Comparison of Depression and Anxiety between Unmarried Female Youth in Two Groups of Induced Abortion and None-Induced Abortion in Yibin City of China

Objectives To explore the risk factors influencing the mental status of unmarried female youth. Methods ,4 cross-sectional survey and a qualitative interview were adopted. 1200 unmarried female volunteers （600 with 1,4） who aged 15-29 years in Yibin city were investigated, and 8 focus group discussions （FGDs） and 8 in-depth interviews were conducted. Except the investigation of subject＇s personal information, econ-socio status, sexual behavior, contraception and reproductive health problems they face, two selfreporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results 1） Depression and anxiety among unmarried female youth investigated in current study are relatively common. Proportions of the females with depression and anxiety to the total sample are 27.4% and 33.4%, respectively; 2） Depression and anxiety of the females with 1,4 are more serious than that of the female without 1,4. Proportions of unmarried females with IA have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females with 1,4 are 3.45 times and 2.61 times that of unmarried females without 1,4 have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females without 1,4, respectively; 3） IA is one of the key risk factors influencing depression and anxiety of unmarried female youth. Other risk factors are lack on basic knowledge about sex/ STD/HIV/AIDS, reproductive tract infections, relatively lower income, age at sex debut is relatively younger, etc. In addition, multiple sex partners and repeat pregnancies were risk factors influencing anxiety of unmarried female youth. Conclusion Depession and anxiety was more popular in unmarried females with IA Intervention for improving mental health of unmarried females should be developred Key words：

HEART CHANGES ON ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ELDERLY FEMALE HYPERTENSIVES

The heart changes on echocardiography in 30 elderly female cases with Ⅰ～Ⅱ stage essential hypertension (patient group, PG) were evaluated by using an Acuson Sonographic Computer System (USA) via echocardiography.Ten normotensive elderly female subjects without heart diseases acted as control group (CG). he results showed that in PG compared with in CG, the left atrial internal dimension and left ventricular mass were larger;EF slope and the fractional shortening were lower;the mitral valve peak a and the tricuspid valve peak a were higher;the mitral valve peak e and the ratios or e/a of both mitral and tricuspid valves were lower.There were correlations between the above-mentioned changes and the hypertensive course as well as the blood pressure.There were also some correlativities among the heart changes.The results indicate that the main factors to induce the heart changes on echocardiography in elderly female hypertensives are systolic blood pressure and hypertensive course.

Evaluating the effects of pain and disorders of the knee joint on knee extension strength and daily life activities in the female elderly

This study aimed at examining the differences in leg strength and activities of daily living (ADL) ability among groups with various knee problems. The subjects consisted of 328 elderly females who were classified into three groups: those without knee pain or a knee disorder, those with knee pain, and those with a knee disorder. The subjects took a knee extension strength test and an ADL survey. Knee extension strength and ADL scores (total score and each domain score of the motions of locomotion, posture change, stability, and manipulation) were selected as the evaluation parameters. The knee extension strength, total ADL score and each domain score of the motions of locomotion, posture change, and stability ranged from low to high in the following order: the group with a knee disorder, the group with knee pain, and the group without pain or a knee disorder. Moreover, manipulation scores were significantly inferior in the group with a knee disorder compared with the other two groups. In conclusion, the female elderly with knee pain or a knee disorder have inferior knee extension strength and ADL with respect to the motions of locomotion, posture change and stability. In addition, with regard toknee extension strength with respect to theabove three motions, the elderly with a knee disorder have inferior scores when compared with the elderly who have only knee pain;thus, they find it difficult to perform activities involving the knee joints.

Effects of Mild and Severe Knee Joint Pain on the Frequency of Falls and Fall Risk in Elderly Females

This study aimed to examine differences in the frequency of falls during the past year and fall risk among 392 elderly females was categorized into five groups on the basis of the knee pain expe-rienced: no knee pain, mild unilateral knee pain, mild bilateral knee pain, severe unilateral knee pain, and severe bilateral knee pain. The subjects participated in a fall risk survey comprising 50 items representing five risk factors: “symptoms of falling”, “disease and physical symptoms”, “en-vironment”, “behavior and character”, and “physical function”. The frequency of falls during the past year, score for each risk factor, and the total fall risk score were not significantly different between the mild unilateral and mild bilateral knee pain groups, and between the severe unilateral and severe bilateral knee pain groups. Therefore, these groups were pooled to form a mild knee pain group and a severe knee pain group and analyzed. The severe knee pain group had experienced a significantly greater number of falls during the past year compared with the no knee pain group. Furthermore, the symptom of falling score was significantly higher in the severe knee pain group than in the no knee pain group, while the disease and physical symptoms score was significantly higher in the mild and severe knee pain groups than in the no knee pain group. The physical function score and total fall risk score were significantly higher in the following order: the severe knee pain group, the mild knee pain group, and the no knee pain group. Our results indicate that for elderly females who can achieve ADL independently, the degree of knee pain (mild or severe) has a marked effect on fall risk, irrespective of laterality of the pain (unilateral or bilateral). Factors such as symptoms of falling, disease and physical symptoms, and physical function are also related to fall risk in this population. Furthermore, elderly individuals with severe knee pain experience frequent falls.

In Community Dwelling Females Age 65 or Older, Gait Speed Declines as Kinesthetic Awareness of the Lower Legs Decreases

Purpose: This study investigates the existence of a correlation between the gait speed and kinesthetic sense in lower legs and to conduct further analysis of kinesthetic sense in relation to the risk of fall among community dwelling females aged 65 years or older. Materials and Methods: A non-experimental correlational, descriptive, and cohort study included 38 community dwelling females (average age of 82.5 years). The kinesthetic ruler (K-Ruler) and kinesthetic test protocol were created and used to assess lower extremity kinesthetic awareness. The GaitRite System was used to assess gait speed. Each subject was categorized into four groups: “LL” (Low K-Score and low gait speed), “LH” (Low K-Score and high gait speed), “HL” (High K-Score and low gait speed), and “HH” (High K-Score and high gait speed) according to kinesthetic awareness and gait speed measured. Voluntary fall incidence reporting over the 6-month period was followed by the initial data collection. Results: Pearson product-moment correlation (2-tailed) showed that there is a statistically significant, positive moderate-to-strong correlation between K-score and gait speed (ICC = 0.692, p Discussion: Gait speed declines as kinesthetic awareness of lower extremity decreases in community dwelling 65 or older female subjects. Additionally, the combination of kinesthetic awareness and gait speed can be served as a predictor of fall risk. The K-ruler can be used to assess lower extremity kinesthetic awareness in older people as a feasible and standard test.

阴式探头经直肠超声与经腹部超声检查诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征的应用价值对比

目的对比阴式探头经直肠超声与经腹部超声检查诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2022年1月于我院就诊的82例未婚女性PCOS患者的临床资料,均行经腹部超声、阴式探头经直肠超声检查,比较两种检查方法的卵巢参数、子宫卵巢显像结果及PCOS检出率。结果阴式探头经直肠超声检出卵泡数目高于经腹部超声,卵泡大小小于经腹部超声(P<0.05)。两种检查方法的卵泡体积比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。阴式探头经直肠超声的阴道、宫颈、子宫形态、宫壁回声、子宫内膜回声、厚度及卵泡清晰显像率高于经腹部超声(P<0.05)。阴式探头经直肠超声的PCOS检出率为85.37%,高于经腹部超声的59.76%(P<0.05)。结论阴式探头经直肠超声与经腹部超声检查均可用于诊断未婚女性PCOS,但阴式探头经直肠超声检查的子宫、卵巢显像更清晰,PCOS检出率较高。

未婚女性青少年流动人口生殖健康知识及需求调查

目的:了解未婚女性青少年流动人口的生殖健康知识、影响因素及生殖健康需求。方法:采用单纯随机抽样和非随机抽样相结合的方法,对青岛市3个区3个工厂的137名未婚女性青少年流动工人进行自填式问卷调查。结果:调查对象平均年龄为20.23岁。生殖健康知识分为五类,总评分为100.00分。女性青少年流动人口的总知识得分的中位数为24.50分。各项知识得分换算为百分制,其中避孕知识的得分为0.00分,怀孕与人工流产知识为10.00分,生殖道感染与艾滋病知识为41.67分,性健康知识为37.50分,妇科疾病知识为50.00分。五类知识得分差异具有统计学意义(χ2=221.642,P=0.000)。影响总知识得分的因素有年龄(OR=1.705)、月收入(OR=2.784)和文化程度(OR=2.677)。调查对象中36.50%有妇科疾病症状,有54.01%的人有月经异常。有妇科疾病症状者中仅有10.00%的人曾去看病,未看病的原因:42.22%的人认为"每个妇女都会有这些症状,没有什么关系",24.44%的人认为"我没有症状"。73.72%、90.51%、85.40%、76.64%的调查对象不知道计生服务中心发放宣教资料、发放避孕药具、诊断妇科疾病和开展健康教育服务。结论:未婚女性青少年流动人口的生殖健康知识水平较低,尤其是避孕知识。影响知识水平的因素有年龄、收入及文化水平。她们在妇科疾病、月经问题上有较大的需求,但缺乏主动求医意识且对目前计划生育服务中心的服务内容不了解。

上海市流动人口未婚女性IMB生殖健康量表的效度和信度分析

目的通过对上海市流动人口未婚女性生殖健康IMB模型量表的信度和效度分析,评价其在目标人群中应用的可行性。方法采用方便抽样的方法在上海抽取3个区,对区内外来务工人员体检中心的944名未婚女性进行量表调查,量表内容包括个人基本信息、生殖健康及艾滋病认知、生殖健康相关态度以及生殖健康相关行为和需求等。通过专家论证评估其内容效度,通过因子分析评估其结构效度,通过计算信度系数评估量表的内在信度。对其中40名研究对象间隔两周进行相同量表的两次测量,评估量表的重测信度。结果主要测量指标的内在信度Cronbach'sα系数为0.313～0.824,生殖健康信息以及固定伴侣性开放态度这2个维度的内在信度最高。Spearman相关系数均>0.5,重测关联有统计学意义(P<0.05),量表的重测信度好。因子分析显示量表的结构效度较好,4个公因子涵盖了生殖健康信息、动机、行为技巧以及预防行为,能解释量表全部内容的78.66%。结论本研究制定的流动人口未婚女性IMB生殖健康量表整体而言具有较高的信度和效度,但是生殖健康自我效能的相关条目需要进行调整,以便适用于该人群生殖健康的相关研究。

中老年女性健身锻炼适宜强度的研究

目的:通过观察不同锻炼强度对中老年女性各项机能指标的影响,探讨中老年女性健身的适宜强度。方法:受试者以心脏功能能力(FC)的30%～45%、46%～60%、61%～75%作为运动强度随机分组,进行每周3次、每次达到靶心率(THR)30min的健走运动,测定身体形态及体成份、心功能等指标进行锻炼前后对照。结果:中老年女性进行小强度(30%～45%FC)健走锻炼可以有效改善体成份,降低体脂含量及体脂百分比,降低血脂,同时降低安静时收缩压;进行中等强度(46%～60%FC)健走锻炼,可以有效地改善心肺功能;进行高强度(61%～75%FC)健走锻炼,可以显著地增强心功能储备。结论:以减肥、改善身体形态为主要目的的健身运动应选择小强度:30%～45%FC(2.05～3.08METs);以降血压、降血脂为主要目的的健身运动应选择中、小强度:30%～60%FC(2.05～4.17METs);以增强心脏功能为主要目的的健身运动应选择中等强度:46%～60%FC(3.12～4.17METs);对于有一定锻炼基础、无心脑血管疾病、体质较好的中老年女性,可在专业人士的指导下选择高强度61%～75%FC(4.17～5.13METs)做为进一步锻炼强度。

569名未婚女性人工流产原因分析

目的：了解未婚人流女性特征，分析其人流原因。方法：采用分层整群多阶段抽样方法，以统一匿名调查表，由统一培训的专业医生对2004年10月-2005年5月在16个抽样单位行人流术的全部未婚女性进行调查。结果：569名调查对象平均年龄20．5岁，伴侣平均年龄23．8岁，月均性生活次数7．4次，33％的被调查者有既往怀孕史。本次人流原因主要为未避孕（71．7％），其原因主要是侥幸心理、不懂避孕和怕麻烦。避孕套是被调查者中知晓率和使用率最高的避孕方法。以百分制计算，被调查者避孕方法和知识的得分分别为60．4分和64．8分，其避孕知识主要来自媒体。结论：未婚女性性活跃、意外妊娠风险认识低、性和生殖健康知识贫乏，应加强未婚人群的性观念和性行为道德教育，根据其年龄和心理特征，提供相关的生殖健康知识和服务，并加强对媒体相关宣传的规范管理。

未婚女青少年生殖健康状况调查

目的:了解未婚女青少年对性、避孕、生殖健康知识的认知情况及对生殖健康服务的需求,寻求更好地方法为她们提供相应的服务。方法:对1436份有效自填式调查问卷进行分析。结果:调查对象的年龄、职业及文化程度和生殖健康知识水平比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),调查对象更希望从医院专业人员那里获得性及避孕知识。结论:未婚女青少年的性和生殖健康知识贫乏,医院的专业人员应通过各种途径加强对她们进行性、生殖知识的健康教育,才能维护她们的身心健康。

农村未婚女青年婚前妊娠和人工流产的调查

目的 :了解农村未婚女青年婚前妊娠和人工流产现状。方法 :采用结构式问卷调查并进行分析。结果 :1) 5 3.78%的研究对象在观念上已不同程度接受婚前性行为 ;2 ) 38.19%的研究对象有人流史 ;3) 5 7.94 %的对象选择正规医院人工流产 ,仅 2 8.35 %的对象选择计划生育服务站。结论 :农村未婚女青年婚前性行为、人工流产所占比例较高 ,人工流产经历确实对她们造成了身心伤害 ;改变婚前性行为态度与减少人工流产的发生需要各方面的共同努力。

贫困农村大龄未婚男青年的婚恋窘境分析——基于河南S村的实地研究

随着性别失衡社会影响与后果的逐步显现,贫困农村大龄未婚男青年面临婚恋窘境,俨然已经成为一个不容回避的现实问题。选择河南S村作为调研地,对该村20位大龄未婚男青年进行深入访谈,结果发现:该村大龄未婚男青年扎堆现象明显,面临严重择偶拥挤;婚姻攀比盛行,高额婚姻支付较为普遍;屡次遭受相亲失败,承受较大精神压力;长期处于单身状态,择偶标准大大降低。导致该村大龄未婚男青年面临如此窘境的原因主要集中在地理位置环境、家庭经济条件、自身文化水平以及农村传统观念等方面,为此,需要从加快农村经济建设、大力发展交通事业、强化综合技能培训、平衡男女性别比例以及加强青年心理疏导等方面入手,以缓解农村大龄未婚男青年的择偶难题。

上海市嘉定区外来未婚女工避孕知识现状与意愿调查分析

目的:了解上海郊区外来未婚女工避孕知识现状与需求,探索外来人口中促进生殖健康的策略与方法。方法:通过流行病学整群抽样调查,对某镇两个公寓内外来未婚女工2188例进行问卷调查,对他们的生殖避孕知识、可能的影响因素及保健服务需求进行分析。结果:调查对象避孕知识认识不高,相关问题回答正确率较低。来沪时间短、年龄<20岁、来自农村的、文化程度在高中以下的知识得分比较低。他们希望得到正确的知识、医生的咨询和提供避孕药具等服务。希望得到服务的方式依次为发放资料、举办讲座、面对面咨询及开通热线电话等。结论:外来未婚女工生殖健康知识缺乏,有关部门应加强对该人群的健康教育,提供安全有效、可及性强的生殖保健服务,减少意外妊娠,避免生殖道感染,促进生殖健康。

透视农村大龄未婚青年择偶难问题

农村大龄未婚青年择偶难问题越来越受到社会各界的广泛关注。本文分析了该问题的负面影响,阐明了这一问题的成因:农村人口性别比的结构性失衡、经济条件的制约和农村青年择偶交往机会有限等,并提出了相应的对策和建议。

未婚女研究生婚恋现状分析与思考

从未婚女研究生的婚恋问题入手,讨论了未婚女研究生的婚恋现状,并从女研究生的自身、传统择偶观念和社会角色定位等方面分析了其遭遇婚恋困境的原因,认为可以通过提升自身魅力,多方面的辅导与帮助,婚恋观和教育观念的调整来解决女研究生的婚恋现状问题。

社会对未婚先孕的污名与歧视对未婚女性非意愿妊娠的影响

目的探讨社会对未婚先孕的传统观念是如何影响外来未婚女性非意愿妊娠发生的这一社会因素,为改进和完善生殖健康卫生服务而做出一点努力.方法采用非概率抽样方法中的目的性抽样法,于2008年3月至11月的8个月期间,在昆明市5家公立医院和1家私立医院共调查到25个未婚非意愿妊娠及流产的研究对象.对研究对象进行个人深入访谈并全面、客观地了解其生活经历,用行为影响因素理论探讨社会对未婚先孕的污名与歧视对外来未婚女性非意愿妊娠产生的影响.结果 (1)医务人员对未婚流产女性普遍态度冷淡;(2)未婚流产女性多以假名字流产;(3)外来未婚女性更容易频繁更换男友,更易于发生非意愿妊娠.结论受中国传统观念的影响,25位外地来昆的发生了非意愿妊娠的未婚青年女性都或多或少地遭遇到医护人员的歧视与冷漠,这在很大程度上造成了卫生服务提供的不公平、不尊重和不接纳;外来未婚女性则多以假名字流产、频繁更换男友等贬低自我价值等方式来达到自我保护的目的.个人因素加上来自社会舆论的巨大影响使她们承受着未婚同居、不安全性行为、生殖道感染、非意愿妊娠、人工流产等多重风险.

中老年女性3天营养及体力活动问卷的信度和效度评价

目的:评价中老年女性3天营养及体力活动问卷的信度和效度。方法:采用问卷调查、测量、数理统计等方法在西安市城区进行了中老年女性营养及体力活动问卷验证性研究;用重复实验评价问卷的信度,专家评价和确立一个效标来分别评价问卷的内容效度、结构效度和效标效度。结果:营养及体力活动问卷重复实验的结果之间一致性较好,差异不具有显著性意义(P>0.05),相关系数为0.55。问卷的表面效度和结构效度均较高,3天营养及体力活动问卷调查结果与效标之间的相关系数为0.53。结论:3天的营养及体力活动问卷的信度和效度均在0.53以上,能可靠有效地反映西安市城区中老年女性的营养及体力活动水平。

不同方式有氧运动对中老年女性非特异性腰痛的缓解作用

目的:探讨不同方式有氧运动对中、老年女性非特异性腰痛的缓解作用。方法:选120名非特异性腰痛患者随机分为4组。B、C、D组分别参加为期9个月的健身走、太极拳、健身瑜伽训练,A组为对照组无训练计划。训练前、后分别对各组骶棘肌肌电进行测试。对结果进行疗效判定。结果:B、C、D3组腰背肌肌电图波幅均高于训练前(P<0.05),时程均低于训练前(P<0.05),D组在各时段的变化均具有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);组间疗效比较D组优于其他组别(P<0.01)。结论:健身走、太极拳锻炼均能增加患者腰背肌肌肉力,对中老年女性非特异性腰痛具有一定的缓解作用,健身瑜伽练习作用优于健身走和太极拳锻炼,疗效显著。

深圳外来未婚女工生殖健康现状调查

目的:调查深圳市外来未婚女工生殖健康现状,为制定有效的干预措施提供参考依据。方法:采用随机分层整群抽样方法对深圳市宝安区某厂外来未婚女工进行现场问卷调查。结果:外来未婚女工婚前性行为发生率为39.94%;74.75%的外来未婚女工第1次性生活时不采取避孕措施;目前选择的避孕措施主要是避孕套(41.93%)、紧急避孕(20.61%)和体外排精(15.34%);妇科患病率为6.03%,主要疾病是月经不调和痛经。结论:外来未婚女工生殖健康知识缺乏,性保健意识淡薄,无保护性行为发生率较高,应有针对性地开展综合干预措施,提高未婚女工生殖健康水平。