High resolution mass spectrometry in combination with distillation and SARA fractionation provides us an opportunity for in-depth understanding about the hydrotreating process at the molecular level. In this study, th...High resolution mass spectrometry in combination with distillation and SARA fractionation provides us an opportunity for in-depth understanding about the hydrotreating process at the molecular level. In this study, the atmospheric residue derived from Arabian heavy crude and its hydrotreated products were initially subjected to distillation and SARA fractionation. The saturates were characterized by GC FI/FD TOF MS. The aromatics and resins were characterized by APPI FT-ICR MS. Compositional changes of different compounds (paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heteroatomic compounds) contained in different distillates (vacuum gas oil, vacuum residue) were obtained. More detailed knowledge about the hydrotreating process was achieved.展开更多
In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） contr...In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） controller. It preserves the linear structure of a conventional parallel PID controller, with analytical formulas. The final shape of the controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of a conventional parallel PID controller. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the FP＋FI＋FD controller for setpoint tracking and load-disturbance rejection for some complex processes, such as first- and second-order processes with delay, inverse response process with and without delay and higher order processes. Also, the performance of the proposed fuzzy controller is evaluated experimentally on highly nonlinear liquid-flow process with a hysteresis characteristic due to a pneumatic control valve. The simulation and real time control is done using National InstrumentTM hardware and software （LabVIEWTM）. The response of the FP＋FI＋FD controller is compared with the conventional parallel PID controller, tuned with the Ziegler-Nichols （Z-H） and /~strSm- H^gglund （A-H） tuning technique. It is observed that the FP＋FI＋FD controller performed much better than the conventional PI/PID controller. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed parallel FP＋FI＋FD controller.展开更多
Through a survey of learning styles and their learning achievements among non-English majors in Shandong Jianzhu University, this paper analyzes the relationships between the two variables. Data are collected and anal...Through a survey of learning styles and their learning achievements among non-English majors in Shandong Jianzhu University, this paper analyzes the relationships between the two variables. Data are collected and analyzed by means of SPSS.Statistical analysis indicates that no significant difference exists between FI （Field Independent） students＇ achievements measured by the test and FD （Field Dependent） students＇.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB226901)
文摘High resolution mass spectrometry in combination with distillation and SARA fractionation provides us an opportunity for in-depth understanding about the hydrotreating process at the molecular level. In this study, the atmospheric residue derived from Arabian heavy crude and its hydrotreated products were initially subjected to distillation and SARA fractionation. The saturates were characterized by GC FI/FD TOF MS. The aromatics and resins were characterized by APPI FT-ICR MS. Compositional changes of different compounds (paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heteroatomic compounds) contained in different distillates (vacuum gas oil, vacuum residue) were obtained. More detailed knowledge about the hydrotreating process was achieved.
文摘In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） controller. It preserves the linear structure of a conventional parallel PID controller, with analytical formulas. The final shape of the controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of a conventional parallel PID controller. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the FP＋FI＋FD controller for setpoint tracking and load-disturbance rejection for some complex processes, such as first- and second-order processes with delay, inverse response process with and without delay and higher order processes. Also, the performance of the proposed fuzzy controller is evaluated experimentally on highly nonlinear liquid-flow process with a hysteresis characteristic due to a pneumatic control valve. The simulation and real time control is done using National InstrumentTM hardware and software （LabVIEWTM）. The response of the FP＋FI＋FD controller is compared with the conventional parallel PID controller, tuned with the Ziegler-Nichols （Z-H） and /~strSm- H^gglund （A-H） tuning technique. It is observed that the FP＋FI＋FD controller performed much better than the conventional PI/PID controller. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed parallel FP＋FI＋FD controller.
文摘Through a survey of learning styles and their learning achievements among non-English majors in Shandong Jianzhu University, this paper analyzes the relationships between the two variables. Data are collected and analyzed by means of SPSS.Statistical analysis indicates that no significant difference exists between FI （Field Independent） students＇ achievements measured by the test and FD （Field Dependent） students＇.
