联合GNSS和GRACE数据分析华北平原地表垂直形变

为了分析华北平原陆地水储量变化等环境因素对GNSS非线性垂向时间序列产生的影响,结合GRACE数据和GNSS数据以水井水位数据为补充对华北平原进行研究。研究结果表明,华北平原地区GNSS垂向位移时间序列与GRACE负荷形变具有较好的相关性,改正后的GNSS观测与GRACE负荷形变的相关性有较大程度地减少。基于水井静水位资料对结果的可靠性进行了验证,扣除GRACE负荷形变影响后的GNSS垂向位移时间序列与水井静水位观测之间的相关系数相较于扣除前降低了40%~96.7%。将GRACE观测得到的负荷形变从GNSS时间序列中扣除,可以有效降低包括陆地水储量变化在内的环境因素导致的负荷形变对GNSS观测造成的非构造运动影响。研究结果为获取华北平原及其周边地区更为精确的垂向构造运动变形提供了科学参考。

联合GNSS与GRACE/GRACE-FO数据反演中国西南地区陆地水储量变化

GNSS和重力恢复与气候试验(GRACE)及其后续任务(GRACE-FO)给陆地水储量变化(TWSC)研究带来了技术革新,但这两种技术估计的区域TWSC具有不同的时空尺度和精度特性。因此,有必要融合两种观测数据,以获得同一尺度且高精度的TWSC。本文基于GNSS独立反演模型,使用求和算子对喷气推进实验室(JPL)的GRACE/GRACE-FO Mascon数据进行求和运算来构建约束,通过赤池贝叶斯准则选择最优模型参数,构建了一种联合GNSS与GRACE/GRACE-FO数据的区域TWSC反演模型。随后,本文设计数值模拟试验,以验证利用该模型反演中国西南地区TWSC的可行性。结果显示,1000次试验中联合反演估算的均方根误差均值为10 mm,比GNSS独立反演结果低47%。基于此方法,本文联合GNSS与JPL Mascon数据反演了中国西南地区2011年1月—2022年6月的时变TWSC。对比联合反演、GNSS独立反演、GRACE/GRACE-FO和高分辨率全球陆地数据同化系统(GLDAS)的结果,发现联合反演与GLDAS的TWSC周年振幅空间分布特征最吻合,表明联合反演估计的TWSC空间分辨率优于GNSS独立反演和GRACE的结果。最后,结合水平衡方程估算的区域水文收支情况,并通过广义三角帽方法评估陆地水储量等效水柱高的变化率(d(EWH)/d t)的不确定性。结果显示,联合反演估计的d(EWH)/d t不确定性为8 mm/月,较GRACE/GRACE-FO、GNSS独立反演和水平衡方程结果分别低33%、68%和62%。研究结果表明,与GNSS和GRACE/GRACE-FO独立反演方法相比,联合反演能够改善TWSC估值的精度,可为水资源管理决策及水文气候学研究提供更可靠的数据支撑。

基于随机森林模型的GRACE数据3种空间降尺度对比

陆地水储量是赋存在陆地上各种形式水的综合体现,研究其时空变化对认识区域水循环过程和水资源调控等具有重要意义。然而现有陆地水储量变化数据实际分辨率较低,限制了其在中小流域或地区中的应用。针对这一问题,本文基于GRACE重力卫星和其后续卫星GRACE-FO反演的陆地水储量变化数据,首先采用随机森林模型,分别基于格点、区域(流域)和区域(全国)3种空间降尺度思路将GRACE数据降尺度至0.25°×0.25°,后结合GLDAS模型数据,基于水量平衡原理计算得到地下水储量变化数据,最后基于降尺度模型模拟效果和实测地下水位数据评估3种降尺度思路在全国的适用性。结果表明:随机森林模型能够较好地模拟驱动数据(降水、气温、植被条件指数和土壤水储量)与GRACE数据的统计关系,验证期格点降尺度思路的平均相关系数总体在0.6左右,区域降尺度思路的平均纳什效率系数、相关系数和均方根误差分别>0.5、>0.75和<6.6 cm,3种空间降尺度思路的模拟精度均满足基本要求;2003—2021年间,GRACE数据、格点降尺度、区域降尺度(流域)和区域降尺度(全国)得到的我国陆地水储量亏缺量分别约为119.5×10^(8)、62.4×10^(8)、121.1×10^(8)和121.8×10^(8)m^(3)/a,地下水储量亏缺量分别约为230.0×10^(8)、171.8×10^(8)、235.6×10^(8)和236.4×10^(8)m^(3)/a,受制于样本数较少等原因,格点降尺度结果精度较差;两种区域降尺度思路得到的水储量变化速率均和原始GRACE数据基本一致,模拟结果均优于格点降尺度,且细化到流域的区域降尺度对地下水储量变化验证精度有一定的改善。区域降尺度具有适用性强、模拟精度高、计算效率高的优势,研究结果可为流域水资源可持续利用以及水资源规划等提供精细化的水储量变化数据。

贝叶斯三角帽法的GRACE/GRACE-FO组合模型及其不确定性

利用贝叶斯三角帽法将多个GRACE/GRACE-FO重构模型进行融合,提升基于深度学习的地表质量变化重构模型的精度,为高精度填补及重构GRACE/GRACE-FO数据提供参考。实验表明,组合模型估算的全球陆地水储量变化的不确定性最低,其结果在多数流域与参考模型的一致性更佳;较最优的重构模型,组合模型全球及流域的不确定性降低约15%,纳什效率系数(NSE)提升约5%,尤其在半干旱、半湿润及湿润区域,其精度提升更明显。

利用GRACE卫星分析安徽省地下水储量的时空变化

文章利用重力恢复与气候实验卫星(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,GRACE)时变重力场球谐系数文件,联合全球陆面数据同化系统(Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS)水文模型反演安徽省2003—2016年地下水储量的时空变化。通过奇异谱分析(Singular Spectrum Analysis,SSA)地下水时间序列,结合热带降雨测量任务(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)降雨数据对地下水储量变化规律进行分析。结果表明,安徽省地下水储量在2011年和2014年前后发生较大变化,在2003—2011年的变化率为0.37 cm/a,2011—2014年的下降速率为-0.2 cm/a,2014—2016年的增长速率为1.9 cm/a;进一步与降雨数据关联,发现降雨量是影响安徽省地下水储量年际变化和季节性变化的主要因素。在空间上,安徽省呈现自东北向西南逐渐缓和的趋势,最大亏损出现在皖北地区,为-7.52 mm/a,在西南地区的最大盈余达到8.38 mm/a。

不同ApoE基因型急性冠脉综合征患者中医证素特征与GRACE评分相关性研究

目的 观察不同ApoE基因型急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者中医证素特征和GRACE评分之间的关系,为ACS患者个体化诊疗提供新思路。方法 收集249例ACS患者的中医证素信息、ApoE基因型、GRACE评分等资料,分析不同ApoE基因型ACS患者中医证素特征与GRACE评分的相关性。结果 共纳入ApoE2基因型32例,ApoE3基因型175例,ApoE4基因型42例。其中具有统计学差异的结果(P<0.05):E4组寒凝证与GRACE-年龄评分相关系数r=0.325 0,气虚证与GRACE-年龄评分相关系数r=0.329 0,气虚证评分与GRACE-总分相关系数r=0.388 2,痰浊证和GRACE-Killip分级评分相关系数r=0.386 0;E3组寒凝证与GRACE-肌酐评分相关系数r=0.442 0,寒凝证评分与GRACE-危险因素评分相关系数r=0.888 5,痰浊证与GRACE-危险因素评分相关系数r=0.149 2,热蕴证评分与GRACE-收缩压评分相关系数r=0.601 9。结论 E4基因型寒凝证、气虚证、痰浊证的ACS患者GRACE评分危险程度更高;E3基因型寒凝证、痰浊证、热蕴证的ACS患者GRACE评分危险程度更高。

Damage evolution of rock-encased-backfill structure under stepwise cyclic triaxial loading

Rock-encased-backfill(RB)structures are common in underground mining,for example in the cut-andfill and stoping methods.To understand the effects of cyclic excavation and blasting activities on the damage of these RB structures,a series of triaxial stepwise-increasing-amplitude cyclic loading experiments was conducted with cylindrical RB specimens(rock on outside,backfill on inside)with different volume fractions of rock(VF=0.48,0.61,0.73,and 0.84),confining pressures(0,6,9,and 12 MPa),and cyclic loading rates(200,300,400,and 500 N/s).The damage evolution and meso-crack formation during the cyclic tests were analyzed with results from stress-strain hysteresis loops,acoustic emission events,and post-failure X-ray 3D fracture morphology.The results showed significant differences between cyclic and monotonic loadings of RB specimens,particularly with regard to the generation of shear microcracks,the development of stress memory and strain hardening,and the contact forces and associated friction that develops along the rock-backfill interface.One important finding is that as a function of the number of cycles,the elastic strain increases linearly and the dissipated energy increases exponentially.Also,compared with monotonic loading,the cyclic strain hardening characteristics are more sensitive to rising confining pressures during the initial compaction stage.Another finding is that compared with monotonic loading,more shear microcracks are generated during every reloading stage,but these microcracks tend to be dispersed and lessen the likelihood of large shear fracture formation.The transition from elastic to plastic behavior varies depending on the parameters of each test(confinement,volume fraction,and cyclic rate),and an interesting finding was that the transformation to plastic behavior is significantly lower under the conditions of 0.73 rock volume fraction,400 N/s cyclic loading rate,and 9 MPa confinement.All the findings have important practical implications on the ability of backfill to support underground excavations.

Liquefaction susceptibility and deformation characteristics of saturated coral sandy soils subjected to cyclic loadings-a critical review

Coral sandy soils widely exist in coral island reefs and seashores in tropical and subtropical regions.Due to the unique marine depositional environment of coral sandy soils,the engineering characteristics and responses of these soils subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings have been a subject of intense interest among the geotechnical and earthquake engineering communities.This paper critically reviews the progress of experimental investigations on the undrained behavior of coral sandy soils under monotonic and cyclic loadings over the last three decades.The focus of coverage includes the contractive-dilative behavior,the pattern of excess pore-water pressure(EPWP)generation and the liquefaction mechanism and liquefaction resistance,the small-strain shear modulus and strain-dependent shear modulus and damping,the cyclic softening feature,and the anisotropic characteristics of undrained responses of saturated coral sandy soils.In particular,the advances made in the past decades are reviewed from the following aspects:(1)the characterization of factors that impact the mechanism and patterns of EPWP build-up;(2)the identification of liquefaction triggering in terms of the apparent viscosity and the average flow coefficient;(3)the establishment of the invariable form of strain-based,stress-based,or energy-based EPWP ratio formulas and the unique relationship between the new proxy of liquefaction resistance and the number of cycles required to reach liquefaction;(4)the establishment of the invariable form of the predictive formulas of small strain modulus and strain-dependent shear modulus;and(5)the investigation on the effects of stress-induced anisotropy on liquefaction susceptibility and dynamic deformation characteristics.Insights gained through the critical review of these advances in the past decades offer a perspective for future research to further resolve the fundamental issues concerning the liquefaction mechanism and responses of coral sandy sites subjected to cyclic loadings associated with seismic events in marine environments.

Lateral earth pressure of granular backfills on retaining walls with expanded polystyrene geofoam inclusions under limited surcharge loading

Existing studies have focused on the behavior of the retaining wall equipped with expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam inclusions under semi-infinite surcharge loading rather than limited surcharge loading.In this paper,the failure mode and the earth pressure acting on the rigid retaining wall with EPS geofoam inclusions and granular backfills(henceforth referred to as EPS-wall),under limited surcharge loading are investigated through two-and three-dimensional model tests.The testing results show that different from the sliding of almost all the backfill in the EPS-wall under semi-infinite surcharge loading,only an approximately triangular backfill slides in the wall under limited surcharge loading.The distribution of the lateral earth pressure on the EPS-wall under limited surcharge loading is non-linear,and the distribution changes from the increase of the wall depth to the decrease with the increase of the limited surcharge loading.An approach based on the force equilibrium of a differential element is developed to predict the lateral earth pressure behind the EPS-wall subjected to limited surcharge loading,and its performance was fully validated by the three-dimensional model tests.

利用改进的PnMl方法处理GRACE南北条带误差

GRACE无约束月时变重力场球谐系数模型的反演结果存在明显的南北条带误差。为此,提出一种改进方法,通过对PnMl方法未作处理的高阶系数进行分层多项式拟合,以进一步减少条带误差,并分析其在空域、频域和时域的性能。结果表明,相比于PnMl(P4M6)方法,改进方法可进一步减少30°S~30°N区域的残余条带误差,抑制50阶后信号阶方差的异常抬升,减少质量变化时间序列中的异常峰值。此外,采用信噪比指标和广义三角帽方法对改进方法进行定量评估。结果表明,CSR、GFZ、JPL发布的3种重力场模型经改进方法处理后均达到最优信噪比,分别为1.77、1.35和1.39;其结果的不确定性水平较P4M6方法分别降低20.50 mm、36.40 mm和19.61 mm。

基于GRACE重力卫星与SPEI的云南干旱监测

针对云南省干旱多发、旱灾严重的特点,选取1981年1月-2020年6月长时间序列的历史时期典型水文干旱年及干旱事件,探索GRACE卫星反演数据在监测云南地区干旱方面的适用性,旨在提出解决无资料或少资料地区干旱监测困难的新方法。研究基于GRACE重力卫星数据反演得到云南省滇中、滇东北、滇东南、滇西南、滇西北5个分区月均储水量变化量,计算各分区的旱涝指标-相对储水量指数,利用相对储水量指数对云南省各分区干旱情况进行分析,并从月时间尺度上对比了相对储水量指数和标准降水蒸散指数SPEI3的干旱分析结论。研究结果表明:基于GRACE重力卫星数据反演构建的相对储水量指数在典型水文干旱年内的监测结果与实际干旱情况基本一致,其在滇中地区的适用性最佳,对于春季干旱的监测精度优于其他季节,反演数据能够一定程度上反映云南省不同地区、不同季节干旱程度;利用SPEI3对云南全省以及不同分区的旱情进行监测,结果与统计年鉴记载干旱事件较为吻合,其在滇东南地区的监测精度优于其他分区,在夏、冬两季精度优于春季;GRACE和SPEI3都较好地捕捉到了历史时期的典型干旱年及干旱事件,在选取的24场典型干旱事件中各分区的最高吻合率均达到了15/24;总体上两种指数在各分区漏报率均维持在较低水平,最高不超过1/3,其中SPEI3相较于GRACE更不易出现漏报的情况,其最低漏报率仅为1/8,两种指数在全省及各分区的旱情监测方面均表现出较好的适用性。

Optimal dispatching strategy for residential demand response considering load participation

To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for scheduling.In this study,a residential DR optimization scheduling strategy was formulated considering the participation of flexible loads in DR.First,based on the operational characteristics of flexible loads such as electric vehicles,air conditioners,and dishwashers,their DR participation,the base to calculate the compensation price to users,was determined by considering these loads as virtual energy storage.It was quantified based on the state of virtual energy storage during each time slot.Second,flexible loads were clustered using the K-means algorithm,considering the typical operational and behavioral characteristics as the cluster centroid.Finally,the LA scheduling strategy was implemented by introducing a DR mechanism based on the directrix load.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR approach can effectively reduce peak loads and fill valleys,thereby improving the load management performance.

Generalized load graphical forecasting method based on modal decomposition

In a“low-carbon”context,the power load is affected by the coupling of multiple factors,which gradually evolves from the traditional“pure load”to the generalized load with the dual characteristics of“load+power supply.”Traditional time-series forecasting methods are no longer suitable owing to the complexity and uncertainty associated with generalized loads.From the perspective of image processing,this study proposes a graphical short-term prediction method for generalized loads based on modal decomposition.First,the datasets are normalized and feature-filtered by comparing the results of Xtreme gradient boosting,gradient boosted decision tree,and random forest algorithms.Subsequently,the generalized load data are decomposed into three sets of modalities by modal decomposition,and red,green,and blue(RGB)images are generated using them as the pixel values of the R,G,and B channels.The generated images are diversified,and an optimized DenseNet neural network was used for training and prediction.Finally,the base load,wind power,and photovoltaic power generation data are selected,and the characteristic curves of the generalized load scenarios under different permeabilities of wind power and photovoltaic power generation are obtained using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm.Based on the proposed graphical forecasting method,the feasibility of the generalized load graphical forecasting method is verified by comparing it with the traditional time-series forecasting method.

Mechanical responses of anchoring structure under triaxial cyclic loading

Dynamic load on anchoring structures(AS)within deep roadways can result in cumulative damage and failure.This study develops an experimental device designed to test AS under triaxial loads.The device enables the investigation of the mechanical response,failure mode,instability assessment criteria,and anchorage effect of AS subjected to combined cyclic dynamic-static triaxial stress paths.The results show that the peak bearing strength is positively correlated with the anchoring matrix strength,anchorage length,and edgewise compressive strength.The bearing capacity decreases significantly when the anchorage direction is severely inclined.The free face failure modes are typically transverse cracking,concave fracturing,V-shaped slipping and detachment,and spallation detachment.Besides,when the anchoring matrix strength and the anchorage length decrease while the edgewise compressive strength,loading rate,and anchorage inclination angle increase,the failure intensity rises.Instability is determined by a negative tangent modulus of the displacement-strength curve or the continued deformation increase against the general downward trend.Under cyclic loads,the driving force that breaks the rock mass along the normal vector and the rigidity of the AS are the two factors that determine roadway stability.Finally,a control measure for surrounding rock stability is proposed to reduce the internal driving force via a pressure relief method and improve the rigidity of the AS by full-length anchorage and grouting modification.

Commentary on"Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running"

It is a pleasure to write a commentary on the work of Dr.Hannah Rice and colleagues,l who have advanced our understanding of how the mechanical loading environment of the tibia changes as a function of running grade and speed.It is important that we understand how the tibia is loaded during conditions that an individual is likely to encounter when running as it is these internal loads which we believe are responsible for the development of bone-stress injuries.

A novel approach to the dynamic response analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beams resting on a Winkler soil model and subjected to impact loads

This work presents a novel approach to the dynamic response analysis of a Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on a Winkler soil model and subjected to an impact loading.The approach considers that damping has much less importance in controlling the maximum response to impulsive loadings because the maximum response is reached in a very short time,before the damping forces can dissipate a significant portion of the energy input into the system.The development of two sine series solutions,relating to different types of impulsive loadings,one involving a single concentrated force and the other a distributed line load,are presented.This study revealed that when a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam,resting on a Winkler soil model,is subject to an impact load,the resulting vertical displacements,bending moments and shear forces produced along the span of the beam are considerably affected.In particular,the quantification of this effect is best observed,relative to the corresponding static solution,via an amplification factor.The computed impact amplification factors,for the sub-grade moduli used in this study,were in magnitude greater than 2,thus confirming the multiple-degree-of-freedom nature of the problem.

Evolution of molecular structure of TATB under shock loading from transient Raman spectroscopic technique

By combination of the transient Raman spectroscopic measurement and the density functional theoretical calculations,the structural evolution and stability of TATB under shock compression was investigated.Due to the improvement in synchronization control between two-stage light gas gun and the transient Raman spectra acquisition,as well as the sample preparation,the Raman peak of the N-O mode of TATB was firstly observed under shock pressure up to 13.6 GPa,noticeably higher than the upper limit of 8.5 GPa reported in available literatures.By taking into account of the continuous shift of the main peak and other observed Raman peaks,we did not distinguish any structural transition or any new species.Moreover,both the present Raman spectra and the time-resolved radiation of TATB during shock loading showed that TATB exhibits higher chemical stability than previous declaration.To reveal the detailed structural response and evolution of TATB under compression,the density functional theoretical calculations were conducted,and it was found that the pressure make N-O bond lengths shorter,nitro bond angles larger,and intermolecular and intra-molecular hydrogen bond interactions enhanced.The observed red shift of Raman peak was ascribed to the abnormal enhancement of H-bound effect on the scissor vibration mode of the nitro group.

Mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of rock bolts subjected to static-dynamic loads

This study explores the effects of dynamic and static loading on rock bolt performance a key factor in maintaining the structural safety of coal mine roadways susceptible to coal bursts.Employing a housemade load frame to simulate various failure scenarios,pretension-impact-pull tests on rock bolts were conducted to scrutinize their dynamic responses under varied static load conditions and their failure traits under combined loads.The experimental results denote that with increased impact energy,maximum and average impact loads on rock bolts escalate significantly under pretension,initiating plastic deformation beyond a certain threshold.Despite minor reductions in the yield load due to impactinduced damage,pretension aids in constraining post-impact deformation rate and fluctuation degree of rock bolts.Moreover,impact-induced plastic deformation causes internal microstructure dislocation,fortifying the stiffness of the rock bolt support system.The magnitude of this fortification is directly related to the plastic deformation induced by the impact.These findings provide crucial guidance for designing rock bolt support in coal mine roadway excavation,emphasizing the necessity to consider both static and dynamic loads for improved safety and efficiency.

GRACE评分导航分层护理对老年冠心病PCI患者心脏功能与不良心血管事件的影响

目的探讨全球急性冠状动脉时间注册(GRACE)评分导航分层护理对老年冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者心功能与不良心血管事件的影响。方法选取2022年5月-2023年5月我院行PCI治疗的老年冠心病患者120例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施GRACE评分导航分层护理。比较两组心脏功能、不良心血管事件发生情况、心理状态及生活质量。结果观察组护理后左室射血分数(LVEF)高于对照组,左室舒张末内径(LVDd)、左心收缩末内径(LVDs)小于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良心血管事件发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理后慢性病自我效能感量表(SECD6)、Herth希望量表(HHI)评分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理后中国心血管病人生活质量评定问卷(CQQC)评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论GRACE评分导航分层护理应用于老年冠心病PCI患者中可有效提升心脏功能,减少不良心血管事件发生,改善患者心理状态,提高生活质量。

Numerical analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced embankment performance under moving loads

The performance of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments under traffic moving loads is always a hotspot in the geotechnical engineering field.A three-dimensional(3D)model of a geosynthetic-reinforced embankment without drainage consolidation was established using the finite element software ABAQUS.In this model,the traffic loads were simulated by two moving loads of rectangular pattern,and their amplitude,range,and moving speed were realized by a Fortran subroutine.The embankment fill was simulated by an equivalent linear viscoelastic model,which can reflect its viscoelasticity.The geogrid was simulated by the truss element,and the geocell was simulated by the membrane element.Infinite elements were utilized to weaken the boundary effect caused by the model geometry at the boundaries.Validation of the established numerical model was conducted by comparing the predicted deformations in the cross-section of the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment with those from the existing literature.On this basis,the dynamic stress and strain distribution in the pavement structure layer of the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment under a moving load was also analyzed.Finally,a parametric study was conducted to examine the influences of the different types of reinforcement,overload,and the moving load velocity on the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment.