Insights on advanced substrates for controllable fabrication of photoanodes toward efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting

Conversion of solar energy into H_(2) by photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is recognized as an ideal way to address the growing energy crisis and environmental issues.In a typical PEC cell,the construction of photoanodes is crucial to guarantee the high efficiency and stability of PEC reactions,which fundamentally rely on rationally designed semiconductors(as the active materials)and substrates(as the current collectors).In this review work,we start with a brief introduction of the roles of substrates in the PEC process.Then,we provide a systematic overview of representative strategies for the controlled fabrication of photoanodes on rationally designed substrates,including conductive glass,metal,sapphire,silicon,silicon carbide,and flexible substrates.Finally,some prospects concerning the challenges and research directions in this area are proposed.

11.2 W/mm power density AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors on a GaN substrate

In this letter,high power density AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors(HEMTs)on a freestanding GaN substrate are reported.An asymmetricΓ-shaped 500-nm gate with a field plate of 650 nm is introduced to improve microwave power performance.The breakdown voltage(BV)is increased to more than 200 V for the fabricated device with gate-to-source and gate-to-drain distances of 1.08 and 2.92μm.A record continuous-wave power density of 11.2 W/mm@10 GHz is realized with a drain bias of 70 V.The maximum oscillation frequency(f_(max))and unity current gain cut-off frequency(f_(t))of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs exceed 30 and 20 GHz,respectively.The results demonstrate the potential of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on freestanding GaN substrates for microwave power applications.

Influence of substrate effect on near-field radiative modulator based on biaxial hyperbolic materials

Relative rotation between the emitter and receiver could effectively modulate the near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT)in anisotropic media.Due to the strong in-plane anisotropy,natural hyperbolic materials can be used to construct near-field radiative modulators with excellent modulation effects.However,in practical applications,natural hyperbolic materials need to be deposited on the substrate,and the influence of substrate on modulation effect has not been studied yet.In this work,we investigate the influence of substrate effect on near-field radiative modulator based onα-MoO_(3).The results show that compared to the situation without a substrate,the presence of both lossless and lossy substrate will reduce the modulation contrast(MC)for different film thicknesses.When the real or imaginary component of the substrate permittivity increases,the mismatch of hyperbolic phonon polaritons(HPPs)weakens,resulting in a reduction in MC.By reducing the real and imaginary components of substrate permittivity,the MC can be significantly improved,reaching 4.64 forε_(s)=3 at t=10 nm.This work indicates that choosing a substrate with a smaller permittivity helps to achieve a better modulation effect,and provides guidance for the application of natural hyperbolic materials in the near-field radiative modulator.

Facile electrochemical surface-alloying and etching of Au wires to enable high-performance substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy(SERS)is a nondestructive technique for rapid detection of analytes even at the single-molecule level.However,highly sensitive and reliable SERS substrates are mostly fabricated with complex nanofabrication techniques,greatly restricting their practical applications.A convenient electrochemical method for transforming the surface of commercial gold wires/foils into silver-alloyed nanostructures is demonstrated in this report.Au substrates are treated with repetitive anodic and cathodic bias in an electrolyte of thiourea,in a one-pot one-step manner.X-rays absorption fine structure(XAFS)spectroscopy confirms that the AuAg alloy is induced at the surface.The unique AuAg alloyed surface nanostructures are particularly advantageous when served as SERS substrates,enabling a remarkably sensitive detection of Rhodamine B(a detection limit of 10^(-14)M,and uniform strong response throughout the substrates at 10^(-12)M).

Enhanced resonance frequency in Co2FeAl thin film with different thicknesses grown on flexible graphene substrate

The flexible materials exhibit more favorable properties than most rigid substrates in flexibility,weight saving,mechanical reliability,and excellent environmental toughness.Particularly,flexible graphene film with unique mechanical properties was extensively explored in high frequency devices.Herein,we report the characteristics of structure and magnetic properties at high frequency of Co2FeAl thin film with different thicknesses grown on flexible graphene substrate at room temperature.The exciting finding for the columnar structure of Co2FeAl thin film lays the foundation for excellent high frequency property of Co2FeAl/flexible graphene structure.In-plane magnetic anisotropy field varying with increasing thickness of Co2FeAl thin film can be obtained by measurement of ferromagnetic resonance,which can be ascribed to the enhancement of crystallinity and the increase of grain size.Meanwhile,the resonance frequency which can be achieved by the measurement of vector network analyzer with the microstrip method increases with increasing thickness of Co2FeAl thin film.Moreover,in our case with graphene film,the resonance magnetic field is quite stable though folded for twenty cycles,which demonstrates that good flexibility of graphene film and the stability of high frequency magnetic property of Co2FeAl thin film grown on flexible graphene substrate.These results are promising for the design of microwave devices and wireless communication equipment.

Recess-free enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN RF HEMTs on Si substrate

Enhancement-mode(E-mode)GaN-on-Si radio-frequency(RF)high-electron-mobility transistors(HEMTs)were fabri-cated on an ultrathin-barrier(UTB)AlGaN(<6 nm)/GaN heterostructure featuring a naturally depleted 2-D electron gas(2DEG)channel.The fabricated E-mode HEMTs exhibit a relatively high threshold voltage(VTH)of+1.1 V with good uniformity.A maxi-mum current/power gain cut-off frequency(fT/fMAX)of 31.3/99.6 GHz with a power added efficiency(PAE)of 52.47%and an out-put power density(Pout)of 1.0 W/mm at 3.5 GHz were achieved on the fabricated E-mode HEMTs with 1-μm gate and Au-free ohmic contact.

Split Addition of Nitrogen-Rich Substrate at Thermophilic and Mesophilic Stages of Composting: Effect on Green House Gases Emission and Quality of Compost

Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH4, CO2, N2O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO2 was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH4 was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N2O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.

Active tuning of anisotropic phonon polaritons in natural van der Waals crystals with negative permittivity substrates and its application in energy transport

Phonon polaritons(PhPs)exhibit directional in-plane propagation and ultralow losses in van der Waals(vdW)crystals,offering new possibilities for controlling the flow of light at the nanoscale.However,these PhPs,including their directional propagation,are inherently determined by the anisotropic crystal structure of the host materials.Although in-plane anisotropic PhPs can be manipulated by twisting engineering,such as twisting individual vdW slabs,dynamically adjusting their propagation presents a significant challenge.The limited application of the twisted bilayer structure in bare films further restricts its usage.In this study,we present a technique in which anisotropic PhPs supported by bare biaxial vdW slabs can be actively tuned by modifying their local dielectric environment.Excitingly,we predict that the iso-frequency contour of PhPs can be reoriented to enable propagation along forbidden directions when the crystal is placed on a substrate with a moderate negative permittivity.Besides,we systematically investigate the impact of polaritonic coupling on near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT)between heterostructures integrated with different substrates that have negative permittivity.Our main findings reveal that through the analysis of dispersion contour and photon transmission coefficient,the excitation and reorientation of the fundamental mode facilitate increased photon tunneling,thereby enhancing heat transfer between heterostructures.Conversely,the annihilation of the fundamental mode hinders heat transfer.Furthermore,we find the enhancement or suppression of radiative energy transport depends on the relative magnitude of the slab thickness and the vacuum gap width.Finally,the effect of negative permittivity substrates on NFRHT along the[001]crystalline direction ofα-MoO3 is considered.The spectral band where the excited fundamental mode resulting from the negative permittivity substrates is shifted to the first Reststrahlen Band(RB 1)ofα-MoO_(3) and is widened,resulting in more significant enhancement of heat flux from RB 1.We anticipate our results will motivate new direction for dynamical tunability of the PhPs in photonic devices.

SnO_(2)(110)/FAPbBrI_(2)(001)界面电子结构与光学性质的第一性原理研究

通过基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理对SnO_(2)(110)/FAPbBrI_(2)(001)界面的电子结构及光学性质进行了研究。FAPbBrI_(2)是带隙值为1.58 eV的直接带隙半导体材料,通过构建SnO_(2)(110)和FAPbBrI_(2)(001)的界面模型,发现其晶格失配率为4.28%,界面结合能为-0.116 eV/A^(2),说明此界面结构可以稳定存在。通过态密度(DOS)分析SnO_(2)(110)/FAPbBrI_(2)(001)界面的电子结构,发现了主要由界面处O_(2)p、I 5p、Br 4p、Pb 6p轨道电子杂化形成的界面态。差分电荷密度及Bader电荷分析结果说明在界面处存在明显的电荷转移,这促进了界面处原子之间的成键,提高了界面稳定性。同时,有效的电荷分离也使SnO_(2)(110)/FAPbBrI_(2)(001)界面的光吸收系数相比于SnO_(2)(110)表面和FAPbBrI_(2)(001)表面有了明显提升。

压水堆核电厂一回路冷却剂条件110mAg胶体形成机理与制备研究

在模拟压水堆一回路冷却剂条件下,以硼锂溶液为介质、联氨还原硝酸银来制备胶体纳米银,并探究了还原剂、硼酸、Ag+浓度、温度与辐照条件对胶体银性能的影响。结果表明,加入硼酸与还原剂联氨可有效稳定胶体颗粒,联氨与银的摩尔比为1.0~2.0时Ag^(+)的还原率最高,胶体最稳定。随着银离子浓度升高,胶体颗粒表面负电荷增多,颗粒不易团聚,胶体稳定性增强。高温高压的水环境下,更易形成更大粒径的胶粒。辐照剂量在0.9 kGy~7.2 kGy范围内,在有无联氨的条件下均可形成胶体银。

P110S钢级油管管体断裂原因

某油井P110S钢级油管接箍下方8 m位置处发生断裂,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法对油管断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:该批油管力学性能不稳定,油管断口上的腐蚀产物主要为FeS;油管的强度较高、使用温度较低且质量较大,导致油管内部形成硫化物应力腐蚀开裂。

4DI110型空压机的技术改造与操作优化

文章通过介绍新引进的4DI110型离心式空压机(以下简称“空压机”)试运行阶段开始以来的运行情况和气温变化对空压机出口流量造成的影响,分析空压机出口流量随气温变化而变化的规律,指出空压机防喘阀V3004阀不能自动调节出口压力,影响空分装置工况的稳定。为实现空压机出口压力的稳定,对其防喘阀V3004阀采取增设自动旁路阀V3008阀的技术改造,同时优化和完善相关逻辑控制并阐述了空压机经技术改造后的操作优化和取得的实际效果。

Advances in the structure design of substrate materials for zinc anode of aqueous zinc ion batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs) demonstrate tremendous competitiveness and application prospects because of their abundant resources,low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. Although the advanced electrochemical energy storage systems based on zinc ion batteries have been greatly developed, many severe problems associated with Zn anode impede its practical application, such as the dendrite formation,hydrogen evolution, corrosion and passivation phenomenon. To address these drawbacks, electrolytes, separators, zinc alloys, interfacial modification and structural design of Zn anode have been employed at present by scientists. Among them, the structural design for zinc anode is relatively mature, which is generally believed to enhance the electroactive surface area of zinc anode, reduce local current density, and promote the uniform distribution of zinc ions on the surface of anode. In order to explore new research directions, it is crucial to systematically summarize the structural design of anode materials. Herein, this review focuses on the challenges in Zn anode, modification strategies and the three-dimensional(3D) structure design of substrate materials for Zn anode including carbon substrate materials, metal substrate materials and other substrate materials. Finally, future directions and perspectives about the Zn anode are presented for developing high-performance AZIBs.

不同通风方式下“110工法”采空区自燃“三带”数值模拟研究

为探究不同通风方式下“110工法”采空区自燃“三带”分布特征,以顾北矿1532(1)工作面“两进一回”通风方式为工程背景,基于风流控制方程、浓度组分方程和能量方程等,利用Fluent数值模拟方法建立煤自然发火多物理场耦合数值模型、工作面实时动态推进模型,模拟了3种通风方式下“110工法”采空区自燃“三带”分布特征。结果表明:随着工作面不断推进,在通风方式1(机巷侧和沿空留巷进风,回风巷回风)和通风方式2(机巷侧和回风巷进风,沿空留巷回风)条件下,采空区氧化自燃带均匀分布在运输巷侧、工作面中部和留巷侧,其氧气体积分数分布形状相差不大,采空区温度首先升高,开采约50 d后,最高温度出现在运输巷侧深部,且该位置温度不随工作面继续推进而升高;在通风方式3(沿空留巷和回风巷进风,机巷侧回风)条件下,采空区留巷侧氧化自燃带变宽2~4倍,工作面中部和运输巷侧明显变窄,采空区运输巷侧氧气体积分数较低,留巷侧氧气体积分数较高,漏风量明显增大。采空区高温位置主要出现在1532(1)工作面始采线留巷侧,且当工作面开采50 d后,此处采空区温度最高。综上所述并结合现场实际情况,对氧化自燃带宽度及位置进行分析,最终确定通风方式3更有利于防止煤自燃的发生,对矿井煤自燃的预防提供了理论指导。

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides in Relation to Growth Stage and Culture Substrate

[Objectives]To determine physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides(GLP)in different growth stages and culture media.[Methods]Five polysaccharides(GLP1,GLP2,GLP3,GLPW and GLPB)were extracted and purified from the fruiting body of G.lucidum at three growth stages and culture substrates(wood culture and bag culture).The chemical components and antioxidant activity of the five polysaccharides were determined.[Results]GLP1 contained the highest content of neutral sugar(87.65%)and GLP3 had the highest uronic acid content.All the samples mainly comprised glucose,galactose,mannose,xylose and arabose with different ratios.Moreover,their antioxidant activities were investigated on the basis of DPPH radical,ABTS radical,SOD-like activity,and antihaemolytic activity.Results indicated in all three growth stages GLP2 had the greatest antioxidant properties.In addition,the antioxidant activity of GLPW was significantly higher than that of GLPB.[Conclusions]Overall,by comparison,G.lucidum in growth stage two may have potential health benefits,and wood culture may be a superior choice of artificial cultivation due to their abundance of active polysaccharides.

共辐照接枝合成胺基型吸附剂对放射性废液中离子态和胶体态^(110)Ag^(m)的去除

在核电厂正常运行所产生的放射性废液中,放射性核素^(110)Ag^(m)的形态复杂,除盐床无法将其彻底去除,研究其高效去除技术具有重要意义。本研究提出了以胺基型新材料PP-g-GMA@EDA为吸附剂的吸附分离方法实现对离子态(Ag(Ⅰ))和胶体态银(Ag·Nps)的共去除。采用γ射线诱导的共辐照接枝法制备了PP-g-GMA@EDA,并通过批式实验分别研究了其对Ag·Nps和Ag(Ⅰ)的去除性能及吸附机理。结果显示,在不同pH的Ag·Nps溶液中,PP-g-GMA@EDA较核电厂常用的商业树脂IRN9766具有更好的去除效率,溶液pH作用下的吸附曲线呈典型的阴离子交换吸附特征。在最佳pH=4条件下,材料对Ag·Nps的吸附效率可达100%,最大吸附量为101.44 mg/g。对于Ag(Ⅰ)的吸附,PP-g-GMA@EDA呈螯合吸附特征,在420 min达到吸附平衡。批式实验证实了胺基型吸附剂PP-g-GMA@EDA在放射性废液中多形态^(110)Ag^(m)去污的适用性,为^(110)Ag^(m)从放射性废液中去除提供了一种高效、可持续和工业上可行的方法。

P110油管应力腐蚀开裂失效的原因

顺北油气田某110级油管发生开裂,通过分析开裂油管的服役环境、裂纹形貌、化学成分和力学性能等,并与同工况下未开裂油管进行对比,分析了此油管的开裂原因。结果表明:裂纹由外表面向内表面扩展,呈现树枝状分叉和不连续特征,是典型的硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂形貌;开裂油管对于抗硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂比较敏感,与未开裂油管相比,开裂油管组织为回火屈氏体,晶界比例高,位错密度大,材料硬度和强度较高易引起应力腐蚀开裂。油管在调质处理时,应尽量提高回火温度,降低材料的硬度和强度,以提高材料抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。

Effects of substrate on burrowing behavior,feeding physiology,and energy budget of undulated surf clam Paphia undulata

Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.

Microbiota of a seepage face at the mouth of a subterranean estuary:diversity,distribution and substrate dependence

Subterranean estuaries,i.e.,the mixing zone between terrestrial groundwater and recirculated seawater,host a wide range of microbiota.Here,field campaigns were conducted at the mouth of the subterranean estuary at the Sanggou Bay(Shandong Province,China)over four consecutive seasons at a seepage face(0−20 cm depth).The diversity of benthic microbiome was characterized via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics,combined with physic-chemical parameters,e.g.,organic carbon,total nitrogen and sulfate contents in sediments.During spring,the dominant species were assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria.Important opportunistic species was assigned to Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes.The key components were identified to be species of the genera Pseudoalteromonas,Colwellia and Sphingobium,indicating the involvement of sediment microbiota in the degradation of sedimentary organic carbon,particularly that of pelagic origin,e.g.,phytoplankton detritus and bivalve pseudo-feces.During spring,the microbial community was statistically similar along the depth profiles and among the three sampled stations.Similar spatial distributions were obtained in the remaining seasons.By contrast,the dominant species assemblages varied significantly among seasons,with key genera being Thioprofundum and Nitrosopumilus during summer and autumn and Thioprofundum and Ilumatobacter during winter.Network analysis revealed a seasonal shift in benthic nitrogen and sulfur metabolism associated with these variations in microbial community composition.Overall,our findings suggested that macro elements derived from pelagic inputs,particularly detrital phytoplankton,shaped the microbial community compositions at the seepage face,resulting in significant seasonal variations,while the influence of terrestrial materials transported by groundwater on the sediment microbiota at the seepage face found to be minor.

鞍钢Φ110 mm圆钢孔型设计与轧制

鞍钢股份有限公司大型总厂连轧生产线设备升级后,采用“箱形-椭圆-圆-椭圆-圆”的孔型系统,完成了Φ110 mm圆钢孔型设计。轧制后,Φ110 mm圆钢平均成材率达到90.31%,外径在109.10~111.05 mm波动,平均椭圆度1.16 mm,满足生产要求。