A Journey into Fermat＇s Equation

As expounded in some recent mathematical conferences, this research on that amazing source of algebraic ideas known as Fermat＇s equation is aimed to prove how Fermat triples can be limited until the impossible existence through a criterion of incompatible parities related to unexplored properties of the binomial coefficients. In this paper, the authors use a technique based on the analysis of four numbers and their internal relations with three basic compulsory factors. It leads to the practical impossibility to find any triple of natural numbers candidate to satisfy Fermat＇s equation, because when the authors try to meet a condition between parity and range the authors are compelled to violate the other one, so that they are irreducibly alternative. In particular, there is a parity violation when the authors choose all the basic factors in the allowed range and the authors obtain exceeding values of one of the involved variables when the authors try to restore the parity. Since Fermat＇s last theorem would consequently be demonstrated, many readers could recall the never found elementary proof of FLT （Fermat＇s last theorem） claimed by Pierre de Fermat. The authors are not encouraging such an interpretation because this paper is intended as a journey into Fermat＇s equation and the reader＇s attitude should be towards the algebraic achievements here proposed, with their possible hidden flaws and future developments, rather than to legendary problems like Fermat＇s riddle.

Application Of Jessen＇s Type Inequality For Positive C0-Semigroup Of Operators

Recently in [4], the Jessen＇s type inequality for normalized positive C0-semigroups is obtained. In this note, we present few results of this inequality, yielding Holder＇s Type and Minkowski＇s type inequalities for corresponding semigroup. Moreover, a Dresher＇s type inequality for two-parameter family of means, is also proved.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

Pathogenesis of Parkinson＇s disease： oxidative stress, environmental impact factors and inflammatory processes

Current hypothesis of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） have been proposed, including formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, trophic factor deficiency, inflammatory processes, genetic factors, environmental impact factors, toxic action of nitric oxide, apoptosis, and so on. This review mainly discussed oxidative stress, environmental impact factors, and inflammatory processes in PD.

Natural polyphenols effects on protein aggregates in Alzheimer＇s and Parkinson＇s prion-like diseases

Alzheimer＇s and Parkinson＇s diseases are the most common neurodegenerative diseases. They are characterized by protein aggregates and so can be considered as prion-like disease. The major components of these deposits are amyloid peptide and tau for Alzheimer＇s disease, α-synuclein and synphilin-1 for Parkinson＇s disease. Drugs currently proposed to treat these pathologies do not prevent neurodegenerative processes and are mainly symptomatic therapies. Molecules inducing inhibition of aggregation or disaggregation of these proteins could have beneficial effects, especially if they have other beneficial effects for these diseases. Thus, several natural polyphenols, which have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, have been largely studied, for their effects on protein aggregates found in these diseases, notably in vitro. In this article, we propose to review the significant papers concerning the role of polyphenols on aggregation and disaggregation of amyloid peptide, tau, α-synuclein, synphilin-1, suggesting that these compounds could be useful in the treatments in Alzheimer＇s and Parkinson＇s diseases.

Long-term results of the surgical treatment of Peyronie＇s disease with Egydio＇s technique： a European multicentre study

The long-term outcomes of 157 patients affected by Peyronie＇s disease （PD） who underwent penile straightening with Egydio＇s technique between January 2004 and December 2008 are reported. Only patients with PD who were stable for at least 6-12 months prior to surgery were enrolled in this study. Preoperative assessment included a dynamic echo colour Doppler ultrasound scan to evaluate the degree of penile deformity and the peak systolic velocity in the cavernosal arteries and an assessment of erectile function with the administration of the International Index of Erectile Function 5 （IIEF-5） questionnaire. Stretched penile length was recorded pre- and postoperatively. Surgical complications, cosmesis and sexual function, patient satisfaction and postoperative erectile function were assessed postoperatively at 3 months, I year and 2 years, respectively. After a median follow-up period of 20 months （range： 12-24 months）, we found that mild residual curvature （12%） and glans hypoesthesia （3%） were the only causes of partial dissatisfaction. No rejection of the graft was observed. All patients recovered their ability to penetrate with no difficulty. In addition, an intraoperative average increase of 2.5 cm （range： 1.7-4.1 cm） in stretched penile length was recorded, with all patients engaging in penetrative sexual intercourse. In conclusion, this procedure represents a safe and reproducible technique for the correction of penile curvature resulting from PD and yields excellent cosmetic and functional results.

Descemet＇s membrane detachments post cataract surgery：a management paradigm

Descemet’s membrane detachments （DMD） are relatively common after cataract surgery and most do not require any treatment. However, if large DMD are not treated appropriately, significant visual morbidity can ensue. We aim to develop a guideline for the management of DMD post cataract surgery based on a retrospective review of all cases encountered at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia over a 4-year period from 2010 to 2014. We suggest conservative management if the visual axis is not involved; however, after 3mo surgical intervention may be warranted to prevent corneal sequelae. In cases where the visual axis is involved we suggest early intervention with air tamponade. The main risk factor for irreversible corneal oedema and subsequent endothelial transplant appears to be direct endothelial trauma rather than the DMD itself.

Neumann＇s method for boundary problems of thin elastic shells

The possibility of using Neumann＇s method to solve the boundary problems for thin elastic shells is studied. The variational statement of the static problems for the shells allows for a problem examination within the distribution space. The convergence of Neumann＇s method is proven for the shells with holes when the boundary of the domain is not completely fixed. The numerical implementation of Neumann＇s method normally requires significant time before any reliable results can be achieved. This paper suggests a way to improve the convergence of the process, and allows for parallel computing and evaluation during the calculations.

A Corpus-Based Analytical Study on Military and Security Developments Involving People＇s Republic of China

This paper contrasts Military Power of the People＇s Republic of China from the year of 2000 to 2009 and Military and Security Developments Involving People＇s Republic of China from the year 2010 to 2013 with corpus analysis. It distinguishes the new reports＇ differences from the old ones and tries to explore American＇s discourse colonization and discourse hegemony through corpus software WordSmith 5.0-Keywords and Concordance analysis of high frequency words. The significance of the study is that it enlightens military texts which will influence audiences＇ viewpoints and provides a new perspective for strategies replying American media war.

Women＇s Cooperatives Contributions to Local Region Economy： Seferihisar Agricultural Cooperative Development Model-Turkey

The cooperative movement has played a very important role in the social and economic development of all countries since 19th eentury＇s second half. Cooperatives provide health, housing, and banking services; they promote education and gender equality; they protect the environment and workers＇ rights. According to 2014＇s data, the total number of cooperatives is 79,486 in Turkey, while the total number of partners of cooperatives is approximately 7.8 million. The research＇s sample group ＂Hidirlik Agricultural Development Cooperative＂ was founded by the wife of the Seferihisar＇s mayor and six women. It has been a subject of curiousity that the contributions of the cooperative have developed the economy of the region since 2010. Therefore, various questions asked to the president and members of the cooperative, and significant results were obtained. In this research ＂Interview technique＂ was used. The fact that within the boundaries of local governments, the establishment of ＂women＇s cooperatives＂ and their active management can be supported with 10 basic criteria for the regional and national development can be predicted. These dimensions： ecological balance and sensitivity, the revival of the tourism sector, the mobility of logistics activities, new investments and increase of land value, the increase of women employment, the increase of healthy living standards, increase of competitiveness and trade earnings, the creation of new brands, widespread of the agricultural sector, and the increase of social and educational level of women. The similiar implementation of ＂Seferihisar Women＇s Cooperatives Model＂ in the research is considered form an important enterprenurship model not only in Turkey but also for all countries.

Women＇s speech in variation studies

It is demonstrated by sociolinguistic variation studies that women are more likely than men to use standard speech. This paper reviews the operational methods and analytical means of classic quantitative studies in this field, intending to provide guidance and enlightenment for relevant studies and verifications in the context of Chinese culture.

Statistical Analysis of the Relation Between Inflation and Unemployment in Democratic States Using Spearman＇s Correlation Coefficient With Application in Albania

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relation between inflation rate and unemployment rate in contemporary democratic states, using Spearman＇s correlation coefficient. We apply this method in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014. Some results of the study include： （1） The Central Limit Theorem （CLT） is not applicable for the quarterly inflation rate as well as for quarterly unemployment rate in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 at the confidence level of 99.99%. The official data for inflation and unemployment contradict the CLT at a very high confidence level of 99.99%; （2） The inflation process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.2%; （3） The unemployment process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.99%; （4） The inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are statistically dependent at the 96% confidence level; （5） Spearman＇s correlation coefficient = 0.387 indicates a weak positive correlation between inflation and unemployment in Albania during the specified period; and （6） The official data for inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are consistent with Friedman＇s hypothesis.

A Review of Shipowner＇s ＆ Charterer＇s Obligations in Various Types of Charter

The charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel. In shipping matters, it is a highly important document since it allocates obligations, rights, duties, liabilities, risks, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely, the shipowner and the charterer. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters, as well as the understanding of charterparty terms, is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. Therefore, this paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects arising from charterparties in the main types of charter. The present study is based on shipping practices followed in accordance with the English Common Law throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of the charter, post fixture）. This is a synopsis about the distribution of the liabilities and expenses between the shipowner and the charterer in the most representative types of charter. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

Violence Against Women Under ISIS Occupation： A Critical Feminist Analysis of Religious and Political Factors that Commodify Women＇s Sexuality in the War Zone

Since the end of the 20th century the Middle East （ME） has witnessed increasing war and violence and proportionally more US intervention in the region. The growth of Islamic fundamentalism, A1-Qaeda and Intermediate System to Intermediate System （ISIS） would not happen without political and economic support, posing the crucial question of who benefits, both locally and globally, from the deconstruction and reconstruction of countries involved in war. US opposition toward the founding of an Islamic state obscures the economic and political benefits it gains from ongoing conflict in the region; the profitable conflict between the US and ISIS reinforces the hegemony of both powers and perpetuates Islamic fundamentalism and Salaflsm in the ME rather than promote non-patriarchal ideology. I argue that ISIS claims the purpose of war is creating an Islamic state in the region and question how this claim can be ontologically coherent with Qur＇an, the main resource of Islam. When ISIS occupies a region, destruction and sexual violence against women are the immediate results, and both are incoherent with a non-patriarchal reading of Qur＇an. In this article, I use a critical feminist perspective to explore how establishing an Islamic state goes against Qur＇an and is, therefore, un-Islamic in the way ISIS enforces its hegemony in ME. As a result, women＇s sexuality in particular has become a site of political economy, they are abused and/or sold in other markets for the use of ISIS soldiers. This specific religio-economic commodification of women is unique in the history of war, and the world is largely silent about it. There are brave Iraqi women, however, who use their potential and assets to support underprivileged women of the region. Their voices need amplification to gain support for their grassroots resistance to fundamentalist hegemony and political and economic disenfranchisement.

The Bitter Butter Knife＂ Puttermesser＇s Problematic Paradise

This paper analyzes how the themes of magical realism and female divinity intersect in the novel The Puttermesser Papers （1997） by Cynthia Ozick. In the ＂Introduction＂, the writer defines magical realism and discusses its connections to Women＇s Studies. The next section, ＂The Bitter Butter Knife＂, discusses the protagonist＇s （Ruth Puttermesser） boring existence and pathetic attempts to connect to her Jewish ancestry. In ＂The Problematic Paradise＂, the author focuses on Puttermesser＇s attempts to take control of her life by creating the first female golem and the ups and downs of paradise. This author argues that the female protagonist of the novel utilizes magical realism as a tool of empowerment over personal oppression.

Iranian Nuclear Program and Turkey＇s Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy

Turkey is a member of several international nonproliferation treaties and organizations. It has supported to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons and furthermore suggested to establish a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East. In contrast to its nonproliferation policies, it is hosting US tactical nuclear warheads in its own territory. In addition, Turkey＇s positive stance towards Iranian nuclear program was questioned. Despite the West＇s warnings and concerns over the Iranian nuclear program, Turkey has supported Iran＇s right to have a peaceful nuclear program as suggested in the Nonproliferation Treaty. It also opposed to further economic sanctions and military intervention against Iran and endorsed diplomatic solution as the only viable option for convincing Iran to respond fully to the concerns of the international community. Therefore, Turkey welcomed the Geneva Agreement reached by Iran and P5＋l. This article argues that the current uncertainties about the Geneva Accord and the comprehensive treaty necessitates Turkey to revise its nonproliferation policies, which should be based on the norm of nonproliferation, rather than the non-use and deterrence norms, in order to suggest long-term and permanent solution to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Yang Zhu＇s ＂Guiji＂ Yangsheng and Its Modem Relevance

Condemned by Mencius （ca.372-289 BCE） as selfishness （weiwo, 为我）, Yang Zhu＇s yangsheng philosophy in China is traditionally depicted as a philosophy of egoism and hedonism. In contrast, Yang Zhu （fl.ca.370-350 BCE） is described as an ＂early liberal or individualist＂ hero in the Western Discussion of Chinese Philosophy. Yang Zhu may not be a liberal or individualist hero as portrayed by the West, but surely he should not be depicted as a promoter of egoism as Mencius did. Both John Emerson and A.C. Graham are probably right when they claimed that Yang Zhu was a revolutionary thinker of his own time; and ＂Yang Zhu＇s intervention for the Chinese thinking world had provoked a metaphysical crisis which had threatened the basic assumptions of Confucianism and Mohism and set them into a new course＂ （A.C. Graham 1978）. From my reading, Yang Zhu＇s influence on Chinese philosophy had been and will be even greater, although his philosophy as a whole was not practiced by Chinese society in the past due to the dominance of Confucianism. Yet as the first person who clearly emphasized nourishing of life for individuals and the first theory that rooted morality into xing （性, human nature）, Yang Zhu＇s yangsheng philosophy had indeed through history made a huge contribution to Chinese nurturing life tradition, and had great potential in providing inspiration to modern moral thinking. Many discussions initiated or developed by Yang Zhu and his followers have influenced both Confucianism and Daoism profoundly. His idea of nourishing life was not only inherited and developed by Zhuangzi and later Daoist religion from life preservation perspective, but also by Mencius and Xunzi from moral cultivation perspective. As a doctrine that has shown more and more relevance to modern society, people can find many inspirations from Yang Zhu＇s answer to the following questions： What is the aim of human life？ What is the right attitude toward life and death？ What is human nature？ What is the relationship between life nourishment and individual freedom？ Why nourishing one＇s own life should be as important as nourishing that of others？ What is the difference between humans and animals？ Why living a natural life is so important for human beings？ Based on materials collected from various Chinese sources directly related to Yang Zhu＇s school, especially the chapter entitled as ＂Yang Zhu＂ from the book of Liezi, this paper will explore essential features of Yang Zhu＇s yangsheng philosophy and its relevance to modern society. As ＂guiji＂ （贵已, cherishing oneself） is the core of Yang Zhu＇s yangsheng philosophy, discussion of this paper will focus on what Yang Zhu＇s ＂guiji＂ means, why Yang Zhu＇s ＂guiji＂ is not ＂weiwo＂ （为我, for oneself）, and how Yang Zhu＇s ＂guiji＂ yangsheng is relevant to modern society.

Cairo＇s Slums： A Ticking Time Bomb

Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.

Israel＇s Changing Attitude Toward the Arab National Minority： Between Ben Gurion and Eshkol Military Rule as a Test Case

In August 1963, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the procedure for terminating the martial law in effect since the end of the War of Independence （1948） with regard to Israeli Arabs. Martial law discriminated against Israel＇s Arab minority, as opposed to the majority of Israel＇s society, as part of different issues bound up with this population＇s daily functioning. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons why Eshkol＇s doing away with the martial law stemmed was its ineffectiveness, while the other, and this makes up the core of our concern here, was his changing attitude toward the Arab minority in Israel, by contrast with that of his predecessor, David Ben Gurion The main conclusion of the paper is that even though Eshkol＇s ideas about the Arab minority were not very different from Ben Gurion＇s ideas one insisted on maintaining the military government in Israel, while the other saw this as unnecessary, and so brought it to an end. In August 1963, a few months after assuming office, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the first steps leading to the annulment of military rulet which had applied to Arabs in the State of Israel ever since the end of the War of Independence （1948）. This process was concluded some three years later. Military rule was lifted in effect on December 1, 1966. In the presentation, the author would like to look into the considerations which prompted Eshkol to take such a step, in light of the fact that his predecessor, Ben Gurion, was a staunch opponent of annulling the military regime, convinced as he was, even after the conclusion of his term in office, that the current state of affairs should remain in effect.

Confucianism in Du Fu＇s Poetry and Sun Dayu＇s Translation

The great Chinese poet Du Fu＇s poetry in the Dang Dynasty has important significance in the development of the world culture. Confucianism is the main theme of his poetry, which penetrates connotation of benevolence, love of all life and self-cultivation. The famous poet Sun Dayu strived to highlight ideological content and the essence of Confucianism in Du Fu＇s poetry through translation. On the basis of deep understanding of the source text and careful choice of words, Sun Dayu mainly used literal translation, free translation and explanation in order to make the target readers know the spirit of Confucianism. His translation activities showed solicitude for national destiny and historical responsibility.