Biological Characteristics and Rumen Microorganisms of Gayal(Bos frontalis)in Yunnan Province

[Objective]The paper was to provide reference for further study and development of gayal（Bos frontalis）.[Method]According to the research status at home and abroad,the biological characteristics and rumen microorganisms of gayal in Yunnan Province was studied.[Result]Gayal in Yunnan had typical body form and very good meat production performance,its muscle fiber diameter was significantly less than other kinds of cattle;the water holding ratio,muscle tenderness and muscle succulency were significantly higher than others;its amount,shape and structure of chromosome were different from yellow cattle（Bos taurus）and wild cattle（Bos gaurus）,and the amounts of those chromosomes（2n）were 58,60 and 56,respectively.It could create hybrid with yellow cattle;the gayal＇s special diet was bamboo,its in vitro dry matter digestibility（IVDMD）on various crude forage was significantly higher than yellow cattle in Yunnan;the viable bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria in rumen were 4.51×109 and 1.63×109 CFU/ml,which was significantly higher than yellow cattle in Yunnan,its dominant bacteria in rumen mainly was cellulolytic bacteria.[Conclusion]Gayal not only had high academic value,but also had a great development value.

Predicting Potential Distribution of Gaur （Bos gaurus） in Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, Central India

The rapid pace of development of GIS （geographical information system） has assisted in identification of conservation priority sites by delineating species distribution using models on habitat suitability. Gaur, Bos gaurus, is categorized as ＂Vulnerable＂ in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2009. The study has used ENFA （ecological niche factor analysis） to understand the distribution status of Gaur in TATR （Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve）, Central India. TATR was sampled using stratified random sampling strategy. A total of 21 continuous variables were used, categorised under 4 environmental descriptors categories viz. habitat, anthropogenic, topographic and hydrological variables. All the variables were tested for the correlation and one of the variable among strongly correlated （r 〉 0.7） variables was discarded to avoid redundancy. A total of 14 variables were retained. The model resulted in marginality of 0.56 and specialization of 2.608. Presence of Gaur showed the positive association with canopy density classes （〈 30% ＆ 40-60%） and open forest. However, it was negatively associated with elevation, non-forest, riparian forest, scrub and teak forest. The study has delineated the areas where appropriate habitat conditions exist to sustain Gaur populations vital for planning strategies for conservation of this megaherbivore species in tropical forests.

Coordination, Compromise, and Change： A Case of US-Japan Conflict Over Commercial Whaling

This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination, will focus on US-Japan conflict over commercial whaling. The regime like the international whaling regulation, where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, is known as the Battle of the Sexes in game theory. It has been believed that in regimes presented as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） situation, once the countries could somehow coordinate their interests and reach an agreement on the specific method of coordination, neither country would have the incentive to withdraw from that agreement. This case study, however, shows that this belief is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that coordination methods change over time even in regimes where the countries agree in general and disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂power,＂ ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make the two countries accept a specific coordination method.

Coordination, Compromise, and Change： A Case of Japan-China Conflict Over Development Aid

This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination where players agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, clarifies not only the background behind Japan＇s decision of terminating development aid loan to China, but also the reason why the Chinese government decided to accept it. When countries agree on the need to collaborate but are in conflict regarding the specific method, like the case of Japan-China conflict over development aid, one country must always compromise regarding the specific method of coordination. This situation is known as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） in game theory. It has been believed that countries do not have the incentive to withdraw from the initial agreement under such a situation. This case study, however, reveals that it is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that the agreement reached in the initial negotiation would not be always stable even in a situation where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make countries accept a specific coordination method.

Lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome （BOS） after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation （HSCT） is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with limited treatment options. Lung transplantation （LTX） has been rarely reported as a treatment option for selected HSCT recipients with this problem. In the present study, we reported six patients who underwent LTX due to BOS after HSCT （two females, four males） from January 2012 to December 2014 in our center. The median time from HSCT to diagnosis of BOS was 2.5 years （ranging from 1 to 5 years）. At a median time of 4 years （ranging from 2 to 5 years） after diagnosis of BOS, four patients received bilateral sequential LTX, and two patients received single LTX. One of the recipients suffered from mild acute rejection after LTX, another suffered from primary lung graft dysfunction on post-operation day 2, and three experienced fungal infections. The median time for follow-up after LTX was 19.5 months （ranging from 12 to 39 months）. At present, all patients are alive with good functional capacity and no relapse of BOS and hematologic malignancy conditions. Patients who received bilateral LTX have better pulmonary functions than patients who received single LTX.