The Scientist as an Advocate: When and When Not

As most of us fundamentally know, there are times a scientist should and should not act as an advocate. As an individual, advocating for environmental preservation is almost required as a member of the world’s scholarly scientific community. However, when that same scientist is asked to offer opinion testimony as an expert witness within the parameters of a lawsuit filed within their particular legal system, there is no room for advocacy. Because it appears that the line an expert scientist must not cross is becoming ever more blurred, we intend to discuss when a scientist should and should not act as an advocate and the reasons that the line between advocate and impartial expert exists. In a legal setting such as a trial or an arbitration hearing, scientists are required to be qualified as an “expert” on the technical subject being considered by the trier of fact before rendering any opinions. Indeed, scientists, unlike all other witnesses, are permitted to present opinions regarding otherwise admissible evidence after being accepted by the Judge as a qualified expert in the field to which he or she intends to testify. However, while the scientist is permitted to present his or her opinions, the scientist is not permitted to advocate for a position or for their interpretation of the evidence presented in a courtroom trial or an arbitration hearing. Rather, those roles are reserved for the parties’ attorneys. Rather, it is the role of the scientist to solely offer opinions with respect to the evidence or facts which are the subject of the dispute. In doing so, the scientist is expected to act as disinterested scholar or teacher faithfully interpreting the data whatever it may reveal. In the eyes of established legal systems, such as the United States (U.S.) or United Kingdom (U.K.), were a scientist to attempt to become an advocate, rather than a scholar and teacher, that scientist’s opinions would no longer be based on fact but, rather, the interests of his or her client, thus damaging the scientist’s credibility. In doing so, the expert could potentially cause irreparable harm to his or her client’s case and his or her reputation.

Advocating Students' Individual Learning

A new approach formed with the application of modern teaching facilities makes English teaching and learning more collaborative and individualized through using computers,the Internet,and multimedia.Therefore,students’individual English learning,teaching and learning environment,and conditions that students need in their individual learning are discussed.

The Vienna Classical Music School in the 18th Century Has the Remark⁃ able Characteristic of Advocating Rationality

Compared with Renaissance music bound by religion and social system(Goldsbrough,2018,p.507),Viennese classical music has the characteristic of advocating rationality.This essay analyzes the early,middle,and late piano sonatas by Haydn and Mozart,and takes the European Enlightenment as the historical background.Then it expounds the rational characteristics of Vienna classical music from the influences of European social economy and bourgeois new ideas on Vienna classical music in the 18th century.

UNICEF Executive on Joy of Being Advocate for Children

In the following exclusive interview with Rong Jiaojiao, reporter with China Features, Carol Bellamy, during her last trip to China as executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) since 1995 who was to step down on April 30, recalls her experience of ten years working as the leading advocate for children in the UN agency.

Advocating Human Rights Protection by Rule of Law, Supporting Human Rights Undertaking with a Giant Hand——Deep Condolences to Dear Former President Luo Haocai

Chairman Luo Haocai served as the president of CSHRS from 2007 to 2016.During those nine years, he built deep friendships with researchers on human rights.Because President Luo served as vice chairman of the National Committee of CPPCC for a long time, we were used to calling him "Chairman Luo." Chairman Luo was a leader with strategic and overall awareness, a scholar-official, an elder with a young mentality, and a motivator and protector of young people.

国际出版集团学术期刊数字化出版和传播推广策略研究——以美国Sage出版集团为例

以美国世哲出版集团(Sage)为例,探讨美国学术出版集团在当前的数字化时代如何适应数字化趋势,通过数字化投稿、审稿、数字化出版提高学术期刊的高效和规范出版,通过各种数字化手段和工具对期刊进行推广,从而有效提高学术期刊的可见性和影响力。美国世哲出版集团的数字化发展举措可以为我国学术期刊的数字化出版和推广传播提供经验和借鉴。

从“重气”到“尚韵”:中国文人画美学品格变迁理路探究

考察从东晋顾恺之始至清末民初康有为、陈师曾和徐悲鸿等众多有识之士论画的1500多年绘画历史,我们发现,中国文人画的美学品格经历了一个由“重气”到“尚韵”的变迁理路。而在中国文人画美学品格发生转折的关键点上,顾恺之、谢赫、张彦远、荆浩、郭若虚、苏轼、米芾、赵孟頫和董其昌等书画家,担负起了历史给予他们的神圣责任和光荣使命。尤其是明末画家董其昌,他对“董、巨逸轨”的中国文人画图式语言赞叹至极,并对中国文人画的“尚韵”理论作了全面、深刻且系统的总结。因此,从某种层面而言,中国文人画“尚韵”的理论主张始于苏轼,成于董其昌,的确是有道理的。

墨子义利观视域下古代中医义利观分析及其当代价值

古代中医医家行医目的和取酬态度与墨子义利观具有高度相通性。在墨子“贵义尚利”思想的涵养和规约下,古代中医医家形成了以术利人、以义为先的行医目的和义利兼顾、以义获利的取酬态度。以古鉴今,将古代中医义利观的精髓,通过感染教育,培养医务人员以义为上的行医追求;利用课程思政和媒体宣传,鞭策医务人员守住以义制利的行医底线;借助激励机制,构建义利兼顾的薪酬分配等多种路径,有机融摄于当代医德义利观教育,以冀树立符合当今经济和社会发展的医学义利观,为构建和谐医患关系、促进医学健康发展、构建人类卫生健康共同体助力。

宋代词论的“尚清”意识

宋代词论呈现出了鲜明的“尚清”意识。“清”话语可以指向词体的构成部分,也可以指向作品整体的审美风格和词人人品境界。反映在宋词上,“清”的审美特征主要体现在文辞上的明净自然,意蕴层面的高雅不俗。“尚清”意识与宋代儒学复兴密切相关,也是文人阶层追求清雅生活的文学表达。宋代词论的“尚清”意识,反映出中国古代“取象连类”的思维方式和宋代文学艺术整体审美风尚,推动了后世词论的“尚清”审美取向。

开放包容 通而不统——丝绸之路精神在8-11世纪敦煌文化中的体现

和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝绸之路精神在8-11世纪敦煌文化中有着集中而独特的体现:一是道路畅通是和平合作的前提,也是敦煌文化“尚通”价值取向形成的决定性因素,敦煌人对道路是否畅通之敏感,“尚通”愿望之强烈,“求通”意识之突出,在8-11世纪的人名中有着充分的体现;二是开放包容是丝路精神的灵魂,也是敦煌文化“相通”“融通”主要艺术特色的最突出表达;三是通而不统即相通、融通而不唯我独尊独统,是以开放包容为灵魂的丝路精神在敦煌文化中的特殊体现,不仅在历史上发挥过十分重要的价值导向作用,而且具有重大现实意义。

据其实有,不事虚无:程瑶田学术思想的崇实特质

清代徽州朴学家程瑶田的学术呈现出“据其实有,不事虚无”的崇实特质。在道德实践方面,程瑶田的观点与宋明理学家迥异,他认为行五伦是务本,而“知性达天”是务本之后的效验,从而颠倒了传统哲学的本末观,并对释氏之虚无和阳明后学空疏学风予以了猛烈批判;同时,程瑶田倡导以主敬统合动静两端,并重视人与人之间的礼让和絜矩之道。在哲学义理方面,程瑶田倡导“性”与“天道”皆是由气之流行聚散而来,其“莫非气也,即莫非道也”的天道观、“气质之性”外并无“义理之性”的人性论,都体现了崇实的学术特征,并对焦循、凌廷堪等人产生了直接的影响。

“祧宋祢唐”:厉鹗诗学宗尚新议

厉鹗向来被视为清代雍乾诗坛宗宋的中坚力量,研究者通常从诗学主张、整理宋典、沈厉之争三个角度展开论证。但经过更加审慎的覆核,这些基本都不能成为认定厉鹗宗宋的依据。其整理宋典多半出于乡邦情怀,与沈德潜那场可疑的争执也至多是特殊政治生态下不甚起眼的小风波。最关键的是,在厉鹗含混平实的诗学主张中,实际还隐含着以唐为尊的观念。因此和时代风气暗中相异的是,厉鹗的诗学宗尚当谓为“祧宋祢唐”更切。

《诗经》中贵族诗篇的“崇德”意识与话语方式

在西周初中期的诗篇中,“德”是王室主导的一种话语修辞:“德”是王室获得“天命”的根由,是王室推行政策等行为的一种修辞话语,是王室对贵族的一种期待和要求。这三个方面到厉、宣时期有了新的变化:“德”由对贵族群体的要求在厉王时期变为贵族针对王个人的纳谏话语,诗篇对王室修养之“德”的歌唱转为颂赞贵族的修辞话语,诗篇对王室“德”政继承性的鼓吹转变为对军事战功的修辞话语。幽平之际,贵族诗篇对于“德”的宣扬,由于作者的身份以及面对的对象的不同,又呈现出不同的时代特征与话语形式。

论绿色消费文化的涵养——基于文化哲学的视角

在文化哲学的视域中,文化是人类深远持久和独具标识性的生命力量,是对自然的超越、对生活的构建、对记忆的储存。基于此,涵养绿色消费文化具有育成绿色消费的人格定力、形塑绿色消费的社会氛围、实现绿色消费的代代相传的独特价值。当前倡导绿色消费应注重涵养绿色消费文化。一方面要选准内容抓手,明确绿色发展理念、中华传统的消费伦理、生态文明的制度成果是绿色消费文化的主要构成;另一方面要保持文化活力,通过建立文化资源库、打开文化对话窗、激活文化主体性让绿色消费文化生生不息。

明代词论之“主情与近俗”论略

“主情与近俗”是明代词论中一对颇为重要的审美范畴。在两宋金元的词论中,多有关涉词之主情、雅俗的阐述,这些为明代词论同类话题的诠解提供了思考基础。明前期,叶蕃、陈敏政、梁桥等人推崇词之教化主理,而强调词之主情是明代中后期词论的重要话题,对其发展有所贡献的主要有张綖、周逊、王世贞、沈际飞、陈子龙等人。就明代词论中雅俗观的嬗递情形来看,前期词学批评以雅正刚健为主流,中期众多词论者倡导近俗观念,而后期论述又复归至雅正之途。明代词论关涉主情与近俗的阐述,对清人的启发意义颇大。对明代词论之“主情与近俗”展开细读剖析,可还原千年词学史的重要一页。

云南省社区健康倡导员服务能力评估

目的 通过对云南省社区健康倡导与行为干预项目招募的社区健康倡导员进行评估,了解其在健康基本知识、行为、心理能动性和沟通交流方面的能力,以完善健康倡导员的管理机制。方法 采用自编的调查问卷对健康倡导员进行评估,共完成4 054人的调查。结果 健康倡导员的基本健康知识达标率为74.2%、心理能动性达标率为73.2%、沟通交流能力达标率为77.6%。在基本健康知识方面,由村医担任健康倡导员的达标率高于其他组;每类健康倡导员对“高血压患者进行适度的运动更有利于控制好血压”的认知程度均最低。由村干部、计生宣传员担任的健康倡导员心理能动性自我评分均高于由村医担任的健康倡导员,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。由村医担任的健康倡导员自评完成情况为很好的比例均低于其他三组。结论 不同社区身份的健康倡导员具备自身优势,需要从基本的健康知识和技能、个人健康行为、心理特质、沟通交流能力、工作质量和效果等多维度考虑,建立综合性的社区健康倡导员评估管理制度,以提升整体健康倡导员队伍的能力。

“碳”索未来,将生态文明教育融入初中语文综合性学习活动

生态文明建设是当前社会发展的必然要求,也是全社会共同关注的问题。项目化学习是以促进学生综合能力为导向的新型教学模式,在生态文明建设日益重要的背景下,语文教学需要借助项目化学习,培养学生语文素养。以八年级下册《倡导低碳生活》的教学为例,设计“碳索未来,绿色生活”项目学习任务,从项目设计、项目推进和总结评价三个方面,探索在语文综合性学习活动中融入生态文明教育的新型教学模式,将生态文明意识贯穿整个项目探究。学生在完成项目任务的过程,明晰绿色生活的原因,并主动在生活中践行。

从生存型创业到机会型创业的跃迁——基于农民创业到农业创业的多案例研究

机会型创业是我国农民创业者通过农业创业进入正式经济组织进而缓解贫困并最终走向富裕的主要路径。基于此,选取央视《致富经》栏目中6个农民创业实例作为样本,运用扎根理论方法探析从农民创业到农业创业的跃迁过程。本文将环境诱因引入Viswanathan等的生存型创业系统,基于Saxton等创业支持行为理论构建由生存型农民创业到机会型农业创业跃迁的动力系统模型,演绎生存型创业到机会型创业的动态跃迁,揭示创业类型的跃迁是创业者在环境诱因的诱发下,突破生存型创业者的"模糊风险厌恶"心理禁锢,借助创业支持体系打破生存型创业系统在封闭的、非正式经济环境中形成的均衡,并通过商业模式创新捕获新的商业机会实现机会型创业发展,从而完成由封闭向开放、由非正式向正式经济组织的系统跃迁。该模型还揭示了创业类型的跃迁不仅是单一的个体行为,而且是一种群体行为,即:在实现自身创业跃迁时,农民创业者还对农村创业社区产生自下而上的影响,带动产业相关的农民群体进入正式的经济组织,实现从农民创业到农业创业的跃迁,从而在更大范围内缓解贫困。

英国秘密情报向诉讼证据转化制度研究

[目的/意义]在情报诉讼功能日益凸显的当前社会,深入研究英国秘密情报向诉讼证据转化制度,对于提升恐怖主义及其关联犯罪追诉能力及被告权利保障水平有着重要的意义。[方法/过程]以英国法律、判例和研究文献为基础,运用规范分析、文献分析等方法,对英国秘密情报向诉讼证据转化制度的产生、发展及其内容进行深入研究。[结果/结论]提出英国秘密情报向诉讼证据转化制度及其扩展适用存在诸多争议,但符合公正审判的基本要求。该制度在英国的实践运作及其引致的争议为世界其他国家和地区相关制度构建提供丰富的养分。