Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Astringency Removal in Mopanshi Persimmon

Fruits of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. Mopanshi) were used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2) gas on removing astringency after harvest. Treatment of 95% concentration of CO 2 gas gave the best results; fruits turned non-astringent after 20 h, and kept the fruit firm for 7 d at room temperature. Fruits, treated with 85 and 90% concentration of CO 2 gas, turned non-astringent after 2428 h, and the firmness-keeping stage was 56 d at room temperature. While the CO 2 gas was at 80, 70 and 60%, the de-astringency period was 48, 72 and 96 h, and the corresponding firmness-keeping stage was 3, 2 and 1 d, respectively. Fruits, treated with 50% concentration of CO 2 gas, remained astringent.

Identification and Control of Persimmon anthracnose

[ Objective] The study aimed to research the identification of Persimmon anthracnose and its controlling methods.[ Method ] The pathogen and characteristics, infection and occurrence law, damage symptoms of persimmon anthracnose were stated simply and the methods for con- trolling the disease were summed up. [ Result] The pathogen of Persimmon anthracnose was Gloeospor/um kaki Hod, belonging to Deuteromycotina. Germination and invasion of the conidia, sporulation and growth of mycelium all required high temperature, with the optimum temperature of 25 ℃ and the lethal temperature of 50 ℃ （10 min）. The occurrence strength of Persimmon anthracnose related with the factors including host, environment, culture circumstances, mainly doing harm to the fruits and branches. The occurrence of the disease could be controlled by such agricultur- al measures as cleaning the orchard, using the resistant varieties and planting the disease-free seedlings, adopting the balanced fertilization, improving the irrigation and drainage systems, conducting the dense planting and thin branches, building garden using the seedling that grafting on planted stock and raising the grafted parts of the stock. When the incidence was heavy, it needed to spray the fungicides or protective agent for the control of the Persimmon anthracnose. The fungicides should be mainly sprayed on the lesion of shoot, fruit surface and branches. [ Conclusion] The study provided the reference for the control of the Persimmon anthracnose.

Effects of Extreme Weather Conditions on the Growth of Gongcheng Persimmon

The superior climate conditions gave birth to excellent GongCheng per- simmon, and persimmon industry has become a pillar industry of Gongcheng farm- ers. In order to study the effects of extreme weather conditions on the growth of GongCheng persimmon, 60 years of meteorological data and the basic cultivation information of persimmon over the years in Gongcheng County were collected and analyzed using factor corresponding analysis method, so as to study the extreme weather conditions, the influence mechanism on persimmon industry and the de- fense measures. The extreme weather conditions that have great effects are the continuous low temperature in spring, high temperature in summer, strong wind, hail, rainstorm, drought, and frost, which can affect the persimmon tree vigor, fruit bearing rate, plant diseases and pests as well as the quality of fruit. Focusing on mete- orological service, it needs to avoid the meteorological disasters as far as possible from orchard construction to management to ensure high quality and yield of persimmon.

Enhanced Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Persimmon Tannin-activated Carbon Composites

The modification of activated carbon with persimmon tannin and its application for the removal of Pb（II） ions were carried out by batch method. The effects of solution pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration on the immobilization of persimmon tannin were studied. The experimental results showed that the experimental data of persimmon tannin and Pb（II） fitted better by Langrnuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second order model. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents for persimmon tannin and Pb（II） were calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model, and found to be 42.97 and 12.40 mg/g at optimum pH, respectively. It was noted that the adsorbent exhibited the best adsorption property for Pb（lI） when 1.0 g activated carbon was modified by 17.32 mg persimmon tannin. The modified activated carbon is more effective than the plain activated carbon, and it is expected to be an economic and effective adsorbent for the disposal of wastewater containing Pb（II） ions.

Propylene Effects on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Relation to Gene Expression of ACS,ACO in Persimmon Fruit

Influences of propylene treatment on fruit softening and ethylene biosynthesis of persimmon genotype, 'Hiratanenashi' were investigated. The treatment with propylene could accelerate the softening and enhance ethylene biosynthesis, with higher sensitivity of immature fruit to the propylene was consistent with mRNA increase derived from transcription of ACS and ACO genes. Furthermore, ethylene synthesis increase in immature fruits was controlled and regulated mainly by DK-ACS1, DK-ACS2, DK-ACO1 and DK-ACO2, but regulated only by DK-ACS1 and DK-ACO1 in mature fruits.

Persimmon leaf flavonoid promotes brain ischemic tolerance

Persimmon leaf flavonoid has been shown to enhance brain ischemic tolerance in mice, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. The bilateral common carotid arteries were occluded using a micro clip to block blood flow for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning, 200,100, and 50 mg/kg persimmon leaf flavonoid or 20 mg/kg ginaton was intragastrically administered per day for 5 days. At 1 hour after the final administration, ischemia/reperfusion models were estab- lished by blocking the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours. At 24 hours after model establishment, compared with cerebral ischemic rats without ischemic preconditioning or drug intervention, plasma endothelin, thrombomodulin and yon Willebrand factor levels significantly decreased and intercel- lular adhesion molecule-1 expression markedly reduced in brain tissue from rats with ischemic pre- conditioning. Simultaneously, brain tissue injury reduced. Ischemic preconditioning combined with drug exposure noticeably improved the effects of the above-mentioned indices, and the effects of 200 mg/kg persimmon leaf flavonoid were similar to 20 mg/kg ginaton treatment. These results indicate that ischemic preconditioning produces tolerance to recurrent severe cerebral ischemia. However, persimmon leaf flavonoid can elevate ischemic tolerance by reducing inflammatory reactions and vascular endothelial injury. High-dose persimmon leaf flavonoid showed an identical effect to ginaton.

Persimmon Leaf Flavonols Enhance the Anti-Cancer Effect of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy on Murine Xenograft Tumors

The cell cycle checkpoint system play a pivotal role in the cellular DNA damage response, and the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors is expected to sensitize current cancer therapies. Checkpoint signaling cascades are critically modulated by ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and its related molecules. Generally, ATM primarily responds to ionizing irradiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Heavy ions from an accelerated carbon ion beam have been used to cure cancer because they are more effective than ionizing irradiation such as X-ray and γ-radiation in terms of biological damage. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a persimmon leaf flavonol (PLF) promoted the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents on cancer cells through inhibition of checkpoint activities, especially in the ATM dependent pathway. The present study investigated whether PLF inhibits checkpoint activity during the DNA damage response induced by heavy ion irradiation. Treatment with PLF significantly increased the cytotoxicity of heavy ion irradiation in A549 adenocarcinoma cells. The phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins such as p53, SMC1, and Chk1 was increased by heavy ions. PLF reduced the phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins. Pre-treatment with PLF significantly prevented the decrease of mitotic cells in heavy ion-exposed cells. We further evaluated tumor volume in SCID mice inoculated with human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The combination treatment of PLF and heavy ion resulted in a decrease of tumor volume compared with controls, although PLF itself did not exhibit any effect. These results indicate that PLF inhibits tumor growth through modulation of the DNA damage response. PLF may be useful for clinical application in combination with heavy ion radiotherapy.

Regulation of Propylene and 1-Methylcyclopropene on Expressions of ACS and ACO Genes in Persimmon Fruits

The regulation of postharvest treatment with propylene and 1-MCP on ethylene release rate and expressions of 1- aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid synthase （ACS） and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase （ACO） genes in Fuping Janshi persimmon （Diospyros kaki L.） fruit were investigated. Fruits were treated with propylene and 1-MCP, then stored at 20℃, ethylene release rate of the treated fruits was measured at regular intervals and RNA was extracted for Northern blotting analysis. The results suggested that treatment with propylene accelerated the expressions of ACS and ACO genes and then enhanced the ethylene biosynthesis, while treatment with 1-MCP inhibited the expressions of two genes and their ethylene biosynthesis. Furthermore, different effects on expressions caused by treatments with propylene and 1-MCP existed in various fruit tissues, the inhibitory effect on ACS and ACO genes by 1-MCP was the strongest in pericarp, followed by pulp and core tissues, in the area near fruit stalk, the inhibitory effect was the weakest. While the enhanced effect on ACS and ACO genes by propylene increased from pulp, core, and pericarp to the area near fruit stalk. Expression of each member of ACS and ACO families in various tissues was also completely different, in control and propylene treatment, DKACS3 gene just expressed in the area near fruit stalk and did not express in other tissues, but DKACS2 gene expressed in four tissues by treatment with propylene.

Breeding Report of a New Persimmon Cultivar ‘Heishi No. 1’

＇Heishi No.I＇ is an excellent early-maturing persimmon with black ap- pearance. The cultivar was selected from natural persimmon germplasm resources, and the variation maternal plant was discovered in Taihang Mountain. Fruit of ＇Heishi No.l＇ is mainly obround, and below the calyx is flesh seat indent. And the pericarp is smooth without any furrow in shinning deep black color, with white fruit powder on the surface. The pulp is exquisite with sweet flavor in orange-yellow col- or. The fruit is of middle size with the average fruit weight of 126.56 g, maximum fruit weight of 232.38 g, average soluble solid content of 22.43%, vitamin C content of 406 mg/kg, total sugar content of 19.46%, reducing sugar of 16.33%, total acid of 0.08% and tannic content of 0.56%. The fruit has small core, which becomes solid when ripe, and it has no seed. It has tolerance to storage and transportation, and easy to get deastringency, making it have excellent quality. This cuitivar is vig- orous with conicalness crown and semi-open tree gesture. Young branches are slightly curved in dull grey-green color. Leaves are deep green and lanceolate of 18.7 cm long, 10.1 cm wide, with 1.8 cm petioles. In Zhengzhou area, Henan province, ＇Heishi No.l＇ begins spouting at the end of March and flowering in early May, and the fruits gradually turns into black from yellow from mid-September. The fruit development period is about 130-140 d, and ripens at the end of September. The harvest time can be extended to late October. The cultivar is parthenocarpy, and bears food early with strong yielding ability. And it can flower and bear fruits in two years after planting, and reaches high yield of 48 720 kg/hm2 in the fifth year. There are few physiological fruit drops after fruit-setting and during the fruit expand- ing period, and the variation in different years is not significant. ＇Heishi No.l＇ has strong stress resistance and relatively few plant diseases and insect pests, and it has special resistance to anthracnose and angle of spot. Since the pericarp is thick with white fruit powder covered on the surface, the fruit has long storage-life and high tolerance to storage and transportation. After picking, ：the fruits can be stored for over 30 d in normal temperature, and the cold storage life could reach 3-4 months. The cultivar also has strong adaptability, resistance to cold and tolerance to poor soil conditions, and it is suitable to be planted in both plains and hilly areas in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other areas of persimmon distribution.

Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Leaf of Uenishiwase Persimmon

Effects of basal mediums, hormones and their concentrations on the shoot regeneration fromleaf of sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Uenishiwase) were studied by orthogonaldesign trial. The result showed that modified Murashige and Skoog [MS (1/2 N)] was the mostoptimum for the regeneration and 1/2 MS was better than MS. Shoot percentage in the mediumcontaining 4.0 mg L-1 ZT(zeatin) was much higher than that of other two concentrations, amongwhich 2.0 mg L-1 ZT was much better than 1.0 mg L-1 ZT and shoot percentage in the concentrationof 1.0 mg L-1 ZT was only 4%. There were no any beneficial effects when supplementing IAA in themedium. Shoot percentage and average shoots per explants were dramatically decreased in the 2.0 mgL-1 IAA. Data in the orthogonal trial indicated that ZT was the most effective factor in theshoot regenerating of Uenishwase persimmon and basal medium was important too, but IAA had noany beneficial effects at all. In the orthogonal trial, the best result was achieved in MS (1/2 N) medium containing 4.0 mg L-1 ZT and 1.0 mg L-1 IAA, in which shoot percentage and averageshoots per explants were 86% and 2.2, respectively.

Effect and mechanism of persimmon leaf flavonoid treatment of experimental oral ulcer

OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect and its mechanism of persimmon leaf flavonoids(PLF) on rats with oral ulcer. METHODS The oral ulcer model was induced by acetic acid,was used for intervention of Guilin watermelon frost and different dose(20,40 and 80 mg·kg^(-1)) of PLF.Ulcer area was calculated on the fourth and the seventh day after injury; the changes of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in serum and ulcer tissues were observed; the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha) in ulcer tissue was measured. To observe the pathological morphological changes of H-E staining. RESULTS Guilin watermelon frost and PLF(40 and 80 mg·kg^(-1))can reduce the ulcer area(P<0.05); PLF(20,40 and 80 mg·kg^(-1)) can increase the activity of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in serum and ulcer tissue(P<0.05); Guilin watermelon frost and PLF could significantly decrease the levels of TNF-alpha in ulcer tissue(P<0.05),and improve the inflammatory infiltration of ulcer tissue. CONCLUSION PLF has certain therapeutic effects on oral ulcer induced by acetic acid,and the mechanism may be related to improve oxidative damage and reduce inflammatory reaction.

Persimmon leaf flavonoid induces brain ischemic tolerance in mice

The persimmon leaf has been shown to improve cerebral ischemic outcomes; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, mice were subjected to 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning, and persimmon leaf flavonoid was orally administered for 5 days. Results showed that the persimmon leaf fiavonoid significantly improved the content of tissue type plasminogen activator and 6-keto prostaglandin-F1 a in the cerebral cortex, decreased the content of thromboxane B2, and reduced the content of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mice. Following optical microscopy, persimmon leaf flavonoid was also shown to reduce cell swelling and nuclear hyperchromatism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. These results suggested that persimmon leaf fiavonoid can effectively inhibit brain thrombosis, improve blood supply to the brain and relieve ischemia-induced pathological damage, resulting in brain ischemic tolerance.

Inhibitory Effect of 16 Fungicides on Persimmon Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum horii

In this research,the inhibitory effect of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persimmon anthracnose was investigated using mycelial growth method and spore germination method. The results showed that among the 16 tested fungicides,10% of Difenoconazole WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25%of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,430 g/L of Tebuconazole SC,50% of Prochloraz-manganese chloride and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of C. horri,with the inhibition rate of 100%; 70% of Polyram WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,50% of Chlorobromoisocyanuric acid AF,50% of Triram WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole achieved the best inhibitory effect on spore germination of C. horri,with the germination rate of 0. In conclusion,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect both in mycelial growth and spore germination,which could be used as the preference fungicides for the control of persimmon anthracnose,and 70% of Polyram WG and 50% of Triram WP achieved the secondly best inhibitory effect,which could be used as alternative fungicides. The results of this research could provide scientific evidence for the effective control of persimmon anthracnose,and more optional pesticides for utilization in the production practice of persimmon industry.

Nutritional Composition of Ten Persimmon Cultivars in the “Ready-to-Eat Crisp” Stage. Effect of Deastringency Treatment

Traditionally persimmons have been consumed over-ripened to avoid astringency perception. However, the introduction of new technology that removes astringency while preserving fruit firmness has allowed the commercialization of “ready-to-eat crisp” fruits. Several studies have evaluated the nutritional composition of over-ripened persimmons and have claimed that they are a good source of primary and secondary metabolites that are favourable for human health. Yet very little is known about the nutritional composition of persimmons in the “ready-to-eat crisp” stage. In this context, we determined the main nutritional compounds in ten popular persimmon cultivars, including astringent cultivars (“Rojo Brillante”, “Tone Wase”, “Giboshi”, “Kaki Tipo”, “Aizumishirazu-A”, “Giombo”, “Hachiya”) and non-astringent cultivars (“O’gosho”, “Hana Fuyu” and “Jiro”). To this end, fruits were harvested when their texture was firm, and soluble polyphenols content, total antioxidant capacity and main sugars, organic acids and carotenoids were evaluated. In those astringent cultivars at harvest, the changes in nutritional compounds associated with applying deastringency treatment with high CO2 concentration were determined. Our results revealed the main sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), organic acids (citric acid, malic acid and succinic) and carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, violoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene) present in the flesh of crisp persimmons. At harvest the content of these metabolites vastly varied among cultivars;astringent cultivars showed higher soluble polyphenols and greater antioxidant capacity, and presented higher contents of sugars and organic acids than non-astringent ones. The deastringency treatment applied to astringent cultivars resulted in a drastic loss of soluble polyphenols and total antioxidant capacity, and induced changes in carotenoids and sugars composition.

Removal of Chromium from Chromium（VI） Solutions by Adsorption and Reduction Using Immobilized Persimmon Gel

The removal of chromium（Vl） from an aqueous solution using persimmon gel was examined. The amount of chromium（VI） removed was strongly affected by the pH of the solution, with all ehromium（VI） being removed at pH 2 or lower. However, in a solution containing, 15 mg dry weight of immobilized persimmon gel, the amount of removed chromium（VI） decreased as the pH increased. A part of chromium（VI） was reduced another oxidation stage, mainly chromium（III）, by immobilized persimmon gel. The amount of reduced chromium（III） in the solution was increased with decreasing the pH of the solution. As a result, the amount of total chromium removed was maximal at pH 2. The amount of chromium removed were affected by the chromium concentration and the amount of gel. The maximal amount of chromium removed by the column system was also discussed.

针对独居老人的智能家居Persimmon UI设计

为了方便独居老人的生活起居以及消除独居老人面临的一系列潜在安全隐患,文章提出一种针对独居老人的智能家居Persimmon UI设计。Persimmon UI交互界面美观大方,对老人群体友好。系统主要有安全检测和控制智能家居设备两大功能。文章通过数据采集模块,检测房屋中的气体、温湿度、火焰指数等数据,经过分析处理后集合显示在大屏显示屏上,实时显示房屋安全情况。同时部署智能灯光、窗帘、电器控制系统,使独居老人能够智能控制家居。

Study on Pollen Chromosome Doubling in Zenjimaru Persimmon

The factors influencing pollen chromosome doubling in Zenjimaru persimmon were studied, based on the knowledge of meiosis process of pollen mother cells. The results showed: (1) the suitable concentration of colchicine was 0.3-0. 5%; (2) the best doubling effect could be obtained during the period from the diplotene stage to the diakinasis stage, and the highest proportion was up to 40.6%; (3) considering giant pollen ratio and proportion of staminate-flower collection, the better treating frequency was 3 times; (4) giant pollen, which formed mainly from dyad and had bigger cell nucleus volume, was unreduced and hexaploid.

Cytology of 2n Pollen Formation in Nonastringent Persimmon

Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in ' Zenjimaru' nonastringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) were studied. The following abnormalities in meiosis were found to be responsible for the production of 2n pollens: (1) disoriented spindles, including parallel, fused and tripolar spindles, were formed at metaphase II and anaphase II; (2) the nuclei at telophase II were arranged to two poles, each of which contained two nuclei, or to three poles, one of which contained two nuclei, the other two contained one nucleus respectively; (3) dyads and triads were produced at the tetrad stage. The dyad would develop into two 2n pollens, and the triad would develop into one 2n and two n pollens. The 2n pollens produced by this mechanism were genetically equivalent to FDR (first division restitution) gametes, thus providing a potential value for sexual polyploidization.

Studies on Factors Affecting Survival Rate of Micro-grafting in Vitro in Persimmon

Factors affecting micro-graft in vitro were studied in persimmon lines of Jiro,Nishimarawase,Zenjiomaru,Okitsu-20,Xinqiu,Maekawa Jiro and Youhou. The results indicated that higher survival rate was obtained when using the plantlets sub-cultured for 30 d with vigorous adventitious shoots. The best moisturepreserving material was the tampon ＋ parafilm. The optimal medium was（ 1/2 N） MS ＋ BA 3. 0 mg/L ＋ IAA 0. 1 mg/L ＋ sugar 30. 0 g/L ＋ agar 6. 0 g/L,and the graft survival rate was up to 40%.

Analysis of DNA Methylation Changes during the Late Fruit Development Stage in Luotian Persimmon

Persimmon （ Diospyros kaki Thunb. ） , a member of Ebenaceae family, is known as ＂woody grain＂ and ＂iron-stem crop＂. However, the epigenetie research has been rarely reported. In this study, tannin content in late fruit development periods was determined. Moreover, the MSAP （methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism） method was used to analyze methylation profile, and 13 primer combinations were selected. In total, 5 differential fragments were cloned and sequenced. This research would be helpful for further gene cloning, research on deastringency mechanism, as well as molecular breeding of D. kaki.