Astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis, and glial scar formation in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is a global health crisis,causing significant death and disability worldwide.Neuroinflammation that follows traumatic brain injury has serious consequences for neuronal survival and cognitive impairments,with astrocytes involved in this response.Following traumatic brain injury,astrocytes rapidly become reactive,and astrogliosis propagates from the injury core to distant brain regions.Homeostatic astroglial proteins are downregulated near the traumatic brain injury core,while pro-inflammatory astroglial genes are overexpressed.This altered gene expression is considered a pathological remodeling of astrocytes that produces serious consequences for neuronal survival and cognitive recovery.In addition,glial scar formed by reactive astrocytes is initially necessary to limit immune cell infiltration,but in the long term impedes axonal reconnection and functional recovery.Current therapeutic strategies for traumatic brain injury are focused on preventing acute complications.Statins,cannabinoids,progesterone,beta-blockers,and cerebrolysin demonstrate neuroprotective benefits but most of them have not been studied in the context of astrocytes.In this review,we discuss the cell signaling pathways activated in reactive astrocytes following traumatic brain injury and we discuss some of the potential new strategies aimed to modulate astroglial responses in traumatic brain injury,especially using cell-targeted strategies with miRNAs or lncRNA,viral vectors,and repurposed drugs.

基于sCARS的淮北平原土壤有机质含量高光谱建模

为确定淮北平原砂姜黑土土壤有机质(SOM)最佳反演模型,探寻最佳特征波长筛选方法,提高模型预测精度。利用原始光谱进行倒数对数(Log(1/R))、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、去包络线(CR)、一阶微分(FDR)处理,采用稳定竞争性自适应重加权算法(sCARS)筛选特征变量,对比分析竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、相关系数法(|r|≥0.47)和显著性水平法(p≤0.01)所得结果,建立SOM含量的偏最小二乘(PLSR)模型,并对比精度差异。结果表明:(1)全波段范围内,SOM含量与原始光谱呈极显著负相关,与Log(1/R)光谱呈极显著正相关,与SNV光谱相关性明显增强。CR和FDR光谱与SOM含量呈不同程度的正负相关性。(2)对比全波段,CARS和sCARS算法能够有效去除光谱冗余信息,筛选得到特征波段数目仅占全波段的1%~5%。筛选后模型精度更高,相对分析误差(RPD)均大于1.8。(3)相比于CARS算法,sCARS算法具备更好的稳定性和精确性。筛选到的特征波段主要分布在800~850、1850~1900、2050~2500 nm区域。(4)Log(1/R)-sCARS模型精度最佳,建模集和预测集的决定系数(R2)分别提升了0.08和0.28,RPD值为3.05,对SOM含量预测极好。

基于SCAR分子标记和倍性鉴定兰属花卉的研究

基于特异性片段扩增(SCAR)和倍性鉴定兰属花卉,为杂交育种亲本选配奠定基础,以兰属花卉的27个大花蕙兰和31个国兰品种为试材,通过SCAR分子标记和流式细胞仪进行亲缘关系和倍性检测,构建系统进化树。SCAR分子标记构建的系统进化树结果显示:58个品种聚为3支,第1支包括8个大花蕙兰品种(福娘、523、红袍等)和16个国兰品种(碧龙红素、汗血宝马、出水芙蓉等),第2支为11个大花蕙兰品种(金玉满堂、日本香兰、红双喜等)和6个国兰品种(一代天骄、春兰麻壳素、如意素荷等),第3支包括8个大花蕙兰品种(616、黄金岁月、杨贵妃等)和9个国兰品种(碧龙奇莲、西蜀道光、大雪素等);倍性鉴定结果显示:27个大花蕙兰品种中有7个二倍体(日本樱花、绿翡翠、梦境等)、16个三倍体(黄金岁月、蝶影、日本香兰等)、4个四倍体(英雄、523、福娘等)。部分大花蕙兰和国兰品种亲缘关系较近,可用作杂交育种亲本,但由于大花蕙兰倍性较为丰富。因此,大花蕙兰作为杂交育种亲本,选配时需进行倍性鉴定。综上,SCAR分子标记能高效、全面和精准鉴别兰属花卉间的亲缘关系,结合倍性鉴定,可为高效杂交育种奠定基础。

阿拉尔棉田烟粉虱捕食性天敌的SCAR分子标记检测

为了明确阿拉尔垦区棉田烟粉虱种群隐种以及烟粉虱捕食性天敌种类,采集阿拉尔十二团棉田中的烟粉虱及烟粉虱捕食性天敌,利用B-F/B-R、Q-F/Q-R特异性引物检测烟粉虱隐种类型,利用烟粉虱TB-F94585/TB-R 94585特异性引物检测捕食性天敌肠道内是否存在烟粉虱DNA。结果表明:新疆阿拉尔垦区烟粉虱为MED隐种,初步发现烟粉虱的捕食天敌共有4目5科,包括多异瓢虫成虫、多异瓢虫幼虫、东亚小花蝽、中华草蛉幼虫、黄褐新园蛛、灌木新园蛛、直伸肖蛸。利用SCAR分子标记技术可以快速检测阿拉尔垦区烟粉虱捕食性天敌种类。

The global Antarctic Research event,SCAR 2024

We are pleased to announce that“The 11th SCAR Open Science Conference”will take place in Pucón,Chile from 19-23 August 2024,hosted by the Chilean Antarctic Institute.Detailed information at https://www.scar2024.org/.The 11th SCAR Open Science Conference theme“Antarctic Science:Crossroads for a New Hope”,recognizes the importance of Antarctica as a unique and fragile ecosystem.With increasing concerns about climate change and its impact on the polar regions,this theme aims to highlight the significance of Antarctic research in shaping our understanding of global environmental challenges.By fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange,the SCAR Open Science conference hopes to inspire new solutions and a renewed sense of hope for the future of our planet.

Endoscopic treatment of scarred polyps with a non-thermal device(Endorotor):A review of the literature

Endoscopic resection(ER)of colorectal polyps has become a daily practice in most endoscopic units providing a colorectal cancer screening program and requires the availability of local experts and high-end endoscopic devices.ER procedures have evolved over the past few years from endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)to more advanced techniques,such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and endo-scopic full-thickness resection.Complete resection and disease eradication are the ultimate goals of ER-based techniques,and novel devices have been developed to achieve these goals.The EndoRotor®Endoscopic Powered Resection System(Interscope Medical,Inc.,Northbridge,Massachusetts,United States)is one such device.The EndoRotor is a powered resection tool for the removal of alimentary tract mucosa,including post-EMR persistent lesions with scarring,and has both CE Mark and FDA clearance.This review covers available published evidence documenting the usefulness of EndoRotor for the management of recurrent colorectal polyps.

PACT/WAR工艺在腈纶污水处理工程中的应用

丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈纶污水在内的炼油、化工污水,处理效果良好,能够达到一级直排标准。针对运行中出现的问题,提出相应的解决方案及优化建议。

Tamanu Oil in Acne Management: Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing Properties for Scar Reduction

Tamanu oil, derived from the nuts of Calophyllum inophyllum, has gained increasing attention for its potential in acne management due to its purported anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. This analysis evaluates the efficacy of tamanu oil in acne treatment with a specific focus on its impact on inflammation and scar reduction. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of tamanu oil’s dual mechanism of action: reducing acne-related inflammation and promoting the healing of acne scars. Clinical trials and laboratory analyses were conducted to assess the oil’s effectiveness in diminishing erythema, swelling, and post-acne scarring compared to conventional treatments. Preliminary findings demonstrate that tamanu oil significantly reduces inflammation and accelerates wound healing, potentially offering a promising adjunct or alternative to standard acne therapies. Future research should aim to optimize formulation and application protocols, long-term effects, and comparative therapeutic efficacy with other anti-inflammatory agents. Tamanu oil offers a novel and effective approach to acne management, with potential advantages that go beyond inflammation reduction to include enhanced scar reduction, making it a subject that warrants further investigation.

Exploring the potential mechanism of WuFuYin against hypertrophic scar using network pharmacology and molecular docking

BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scar(HTS)is dermal fibroproliferative disorder,which may cause physiological and psychological problems.Currently,the potential mechanism of WuFuYin(WFY)in the treatment of HTS remained to be elucidated.AIM To explore the potential mechanism of WFY in treating HTS.METHODS Active components and corresponding targets were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.HTSrelated genes were obtained from the GeneCards,DisGeNET,and National Center for Biotechnology Information.The function of targets was analyzed by performing Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genome(KEGG)enrichment analysis.A protein+IBM-protein interaction(PPI)network was developed using STRING database and Cytoscape.To confirm the high affinity between compounds and targets,molecular docking was performed.RESULTS A total of 65 core genes,which were both related to compounds and HTS,were selected from multiple databases.PPI analysis showed that CKD2,ABCC1,MMP2,MMP9,glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta(GSK3B),PRARG,MMP3,and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma(PIK3CG)were the hub targets and MOL004941,MOL004935,MOL004866,MOL004993,and MOL004989 were the key compounds of WFY against HTS.The results of KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that the function of most genes were enriched in the PI3K-Akt pathway.Moreover,by performing molecular docking,we confirmed that GSK3B and 8-prenylated eriodictyol shared the highest affinity.CONCLUSION The current findings showed that the GSK3B and cyclin dependent kinase 2 were the potential targets and MOL004941,MOL004989,and MOL004993 were the main compounds of WFY in HTS treatment.

Assessment of Ecosystems Damages Caused by Russian War against Ukraine

The question of the impact of war on ecosystems still remains secondary in the internal and external policy of states, society and the agenda of international organizations. From the point of view of losses in monetary terms, the values of ecosystem damages obtained in the work, which are a consequence of the impact of hostilities on the environment, correspond to the annual budgets of the largest countries in the world or exceed them. The presented calculations significantly exceed the known normative methods, the use of which in the conditions of war is limited in space and time. Objective difficulties associated with the uncertainty of many processes of the development of ecological systems and their reaction to the multifactorial impact of war are also significant limitations. Therefore, as part of the study, a method of assessing the impact of war on the environment is proposed, which is based on the patterns of energy flows in ecosystems from the moment it is binding by producers. This made it possible to take into account in the calculations the principle of functional integrity of the ecological system, according to which the destruction or damage of the components of a functionally whole environment will necessarily cause negative phenomena in the development of ecological systems. The results are presented in the form of real values of ecological losses in energy and monetary equivalents, as consequences of the loss of ecosystem services. As the results of the research show, the minimum amount of damage to ecosystems from Russian tanks is 43,500 USD per day. Environmental damage from Russian fighter jets has been estimated at $1.5 billion per week since the start of the war. Noise from military operations causes losses of at least 2.3 billion US dollars per year. The obtained results create prerequisites for improving the system of ensuring environmental safety at the local, state, and international levels and transferring the obtained solutions into safety-shaping practice.

基于SCAR标记和DNA条形码技术的苍术基原鉴别研究

目的开发出能同时鉴别北苍术和关苍术的分子标记方法,并探究不同种质资源苍术的遗传进化关系。方法对不同地区北苍术Atractylodes chinensis(Bunge)Koidz及关苍术A.japonica Koidz.ex Kitam基因组DNA的差异片段进行测序,结合SRAP、ISSR、DAMD分子标记方法,优化PCR反应体系,筛选并转换成特异性标记,同时,采用条形码方法分析种间序列差异。结果通过SRAP、ISSR、DAMD三种分子标记方法的PCR扩增,共筛选出198对能稳定扩增且重现性好的引物,转换出7对能稳定、快速鉴别北苍术和关苍术的SCAR引物。条形码方法检测出北苍术ITS2序列长度为454 bp,关苍术ITS2序列长度为453 bp,与其他苍术属植物之间遗传距离较远。NJ树结果显示,北苍术、关苍术及其他苍术属植物均各自聚为一支,表现出良好的单系性。依据ITS2二级结构,4种苍术属植物在螺旋区的茎环数目、大小、位置均有明显差异,可以直观地进行区分。结论所开发的特异性SCAR标记为苍术属植物优良品种的筛选提供了新方法,DNA条形码能稳定、准确鉴别北苍术。

Vaginal Cesarean Section, an Alternative to High-Risk Trigger on Scarred Uterus

The objective is to report a clinical case of vaginal cesarean section performed to expel a dead fetus in scarred uterus. For this indication, vaginal hysterectomy constitutes an alternative to vaginal expulsion with a high risk of uterine rupture and to classic abdominal cesarean section with risk of significant surgical trauma, particularly adhesions. However, this surgical technique, described since the 19th century, remains unknown to many practitioners and few publications exist on the subject throughout the world. Considered obsolete by some practitioners, it retains all its advantages in the practice of modern obstetrics. We report this case of expulsion of fetal death on a tri-scarred uterus performed by vaginal cesarean section at the Health District Reference Health Center (District Hospital) of Commune I in Bamako, Mali in a 37-year-old patient with a pregnancy of 27 weeks of amenorrhea.

The Use of Triancinolone for the Treatment of Keloid Scars

Scars, when in good evolution, result in a smooth, thin and discreet tissue. Keloid scars, however, are a type of abnormal and exacerbated repair response to tissue injury, whether in surgical interventions or in various injuries, which present in a prominent and gross way. In this context, there is an excess of collagen deposition in the tissue repair process, which can lead to the formation of keloids. The diagnosis of the condition presented is made by the medical professional or by the patient himself after the surgical intervention or skin injury. Under this analysis, protruding, rough and bad-looking scars are identified. In addition, we highlight the existence of keloids similar to large tumors, described as Jorge Lobo disease. The treatment encompasses massages, compressions, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, collagenase and cryotherapy. At first, we used corticosteroid-based massages, and then we started using compressive dressings until we started intrakeloid infiltrations with injectable triamcinolone. Triamcinolone 10 mg injectable—1/10—in 0.9% saline, with syringe and fixed needle 0.3 mm × 8 mm, intralesional infiltrate, in this context, proved to be effective for its treatment when applied sequentially and linearly. In cases where the medication was applied, there was an improvement after 21 days of application and a definitive improvement 2 months after the injury. In comparison, on the other hand, patients who were not subjected to the application of the medication may improve after 4 months of the injury or worsen compared to the initial case. We have come to the conclusion that this procedure may be one of the chosen ones for the treatment of keloid scars, being one of the most recommended for cases of keloid already installed.

Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes

The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions.

An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

Towards the Holy Grail: What can we do for truly scarless surgery?

The work of Muhe and Mouret in the late 1980s,paved the way for mainstream laparoscopic procedures and it rapidly became the mainstream method for many intra-abdominal procedures.Natural orifice transluminal surgery(NOTES)and Laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery(LESS)are very exciting new modalities in the field of minimally invasive surgery which work for further reducing the scars of standard laparoscopy and towards scarless surgery.However,according to objective assessment of the literatures,there is no clearly demonstrated benefit of NOTES(LESS),even cosmesis is poorly supported and had mixed results in the available data.NOTES(LESS)is far from the truly scarless surgery.Towards the Holy Grail,we have developed several techniques of creating nonvisible scar and named them as"Scar-hidden Endoscopic Surgery".With the rapid development of science and technology,we believe that minimally invasive surgery over the next2 decades will continue to bring remarkable change and realize truly scarless surgery even we may not be able to imagine what lies ahead.

自体刃厚头皮回植修复中厚供皮区创面的安全有效性

背景:大面积深度烧伤创面愈合后多伴瘢痕增生,需要移植中厚皮进行修复,所取中厚皮片一般达到真皮乳头层以下,若处理不当容易出现供区皮创面愈合延迟、溃破和愈合后疼痛瘙痒等并发症,因此,供皮区创面修复应得到重视。目的:分析自体头皮修复深度烧伤和瘢痕患者供皮区的安全性和实用性。方法:选择2021年1月至2023年9月郑州市第一人民医院烧伤科收治的60例深度烧伤和瘢痕增生患者作为研究对象,均进行中厚皮移植修复,取皮部位为患者自身腿部或背部中厚皮,采用随机数字表法分为研究组(30例)、对照组(30例),研究组采用自体刃厚头皮回植修复中厚皮供皮区,对照组采用吸水敷料修复中厚皮供皮区。对比两组术后6 d的中厚皮供皮区创面愈合率、创面完全上皮化时间,术后3,6 d供皮区换药疼痛评分,以及术后6个月中厚皮供皮区瘢痕增生情况。结果与结论:①研究组中厚皮供皮区创面上皮化时间短于对照组(P<0.05),中厚皮供皮区创面愈合率高于对照组(P<0.05),术后3,6 d的中厚皮供皮区换药疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05),术后6个月的中厚皮供皮区瘢痕增生率、瘢痕评分及瘙痒评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);②结果表明,自体头皮修复中厚皮供皮区具有加快创面愈合和减轻瘢痕增生的优点。

通过改良RAPD技术获得黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃的3条SCAR新标记

目的寻找快速区分黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃的序列特征扩增区域(sequence characterized amplified regions,SCAR)新标记。方法在改良的随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)的基础上对10个物种进行基因组DNA随机扩增、分子克隆和测序,分别设计了可鉴别3个物种的SCAR标记。结果成功筛选出3个SCAR标记,其相应的特异性标记分别为N2-12、A2-17和A6-33;其中SCAR标记N2-12在黑毛种属中扩增出约750 bp的特异性条带,SCAR标记A2-17在蜂腰石斛中扩增出约750 bp的特异性条带,SCAR标记A6-33在石仙桃种属中扩增出约600 bp的特异性条带。结论N2-12、A2-17和A6-33这3对特异性SCAR新标记能快速、准确的区分出黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃这3个物种,为今后进行该中药道地药材样品的鉴定提供了实验依据。

黄瓜全雌性基因连锁的AFLP和SCAR分子标记

本研究以全雌品种‘戴多星’自交系和弱雌品种‘北京截头’自交系为双亲杂交获得F1,然后得到F2性型分离群体,利用分离群体分组分析法(BulkedSegregantAnalysis,BSA)构建全雌和弱雌两个基因池,筛选了64对AFLP选择性引物EcoRINN+MseINNN组合,发现EcoRITG+MseICAC引物组合在全雌基因池中扩增出一条分子量为234bp的特异带。经F2代单株验证,该特异条带能在全雌单株中稳定出现。以MAPMAKER(Version3.0)软件分析,该标记与全雌性位点的连锁距离在6.7cM。命名该连锁标记为TG/CAC234。将该特异条带回收、克隆、测序,设计特异SCAR引物,再对F2代单株基因组DNA进行扩增,仅在全雌单株中扩增出1条分子量为166bp的特异带,表明已成功地将与黄瓜全雌性连锁的AFLP标记转化为操作简便、表现稳定的SCAR标记,该标记命名为SA166。