This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade...This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.展开更多
The United States passed the Better Utilization of Investment Leading to Development(BUILD Act),as a counterweight to China’s overseas development activities.Under the Act,the US established a new federal agency,the ...The United States passed the Better Utilization of Investment Leading to Development(BUILD Act),as a counterweight to China’s overseas development activities.Under the Act,the US established a new federal agency,the U.S.International Development Finance Corporation(DFC),to enhance U.S.development financing capabilities.To better understand the impact of the DFC on China’s development finance,this article analyzes the DFC’s purpose,functions,structure,and funding.Then it focuses on the purpose of establishing the DFC,providing a preliminary analysis of the potential motivation for its establishment.It also compares the China Development Bank(CDB)and the DFC based on their focused sectors.Finally,through an in-depth analysis of financial frictions in China-U.S.relations,this article argues that the DFC competes with China’s overseas development financing activities in the context of broader strategic competition between China and the U.S.展开更多
通过整理归纳落叶松(Larix)天然林和人工林的生物量文献数据,研究探讨了有关生物量碳计量参数,结果表明:1)落叶松生物量转化与扩展因子(Biomass conversion and expansionfactor,BCEF)的平均值为0.6834Mg.m-3(n=113,SD=0.3551),其中天...通过整理归纳落叶松(Larix)天然林和人工林的生物量文献数据,研究探讨了有关生物量碳计量参数,结果表明:1)落叶松生物量转化与扩展因子(Biomass conversion and expansionfactor,BCEF)的平均值为0.6834Mg.m-3(n=113,SD=0.3551),其中天然林为0.5551Mg.m-3(n=56,SD=0.0582),明显小于人工林的0.8095Mg.m-3(n=57,SD=0.4650)(p<0.05);生物量扩展因子(Biomass expansion factor,BEF)的平均值为1.3493(n=134,SD=0.3844),其中天然林为1.1763(n=63,SD=0.0399),也明显小于人工林的1.5029(n=71,SD=0.4780)(p<0.05)。天然林与人工林的BCEF和BEF随林龄(Stand age,A)、平均胸径(Diameter at breast height,DBH)和林分密度(Stand density,D)的增加呈现相反的变化趋势。天然林的BCEF和BEF随A和DBH的增加而增加,随D的增加而呈降低趋势。人工林随A和DBH的增加呈指数降低并趋于稳定值,随D的增加而呈增加趋势。2)根茎比(Root∶shoot ratio,R)的平均值为0.2456(n=156,SD=0.0926),其中天然林为0.2376(n=64,SD=0.0618)),人工林为0.2511(n=92,SD=0.1090),二者无明显差异(p<0.05)。天然林的R随A和DBH的增加分别呈明显的指数和幂函数增加,而随D的增加呈幂函数下降,而人工林的R与A、DBH和D没有显著相关性(p<0.05)。3)群落生物量扩展因子(Community biomass expansionfactor,CBEF)的平均值为1.0792(n=49,SD=0.1005),其中天然林为1.1039(n=29,SD=0.1149),明显大于人工林的1.0434(n=20,SD=0.0614)(p<0.05)。由于天然林和人工林的某些碳计量参数(如BCEF、BEF、CBEF)间存在明显差异,在进行落叶松林生物量碳计量时需分别天然林和人工林计算,在使用有关参数时还需考虑A、DBH和D等因素,有利于降低计量中的不确定性。但是人工林的有些参数(如人工林BCEF和BEF与D的关系、天然林和人工林的CBEF等)尚需进一步研究。展开更多
基金the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station at the University Vermont,USA,and the National Social Science Fund of China(17ZDA067)for financial support of this project。
文摘This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.
文摘The United States passed the Better Utilization of Investment Leading to Development(BUILD Act),as a counterweight to China’s overseas development activities.Under the Act,the US established a new federal agency,the U.S.International Development Finance Corporation(DFC),to enhance U.S.development financing capabilities.To better understand the impact of the DFC on China’s development finance,this article analyzes the DFC’s purpose,functions,structure,and funding.Then it focuses on the purpose of establishing the DFC,providing a preliminary analysis of the potential motivation for its establishment.It also compares the China Development Bank(CDB)and the DFC based on their focused sectors.Finally,through an in-depth analysis of financial frictions in China-U.S.relations,this article argues that the DFC competes with China’s overseas development financing activities in the context of broader strategic competition between China and the U.S.
文摘通过整理归纳落叶松(Larix)天然林和人工林的生物量文献数据,研究探讨了有关生物量碳计量参数,结果表明:1)落叶松生物量转化与扩展因子(Biomass conversion and expansionfactor,BCEF)的平均值为0.6834Mg.m-3(n=113,SD=0.3551),其中天然林为0.5551Mg.m-3(n=56,SD=0.0582),明显小于人工林的0.8095Mg.m-3(n=57,SD=0.4650)(p<0.05);生物量扩展因子(Biomass expansion factor,BEF)的平均值为1.3493(n=134,SD=0.3844),其中天然林为1.1763(n=63,SD=0.0399),也明显小于人工林的1.5029(n=71,SD=0.4780)(p<0.05)。天然林与人工林的BCEF和BEF随林龄(Stand age,A)、平均胸径(Diameter at breast height,DBH)和林分密度(Stand density,D)的增加呈现相反的变化趋势。天然林的BCEF和BEF随A和DBH的增加而增加,随D的增加而呈降低趋势。人工林随A和DBH的增加呈指数降低并趋于稳定值,随D的增加而呈增加趋势。2)根茎比(Root∶shoot ratio,R)的平均值为0.2456(n=156,SD=0.0926),其中天然林为0.2376(n=64,SD=0.0618)),人工林为0.2511(n=92,SD=0.1090),二者无明显差异(p<0.05)。天然林的R随A和DBH的增加分别呈明显的指数和幂函数增加,而随D的增加呈幂函数下降,而人工林的R与A、DBH和D没有显著相关性(p<0.05)。3)群落生物量扩展因子(Community biomass expansionfactor,CBEF)的平均值为1.0792(n=49,SD=0.1005),其中天然林为1.1039(n=29,SD=0.1149),明显大于人工林的1.0434(n=20,SD=0.0614)(p<0.05)。由于天然林和人工林的某些碳计量参数(如BCEF、BEF、CBEF)间存在明显差异,在进行落叶松林生物量碳计量时需分别天然林和人工林计算,在使用有关参数时还需考虑A、DBH和D等因素,有利于降低计量中的不确定性。但是人工林的有些参数(如人工林BCEF和BEF与D的关系、天然林和人工林的CBEF等)尚需进一步研究。
