,采集驾驶员的注视与扫视时间、视点位置、瞳孔直径等眼动参数,并依次对20名驾驶员进行问卷调查。基于试验数据和问卷调查结果,提出扫视路径速度指标并验证其合理性。结果表明:扫视路径速度能够有效地对隧道入口段的驾驶视觉舒适性进行评价;当隧道照明条件相同时,新型蓄能反光发光材料能够使驾驶员的平均扫视路径速度降低50.62%,峰值扫视路径速度降低40.32%。通过对视觉舒适指标的关联性分析,进一步表明:扫视路径速度与驾驶员的视觉舒适性呈反比关系;随着隧道入口光环境质量的提高,驾驶员的扫视时间占比增加,进而扫视所用时间变长,扫视路径速度减慢,此时驾驶员的视觉舒适性较高有利于安全行驶,反之则不利于行车安全。

金湖凹陷基性岩捕获锆石年龄及其区域构造意义

郯庐断裂带的形成演化是中国东部中生代关键大地构造事件,该断裂带起源机制问题是了解华南与华北板块汇聚过程与方式的基本前提。本文利用郯庐断裂带东侧金湖凹陷内7个新生代基性岩样品394个点的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学数据,在分析岩浆活动时代基础上,利用捕获锆石年龄信息探讨了大别造山带的古生代演化及郯庐断裂带起源机制问题,为认识上述问题提供了一个全新的视角。研究表明,金湖凹陷的基性岩浆活动时代为古近纪早期(66.1~56.5 Ma),与围岩的沉积时代吻合;基性岩中的捕获锆石来自大别造山带,是印支期板块碰撞造山中楔入郯庐断裂带东侧华南板块的造山带物质,具有华南板块、北淮阳和华北板块的混杂岩石圈信息;捕获锆石中445 Ma(变质锆石)、290 Ma(岩浆锆石)及214 Ma(变质锆石)等峰值年龄信息指示古生代以来北淮阳构造带经历了与北秦岭构造带类似的弧—陆俯冲、碰撞历程,暗示秦岭造山带的二郎坪洋、商丹洋和勉略洋可延伸至大别造山带东端;年代学数据及构造分析支持郯庐断裂带起源于嵌入碰撞背景下的华南板片撕裂边界,其起源形式为陆—陆碰撞下的板块斜向汇聚边界。

太阳辐射作用下不同活动水平的室内人体传热特性及热舒适研究

太阳辐射是影响室内空调负荷的重要因素,当阳光直射人体时,影响人体与周围环境热交换,进而影响热感觉,人体处于热中性的环境温度的变化关乎空调系统能耗和人体热舒适。本研究在人工气候室进行冬季实验,利用太阳辐射模拟装置控制太阳辐射强度,受试者穿着典型服装,分别进行静坐与两种步速(3.2、5 km/h)活动,测试生理参数并进行热感觉问卷调查,分析太阳辐射与活动水平共同作用下,人体与周围环境间的传热特性,研究热舒适区偏移规律。结果表明:有太阳辐射时,随着活动强度增加,蒸发传热量占比增加,对流传热与辐射传热占比减小,热舒适区向下偏移,冬季人体维持舒适状态所需的环境温度降低。为该条件下空调室内设计参数的设定提供一定参考,使空调系统更节能。

基于个人舒适系统杭州住宅冬季热舒适与能耗

为揭示该地区个人舒适系统(PCS)作用下的居民冬季热舒适特征和供暖能耗需求,以杭州市为对象,采用问卷调研和入户现场实测的方式得出冬季住宅开窗、遮阳、使用空调和PCS等典型热环境组合调节模式以及典型供暖模式和居民活动状态组合下的热舒适特征;在此基础上模拟得到冬季室内热舒适和供暖能耗特征。结果表明,冬季“无设备+静坐”、“空调+静坐”、“PCS+静坐”、“无设备+家务劳动”、“空调+家务劳动”、“PCS+家务劳动”等6种工况下的冬季中性温度分别是17.3、18.8、16.4、15.7、15.7、13.9℃,舒适温度区间分别是14.3~20.3℃、17.1~20.5℃、14.4~18.4℃、13.7~17.8℃、13.3~18.1℃、11.0~16.9℃。冬季室内热舒适水平受热环境调节模式影响较大,客厅在室舒适时间占比在43.74%~80.21%之间,卧室在室舒适时间占比均为70%以上。使用空调与PCS供暖时,典型建筑在冬初冬末的供暖能耗强度是1.28 kWh·m^(-2),在严冬的供暖能耗强度是13.06 kWh·m^(-2)。

夏热冬冷地区住宅浴室热湿环境与洗浴行为研究

对上海地区住宅浴室热湿环境进行了实地测量,分析了浴室热湿环境特征,并通过网络问卷调研了典型人群的洗浴行为。结果表明:浴室热湿环境受洗浴行为影响明显,淋浴开始后空气温度迅速升高,相对湿度接近饱和状态,淋浴结束后相对湿度需要较长时间才能恢复至初始状态,与常规居家场景相比,洗浴过程中的浴室热湿环境偏离常规热舒适区;夏热冬冷地区居民洗浴行为受季节影响明显,淋浴水温冬季偏暖(43.3℃左右)、夏季偏凉(一般36~40℃);洗浴频次以1天1次或2天1次为主;洗浴时长夏季多为5~10 min、冬季多为10~20 min。本文还探讨了浴室环境改善措施和浴室热舒适的特殊性。

苏北盆地盐城凹陷盐③断裂带构造演化及其控圈作用

盐(3)断裂带位于苏北盆地盐城凹陷中,断裂带及周边区域发生过多期伸展-走滑复合的构造演化,控制圈闭的时空有效性。为阐明这些构造圈闭对油气差异聚集的影响,需先明确盐(3)断裂带在各时期的演化过程,并研究构造变形对圈闭的控制作用。本文基于盐城凹陷高精度三维地震资料,揭示主要断层和周边褶皱的几何学形态和运动学特征;结合断距回剥法定量恢复断层分段生长过程,进一步利用古构造图分析各期次的褶皱变形规律,解析各期次构造演化性质以及控圈作用。结果表明,盐(3)断裂带经历3个主要演化阶段:(1)泰州—阜宁期(K_(2)t—E_(1)f_(4))NW向伸展控制盐(3)正断层西段孤立生长、东段发生软连接,此时主干断裂的控陷作用不明显,圈闭不发育;(2)阜宁期末发生短期快速的压扭作用,造成盐(3)断层再活动,同时形成一系列的NW向共轭剪切断层,此时沿着盐(3)断裂带形成了一系列的圈闭;(3)戴南—盐城期(E_(2)d-Ny)发生SN向东强西弱的伸展,控制盐(3)断裂带东部再活动,并对圈闭进行调整。整体而言,盐城凹陷的构造活动强度具有“早强晚弱,东强西弱”的差异性,随着研究区构造应力场的不断变化,圈闭的构造幅度、面积逐渐缩小,构造高点也逐渐往SW向转移。

基于风环境优化的岭南高校教学组团形态布局设计研究

校园形态与环境舒适性的关系是校园建设的热门议题。探讨高校公共教学组团布局类型及关键设计要素与风环境评价指标的关系,目的在于为风环境导向下的公共教学组团空间形态控制提供思考路径。选取岭南地区54所建成高校公共教学组团作为研究对象,归纳总结组团布局类型,分析风环境相关设计要素(包括建筑朝向、建筑间距与围合形式),抽象高校公共教学组团理想模型,运用Phoenics软件进行夏季风环境模拟;设计单因子变量实验,分析不同因素与室外风环境的关联关系;对3个设计要素进行关联分析,探讨不同设计制约条件下的最优因素水平组合。结果显示,行列式布局在4种布局类型中室外风环境表现最优;当建筑根据地形呈斜向行列式布局时,组团室外风环境舒适性和空间感受较好;建筑间距与组团室外风环境呈正相关关系,但差异性较小;呈E型或S型围合的组团布局模式,连接体采用架空、挖洞等手法进行通透性处理,是兼顾室外风环境舒适性与空间需求的较优组团形式。

前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用——以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例

为了明确前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用,厘定沉积体系展布规律,以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例,采用地层厚度法恢复了古地貌,刻画了坡折带,并通过岩芯观察、测井相及地震相分析,识别了前陆斜坡区沉积微相类型,在此基础上,通过沉积微相与古地貌叠合分析,提出前陆盆地斜坡区大型坡折带控制沉积体系与微相砂体分布。研究结果表明:四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段沉积期为前陆斜坡背景,发育大型坡折带,在此背景下发育远源辫状河三角洲沉积体系,以辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主,可进一步识别出内前缘带和外前缘带,以及水下分流河道、砂坝、分流间湾和席状砂等4种沉积微相。坡折带之上主要发育三角洲内前缘带水下分流河道微相,坡折带之下主要发育三角洲外前缘带水下分流河道与砂坝复合砂体。坡折带之下的砂坝微相砂体具备良好的侧向遮挡条件,顶底板条件优越,有利于形成岩性圈闭,且紧邻川西凹陷烃源灶,为下一步最有利勘探领域。