The Aesthetic Inheritance of the Mao Dun Literature Prize in the Flux-Take Xu Mao and His Daughters and A Tale of the Wind as Examples

The Mao Dun Literature Prize is one of the well-known literary awards in China,and in the process of selection over the years,the Mao Dun Literature Prize has developed its own aesthetic orientation.A comparison is made between the early generation of Xu Mao and His Daughters and the recent award-winning work,A Tale of the Wind,to discover the aesthetic heritage in its flux,which is enlightening for the literary criticism and an orientation for the literary creators.

Son Preference and Family Planning Practices among Married Men in Mumbai, India

ve To study son preferences and the contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practices of Indian Male

Study on Relationship between Reproductive Tract Infections and Personal Hygiene Behaviors among Vulnerable Married Women in Shanghai

Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631 married women in 60 residence neighborhoods from 4 streets and 2 stagnant enterprises were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and interviewed face-to-face through questionnaires, laboratory tests assay and gynecological examination. All data were analyzed by SAS 8.2. Results:The positive detection rates of five target pathogens, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, G.vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in the study were 3.04%, 5.04%, 1.52%, 6.68%, and 0.12%, respectively. Personal hygiene practices and sexual behaviors among married women in the study were good in general. The vast majority of women (98.77%) rinsed their vulvae every day and more than half of the women (53.03%) took bath every day. In terms of the prevalence of endogenous infection, there were statistical differences between women who had different frequencies of rinsing their vulvae and taking bath; and for the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection, there were significant differences between women whose husband had different frequency of washing their external genital organs before sexual intercourses each time. The mostly adopted contraceptive methods among women ranked by frequency were intra-uterine devices (IUD) (68.69%), male condom (16.69%) and safe period (6.20%), among which male condom could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the frequency of taking bath, the husband washing his external genital organ before sexual intercourse and the age of marriage were the influencing factors of RTIs, too. Conclusion:It is very urgent that health educational intervention of RTIs among married women be conducted and especially the knowledge on condom's double effects on contraception and prevention of RTIs be disseminated to urge women to practice hygiene behavior to achieve the aim of preventing RTIs.

The Female's Living Conditions:Comments on The Daughters of the Late Colonel

This article is a concern of the female's living conditions in the story The Daughters of the Late Colonel written by Katherine Mansfield.The analysis will stress on the relationship between the two daughters and the people around them,through which the plight and oppression that heaved upon women and their tragical,unhappy life in the patriarchal society are clearly exposed.

Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Social Determinants among Married Female Rural-to-urban Migrants in Two Metropolises,China

Reproductive health（RH） education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue.This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants,and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology.We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan,China,using the purposive sampling method.A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited,with 997 valid survey results obtained.A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used,with primary focus on knowledge of fertility,contraception,family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（STD/AIDs）,and RH service utilization.The results showed that the RH service utilization（38.0%） was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor.Females who migrated to（OR=0.32） Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen.The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education,apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers（P〈0.05）.We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China.RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.

Contraceptive Use and Method Choice at Initial Sex among Married Reproductive Women

Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from 'The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997', launched by State Family Planning Commission of China(SFPCC). This paper used only a part of the collected data, namely initial sex of married reproductive women. Results Only 6.45 percent of married reproductive women used contraceptives at their initial sex. Most contraceptive methods used at initial sex were condom, oral contraceptives and rhythm. Intention of pregnancy, forgetting orignorance of using contraceptive were main reasons for not using contraceptives at initial sex. The married reproductive women with lower proportion of using contraceptives at initial sex were of the following characteristics: living in rural area, aged, with lower education or husband of lower education level, not taking courses for newly married couple, not having heard of HIV/AIDs and with lower contraceptive knowledge marks. Contraceptives choice at initial sex among married reproductive women was associated with women's registered permanent residence, age, education level, contraceptive knowledge, initial marriage age, having taken courses for newly married, having heard of STDs or HIV/AIDs. Conclusion The key points of maternal and children care are reinforcing contraceptive knowledge education among the unmarried and newly married women, promoting contraceptive awareness and spreading knowledge to those who have no pregnant intention.

Promoting Reproductive Health among Newly Married Couples in Shanghai

Objective To explore the effect of health education promotion among newly married couples who need reproductive health knowledge and service. Methods An intervention study was conducted at three sub-districts, Xuhui district, Shanghai, which aimed to improve reproductive health of newly married couples. The main intervention activities included creating educational web pages, organizing participatory activities, distributing leaflets, and providing relevant counseling and technique service. Results After intervention, the knowledge of family planning and reproductive health and their sanitary habit for these newly married couples were much improved. Conclusion This project produced a model to improve reproductive health at sub-district level and this model can be expanded to provide relevant service to other groups of people.

Association of Depression and Life Satisfaction with Low Resilience among Married Women of Karachi, Pakistan

Background: The concept of resilience is very crucial in promoting positive psychological well-being. However, this construct was never looked among married women of Karachi, Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the associated risk factors of resilience in Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey, using the Wagnild Resilience Scale (RS) to assess resilience, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) for measuring depression and Trait Wellbeing Inventory for determining Life Satisfaction. Systematic sampling was employed to enroll 636 participants of aged 20 to 40 years living in two urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Prevalence ratio was computed with their 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 636 married women participated in the study. The average age of females with low resilience was 29.8 (5.7) whereas the mean age of females with high resilience was 31.1 (5.7). Around 90% of all the participants could speak in Urdu. The prevalence of low resilience among women was 21.9%. Moreover, the prevalence of depression among low resilience group was 43.9% whereas the mean life satisfaction score among females with low resilience was lower than females with high resilience. The females who had low resilience were younger and had no formal/informal education as compared to their counterparts. After controlling for other variables, the prevalence of low resilience was 1.78 times more among depressed females as compared to the non-depressed with a 95% CI: (1.27-2.51). Moreover with every one unit increase in the life satisfaction scores, the prevalence of low resilience decreased 9%. Furthermore, age and informal schooling were also found to be significantly associated with resilience. Conclusion: Depression and life satisfaction are the potential modifiable risk factors for resilience and hence we can improve resilience through interventions that may focus on reducing depression and improving satisfaction towards life. Our study also recommends that health care professionals should be educated about these modifiable risk factors to bring about a change in the society and reduce the mental health illness by promoting constructive adaptation.

Analysis of Contraceptive Knowledge among Married Reproductive Women in China

To investigate how well the married reproductive women in China have the contraceptive knowledge and its influencing factors Data & Methods The data derived from “The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997” executed by State Family Planning Commission (SFPC) were analyzed. Results It showed that the contraceptive knowledge of married reproductive women was poor in China. Only 5.9% of women got full mark (4 points) in the survey and 42.5% of them got zero. In this survey, married reproductive women got lower marks were those who were older, in rural area, with low education levels themselves and their husbands; with a non Han husband, later menarche onset and earlier marriage; who had never received gynecological examination, or courses for newly married. Conclusion Spreading contraceptive knowledge among married reproductive women should be one of the central missions of family planning services in future. The focus should be put on those women we mentioned above. Regular gynecological examinations should be carried out and the education for newly married people should be more efficient. When the courses of contraceptive knowledge are provided,both husband and wife should attend.

Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling of the Decision Criteria and Decision Patterns for Adult Married Women with Unexpected Pregnancies

Introduction: As far as adult and married women were concerned, when they occurred to “unplanned pregnancy”, they felt so surprised and concussive all the time. Besides, the unplanned pregnancy also affects the other members in the family system. Therefore, when married women have to face the choice: “birth” or “abortion”, they’ll consider lots of thoughts and different decision criteria and decision pattern under various influences on physician, mind, mental and society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the criteria considered and the decision patterns involved when adult married women decide whether to terminate or continue an unplanned pregnancy. Methods: The study uses the method—“Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling” [1] to build model of the decision criteria and decision patterns involved when adult married women make a decision about their unplanned pregnancy. There are three process in the research method: “Pilot Study”—interview two groups, every group distinct 4 married adult women with unplanned pregnancies, which decide whether to terminate or continue an unplanned pregnancy, what is the items of decision characters affect to the choice: “birth” or “abortion”. “Building of the Model”, displays the importance in proper order of those items and build the modeling with these two groups of women. “Testing of the Model”: investigate the criteria considered and the decision patterns involved when adult married women decide whether to terminate or continue an unplanned pregnancy. The study interviewed 34 married adult women with 43 unplanned pregnancies totally. Results: The result of the study finds out 12 items of decision characters, including planning to get pregnant or not, stability of feelings for married partner, the points of view on life, was affected by mother, mother-in-law, an husband’s emphasis on male, the meanings of children, the financial burden, the plan an assignment of career and time, the past pregnant experiences, the status of raising children, the health of parents and fetus, the effect of living environment, and social and cultural vision. Besides, there are four decision patterns of married adult women with unplanned pregnancy are “receiving abortion positively”;“giving birth as long as getting pregnancy naturally”;“ the minds are hesitative and changeable”, and “being forced by important others.” Conclusion: By setting the decision model tree, we found several decision criteria and patterns, and possible modes actions to be taken, could offer to see the adult married women’s decision-making and struggles in mind about unplanned pregnancy.

The Imprisoned Minds:On The Daughters of the Late Colonel

Katherine Mansfield was a representative short-story writer and recognized as a feminist.This paper is a multiangle analysis of her well-known story The Daughters of the Late Colonel.In the episodic story,Katherine depicts two sisters' deplorable life over the course of the week after their father died.This paper starts with the outline of the story,and discusses the narrative order,language features,the title,the opening sentence and the ending of it.It is found that under the seemingly ordinary plots,the two spinsters' incapability,timidity and loss of identity are presented.Thus,the essence of the story is revealed:the female characters are under strong patricentric control and their minds are actually imprisoned.And the portrayals of the sisters' captivity in the sense of spirit imply that Katherine's potential appeal of female spiritual emancipation.

Labour force participation of married women in China and Congo

The goal of this investigation was to find the major determinants of married women participation in the urban area labour force in Zhejiang (China) and Brazzaville (Congo). The methodology used in this study is correct and the resulting con- clusion is that the participation of married women basically depends on her personal and family characteristics. Age, education, presence of additional adult in the family are important factors in Brazzaville and Zhejiang. However, the number of children significantly affects only Brazzaville urban married women.

STUDY ON LUNG DOSE FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS BY INHALATION OF SHORT－LIVED RADON DAUGHTERS

The dose distribution in the lung is inhomogeneous. The dose to the hasal cell layer of trachea and main bronchi is much higher than the dose to total lung both for rabbits at different ages and for different animals. A maximum value of the dose to lung tissue for rabbits at ages of 20-40d is observed. The dose decreases with increasing body weight. The relationship between the dose and body weight can be described by a power function. The dose to total lung increases exponentially with the minute breathing volume per unit of lung weight.

Contraceptive Goals and Evaluation of Newlymarried Couples in Shanghai，China

Based on the data from the survey of 7,872 newly married couples,who got the marriage licenses in two districts of Shanghai,during the period from Aug.1987 to Aug.1988, we analyzed contraceptive goals evaluation and acceptability of newlyAl married couples within fifteen months alter their marriage and before their having a baby. About hail of couples had ever used contraception after marriage,mainly for reason of 'expecting to be relaxed temporarily' and 'expecting to be pregnant'. The contraceptive methods commonly used were rhythm and condom, in general for reason Of 'convenience in use' as well as 'harmlessness to health' and 'e/fectiveness'. The reason ic r switching contraceptive methods was 'interference with intercourse' and 'low effectiveness'. 64 percent oj couples were unwilling to use pill, mainly /or /ear of 'harm to health'.The factors affecting acceptability of pill and injection were wife' s age at marriage, her educational level, occupation and character, couple's contraceptive knowledge and their health status and monthly income.

Constantia, a Submissive Pushover ——Characterization in “The Daughters of the Late Colonel”

The present paper is a close reading study of the characterization of Constantia, a heroine of Katherine Mansfields short story “The Daughters of the Late Colonel”. Based on the eight events detailed in the work, the author concludes that Constantia is a completely submissive type of character who succumbs to any external pressure.

Factors Affecting Depression among Married Women Living in Urban Squatter Settlements of Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Depression is one of the growing public health concerns among women worldwide. This is one of the most under-recognized and under-treated mental illnesses worldwide. Women of developing countries are inexplicably affecting with depression. Purpose: The purpose of study is to assess the prevalence and associative factors of depression among women of aged 20 to 40 years living in urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. The identification of all the potential determinants will potentially help in formulating preventive strategies in order to decline the prevalence of depression among women and improve the wellbeing of women. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional survey was employed among women living in Reta Plot and Kala Board communities of Karachi, Pakistan. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was used to measure depression. Systematic sampling was used to recruit 636 married women. Cox proportional hazard was run to compute prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence interval. Results: Our study estimated 33.3% of depression among study participants. The current study showed that age, possession of own vehicle, years of schooling and recent deaths in family were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion: This research was a bold step to address the issue of increasing rate of depression among Pakistani population. Our study results can convince policy makers to extend mental health support to women by improving accessibility of services. Recommendation: Our study recommends that the women of our society should be encouraged for attaining education. This study also recommends that at primary health care setting, every health professional should be trained to screen the depression. Moreover, the results of our study can also encourage policy makers to expand mental health support services for women.

Fertility Desires of Married Tibetan Women of Childbearing Age in Tibet

The Popu lation Research Instit ute of the University of Tibet conduct-ed a survey in 1995 on the fertility intentions and atti-tude towards family planning anong m arried Tibetan women of childbearing age in urban and rural Tibet.Women aged 2034 made up 59.2%of the 857 women su1veyed.

Spousal communication, fertility preference and other factors affecting contraceptive use among married couples in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Objective:To assess and compare the relationship between spousal communication,fertility preference,and other factors with contraceptive use among married couples in Ekiti State,Nigeria.Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out in AdoEkiti Local Government Area of Ekiti State,Nigeria between the 12th of August 2017 and the 15th of February 2018.A pre-tested,semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 976 respondents by a multi-stage sampling technique.Data were analyzed(univariate,bivariate,and binary logistic regression analysis)using SPSS version 24.0.Factors that showed statistical significance(P<0.05)were included in a binary logistic regression to determine significant predictors of contraceptive use.Results:The proportion of respondents currently using contraceptives was 56.9%.The education status of the respondents revealed that those with primary education were more likely to use contraceptives than those without formal education[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)8.4,95%confidence interval(CI)1.97-36.2,P<0.001].Respondents with fair spousal communication were more likely to use contraceptive than those with poor communication(aOR 4.9,95%CI 2.80-8.71,P<0.001).In addition,fertility preference of 4 or less children was found to be significantly associated with contraceptive use(aOR 3.0,95%CI 1.67-5.50,P<0.001)compared to a preference of more than 4 children.Finally,the urban respondents were more likely to use contraceptives than those in the rural setting(aOR 1.7,95%CI 1.16-2.41,P=0.047).Conclusions:Educational status,residential site,spousal communication,and fertility preference significantly influence the level of contraceptive use among married couples.Couples should endeavor to discuss more on issues bordering on their fertility preference and contraceptive issue.Government should formulate policies to improve the rural uptake of contraceptives using identified target interventions.

A Model Victorian Gentleman——An Analysis of the character of Mr.Gibson in Wives and Daughters

In Mrs.Gaskell’s Wives and Daughters,she successfully depicted the male character,Mr.Gibson,leaving the world a model man who is sensible,loving,honest,responsible,observant,intelligent,generous,kind-hearted and full of self-esteem,a model Victorian gentleman.