菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)对镉、铅、锌复合污染土壤的修复潜力

菊芋是一种生物量大、生长旺盛、易于栽培的能源作物。为探究菊芋对镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)复合污染土壤的修复潜力,利用土培盆栽和原位大田试验,研究菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫的生长特性、富集特征、去除率及修复潜力。结果表明:随着盆栽土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn含量的增加,菊芋的株高、生物量先降低再升高再降低,SOD酶活性先升高再降低再升高,CAT酶活性先升高再降低,POD酶活性总体表现为逐渐升高。菊芋对Cd的富集系数范围为1.08~1.79,转运系数范围为2.05~6.27,地上部Cd最大积累量达到98.25 mg/kg;Pb富集系数范围为0.77~1.31,转运系数范围为3.41~5.67,地上部Pb最大累积量为585.81 mg/kg;Zn富集系数范围为0.44~0.79,转运系数范围为1.69~3.33,地上部Zn最大累积量为2668.04 mg/kg。原位大田试验中,菊芋地上部Cd、Pb、Zn含量范围分别为125.79~201.08 mg/kg、1075.99~1525.46 mg/kg、6896.21~7443.66 mg/kg,每亩受污染土壤种植2茬菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn的年去除率分别为5.16%~9.04%、10.84%~16.90%、4.60%~5.46%。菊芋具有较好的Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫耐受性和修复潜力,可作为Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤修复的潜在超富集植物种质资源,具有较好的应用前景。

In-Silico Identification and Differential Analysis of Mitochondrial RNA Editing Events in Helianthus Genotypes/Species and Powdery Mildew Infected Variants

Sunflower is one of the most used commercial oilseed crops and suffers due to Powdery mildew. RNA sequence alteration occurs due to RNA editing which is a post transcriptional modification. It causes a deviation from the genomic DNA sequence resulting in RNA-DNA differences. Accurate study of RNA editing events in diverse species is possible by NGS based methods. Here, we performed RNA sequencing of 12 leaf transcriptomes, which include three genotypes of Helianthus annuus (2023B, TX16R and ID25), H. debilis, H. niveus, and H. praecox along with their respective powdery mildew pathogen infected variants and systematically analysed the mitochondrial RNA editing events using computational reference-based mapping approach. We discovered 687 editing sites, 220 editing events in the protein-coding regions, among all species and genotypes considered in this study. These included “C to U” and “U to C” RNA editing events. On further analysis, we observed that these editing events include 14 different types of amino acid changes that involve the creation of two stop codon events. The conserved editing sites identified were 247 accounting for ~36% of all the editing sites identified. This study provides a detailed picture of the Helianthus species’ mitochondrial RNA editing status. We have identified and characterized for the first time, genotype-specific, species-specific, and stress-specific RNA editing events which may be useful as a potential source for stress-responsive studies in the future.

Assessment of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Mine Tailings—A Case Study of Nampundwe Mine Tailings Dam, Zambia

Mining activities have led to a generation of large quantities of heavy metals laden wastes which are released into the environment in an unsustainable way causing the contamination of the ecosystems and posing a risk to human health. Most mining companies have not employed any rehabilitation or remediation program of the heavy metal laden waste. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of sunflower for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted mine tailings. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology in the remediation of mine tailings that uses tolerant plant species to clean up contaminated sites. It uses plants with high biomass and sunflower has been identified as such. These plants can extract, transfer, sequester and stabilize a variety of metals through mechanisms such as phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytoaccumulation and phytovolatilization. Pot experiments were conducted by growing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in pyrite mine tailings and in agricultural soil as a control. The study showed that the concentration of Cu reduced from 40.76 mg/kg to 36.59 mg/kg, Zn reduced from 3.58 mg/kg to 3.49 mg/kg and Fe reduced from 23.70 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg respectively in the mine tailings after 6 weeks. Analysis of harvested sunflower (roots, stems, leaves) showed that sunflower could remove heavy metals from the tailings and the highest removal efficiency was 53.7% and the highest translocation factor was 0.25. It was concluded that sunflower has the potential to remediate contaminated mine tailings and that phytoremediation is a viable and efficient technology to treat soils contaminated with heavy metals.

向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)对^(133)Cs、^(88)Sr的吸收和分布(英文)

通过盆栽试验研究了向日葵(Helianthus annuusL.)对土壤中不同处理浓度133Cs和88Sr的吸收,以及133Cs和88Sr在向日葵不同部位的分布。结果表明:随着处理浓度的增加,植物中133Cs或88Sr的含量增加。同一处理浓度下,88Sr含量约比133Cs含量高一个数量级1。33Cs和88Sr在植物不同部位分布不同。根部中133Cs含量高于植物的其他部位(茎、叶、花)。不同于133Cs在植物中的分布,88Sr除在根中的分布外,主要转运到了叶片1。33Cs和88Sr在向日葵体内的分布与目前对放射性137Cs和90Sr的研究结果相似,所以133Cs和88Sr可分别预测137Cs和90Sr的运转。向日葵是治理大面积低放核素污染土壤的较佳植物种类。

金属离子和热激处理对菊芋(HelianthustuberosusL.)类金属硫蛋白基因htMT_2表达的影响

使用不同金属离子及热激对菊芋进行了处理 ,并对菊芋不同组织器官中类金属硫蛋白基因 (htMT2 )mRNA水平的变化进行了研究 结果表明 ,htMT2在根中不表达 ,而且其表达不受金属离子的影响 Cu2 + 降低叶中htMT2的表达 ,Cu2 + 浓度与茎中htMT2mRNA水平呈负相关性 在低浓度范围内 ,Zn2 + 浓度与茎、叶中的htMT2mRNA水平呈正相关性 ,而在高浓度范围内 ,Zn2 + 浓度与htMT2mRNA水平呈负相关性 Ca2 + 对叶中htMT2表达的影响与Zn2 + 的作用相似 ,但Ca2 + 诱导茎中htMT2mRNA水平升高 热激处理对不同组织中htMT2的表达无显著影响 研究的结果表明 ,htMT2表达受金属离子影响的特征与植物MT基因一致 ,进一步证实了我们前期工作中分离到的htMT2是一个新的植物MT基因 .

Identification, characterization and full-length sequence analysis of a novel endornavirus in common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

To identify the possible quarantine viruses in seven common sunflower varieties imported from the United States of America and the Netherlands, we tested total RNAs extracted from the leaf tissues using next-generation sequencing of small RNAs. After analysis of small RNA sequencing data, no any quarantine virus was found, but a double-stranded RNA（dsRNA） molecule showing typical genomic features of endornavirus was detected in two varieties, X3939 and SH1108. Full-length sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that it is a novel endornavirus, temporarily named as Helianthus annuus alphaendornavirus（HaEV）. Its full genome corresponds to a 14 662-bp dsRNA segment, including a 21-nt 5′ untranslated region（UTR）, 3＇ UTR ending with the unique sequence CCCCCCCC and lacking a poly（A） tail. An open reading frame（ORF） that encodes a deduced 4 867 amino acids（aa） polyprotein with three domains： RdRP, Hel and UGT（UDP-glycosyltransferase）. HaEV mainly distributed in the cytoplasm but less in the nucleus of leaf cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization（FISH） experiment. This virus has a high seed infection rate in the five varieties, X3907, X3939, A231, SH1108 and SR1320. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the virus of the family Endornaviridae in the common sunflower.

向日葵[Helianthus annuus(L.)]白花粉突变体遗传研究初报

向日葵[IIelianlhus anuus (L.)]是我国的重要经济作物。其花粉通常呈深浅程度不同的黄颜色。据我们掌握和查新资料,目前世界上尚未见有关白花粉方面的报道。1989年7月下旬至8月上旬,我们在吉林农业大学向日葵育种试验田的恢复系C8711群体中,先后发现4株白花粉突变体。暂分别定名为C8711—1、C8711—2、C8711—3和C8711—4。在进行人工套袋之前,此4株突变体已经在一定程度上发生了开放授粉,其中C8711—4开放授粉程度较轻。成熟时单独收获这4株突变体的种子,以进行有关遗传学研究,本文拟对白花粉突变的遗传学机理进行初步的探讨。

Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Helianthus Annus in Wistar rats

Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the ethanol extract of leaves of Helianthus annus L.(H.annus) in acclimatized Wistar rats.Methods:It was undertaken using the albumin induced paw edema model of inflammation as well as both the hotplate and tail immersion analgesic test methods.Doses of the extract tested in experimental rats were 0.5 g/kg,2 g/kg and 4 g/kg while negative and positive control rats received distilled water and indomethacin respectively.Results:It was shown that treatment with the tested doses of the extract effectively inhibited paw edema induced by egg albumin.This effect was comparable if not better than the observations made in rats treated with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin orally.Treatment with the extract was also observed to have significantly increased the mean tolerance time of rats to thermal noxious stimuli compared to control animals that had distilled water and appeared to be more effective than 10 mg/kg of indomethacin treatment.Conclusions: These observations confirmed the presence of a strong anti-inflammatory and anti-noiciceptive activity in the ethanol extract of the leaves of H.annus and therefore validated the folkloric use of the leaves of this plant in treatment of pro-inflammatory,post traumatic situations.

Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Oil Quality of Sunflower (<i>Helianthus Annuus</i>L.) Hybrids under Sub Humid Conditions of Pakistan

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has emerged as an economically important crop in Pakistan due to its significant share in vegetable oil production. The plant metabolic processes require protein to increase the vegetative, reproductive growth and yield of the crop. The protein is wholly dependent upon the amount of nitrogen fertilization available for plant use. A two-year field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009. The objective was to determine the effect of different nitrogen (N) levels (N1 = 0 kg·ha–1, N2 = 60 kg·ha–1, N3 = 120 kg·ha–1, N4 = 180 kg·ha–1 and N5 = 240 kg·ha–1) on three sunflower hybrids (Hysun-33, Hysun-38 and Poineer-64A93) in agro-climatic conditions of Gujranwala, a sub-humid region in the centre of the Punjab province of Pakistan. A randomized complete block design split plot experiment was set-up with cultivars in the main plots and N levels in the subplots. Results showed that Hysun-38 gave maximum TDM (15815 kg·ha–1) and maximum grain yield (3389 kg·ha–1), while minimum TDM (14640 kg·ha–1) and grain yield (3125 kg·ha–1) was observed in Hysun-33. Among different N rates evaluated, N4 gave maximum TDM (17890 kg·ha–1) and grain yield (3809 kg·ha–1) compared to the other N rates. The maximum oil content (46.2%) was observed in Hysun-38 without application of N fertilizer (N1), while the minimum oil content (40.6%) was observed from N5 treatment. In conclusion, the application of 180 kg·ha–1 N to Hysun-38 provided the best combination for good yield in sunflower crop under the prevailing sub-humid conditions of Pakistan.

Helianthus tuberosus(Jerusalem artichoke) tubers improve glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet

Objective:To analyze the effects of feeding Helianthus tuberosus(HT) tubers on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet(HFD). Methods:A normal HFD or HFD including 10 w/w% HT tubers(HFD + HT) was fed to F334/Jcl rats. After 10 weeks,organ weights,glucose tolerance,and lipid profile were analyzed. Results:The body weight,liver weight,and epidermal fat content in the HFD group were higher than those of the normal group,and similar to those of the HFD + HT group. The oral glucose tolerance test at 10 weeks revealed that the blood glucose level 30 minutes after beginning the test in the HFD + HT group was significantly lower than that in the HFD group. Liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Fecal triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were higher than those in the HFD group. Histological analyses revealed that fat and glycogen accumulation increased in the HFD group,but decreased in the HFD + HT group. Conclusions:These results indicate that HT tubers have anti-fatty liver effects based on improvements in glucose tolerance and the hepatic lipid profile.

Effects of ethanol extract of leaves of Helianthus annus on the fecundity of Wistar rats

Objective:To evaluate the effects of ethanol extract of leaves of Helianthus annus(H.annus) on the fecundity of Wistar rats.Methods:Forty(20 male and 20 female) Wistar rats,grouped into control,ethanol extract treated rats and untreated,were used for the study.Treated rats had 0.5 g/kg of ethanol extract orally for 2 weeks;control rats had 5%alcoholic water(solvent);and untreated rats had their normal feed and clean drinking water.Following treatment,the animals were sub-grouped into 5 mating groups to observe the coital frequency,pregnancy rate and average number of pups per group in pairs.Results:The results showed that coital frequency was unaffected by the extract treatment but pregnancy rate and number of pups per rat and per group were reduced significantly in groupsⅡ,ⅢandⅣcompared to those of groupⅠandⅤrats which were not treated with the ethanol extract of leaves of H.annus.Conclusions:The histodegenerative in the gonads reportedly induced by this ethanol extract in previous studies may be responsible for the reduced fecundity observed in treated adult rats.

Accumulation and Distribution Dynamics of Soluble Carbohydrate in Helianthus tuberosus under Drought Stress

With Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 as test materials, variation of soluble carbohydrate content in different parts were studied under two types of artificially simulated drought stress （polyethylene glycd PEG-6000 stress and water-controlling stress）. The results showed that under the stress of PEG, soluble carbohydrate content in leaves of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the prolonging time of stress; soluble carbohydrate content in stems of Qingyu 1 did not show regular changes with the prolonging time of stress, while 30% PEG stress received the best effect on Qingyu 2 after 24 h; soluble carbohydrate content in roots of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the prolonging time of stress. Under different intensities of water-controUing stress, soluble carbohydrate content in leaves of Qingyu 1 first increased then decreased, while that in leaves of Qingyu 2 increased; soluble carbohydrate content in stems of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the pro- longing time of water-controlling stress; soluble carbohydrate content in roots of Qingyu 1 decreased with the prolonging time of water-contmlling stress, while that in roots of Qingyu 2 differed slightly.

Effect of NO_3^--N Enrichment on Seawater Stress Tolerance of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)

有六个处理的一个水耕法的实验，即，0%海水(控制)，10%海水，25%海水，0%海水+ N ( 7.5 mmol L ? 1 NaNO3 )，10%海水+ N ( 7.5 mmol L ? 1 NaNO3 )，并且25%海水+ N ( 7.5 mmol L ? 1 NaNO3 )，被执行在生长和菊芋(向日葵 tuberosus )的生理、生物化学的特征上学习氮增加的效果在海水应力下面的幼苗。当在 25% 海水生长显著地被禁止时， 10% 海水压力处理在植物生长上有最少的效果。在在 10% 海水下面的叶子的 malondialdehyde 内容和电解质漏类似于控制的那些，但是更高显著地在 25% 海水下面强调。在叶子的超级氧化物 dismutase，过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活动与增加海水集中和时间附随地增加了。脯氨酸并且在叶子和 Na+ 可溶糖， K+ ，和 CL？在射击和根的内容与海水增加的集中显著地增加了。氮增加导致了没有 N，与海水处理相比增加射击和根的新鲜、干燥的重量。氮补充显著地也在叶子提高了抗氧化剂酶的活动。到海水的 N 的增加提高了脯氨酸的内容并且在在天线部分和 H 的根的叶子和 K+ 和 total-N 可溶糖。tuberosus，而是它导致了 Na+ 和 CL 的拒绝的集中吗？在天线部分和根。氮增加改善了由改进抗氧化的酶的海水的毒性，脯氨酸积累并且可溶糖，并且在 H 改变无机的离子的分发。tuberosus。

Effect of Saline Aquaculture Effluent on Salt-Tolerant Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in a Semi-Arid Coastal Area of China

An experiment with six treatments: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigated with freshwater), and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (v/v) was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1:1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1:4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn.in rats

Objective:To investigate the safety levels of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn.(H.annuus) in rat.Methods:Acute oral toxicity test of hydromethanol leaf extract of H.annuus was conducted through up and down method at 2.00 g/kg dose limit in rats.The chronic toxicity study was conducted by administering different concentrations(0.25,0.50 and 1.00 g/kg) of hydromethanol extract of H.annuus in feed,for 90 consecutive days.On days 30,60 and 90,blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats for determination of serum biochemical parameters.Histopathological examination of the pancreas,livers,kidneys and testis were also conducted.Results:The LD_(50) of the hydromethanol extract of H.annuuswas greater than 2.00 g/kg and it significantly(P < 0.05) reduced serum cholesterol.On days 60 and 90,the serum urea and creatinine levels of hydromethanol extract of H.annuustreated groups were elevated when compared with the control group.There were fibrosis in the kidneys and livers;degeneration and necrosis in the testis and significant dose-dependent increases in number and size of pancreatic islet of langerhans.Conclusions:The findings suggest that hydromethanol extract of H.annuus is tolerated in short term administration,but long term(up to 90 days) administration at high doses,may elicit hepatic,testicular and nephrotic disorder.

Inhibitory Effect of Extracts from Helianthus tuberosus Leaves against Phytophthora capsici and Pot Verification Test

By growth rate method, the inhibitory effects of five solvent extracts from Helianthus tuberosus leaves against Phytophthora capsici were studied in the test. The results showed that different solvent extracts all had inhibitory effect against P. capsici, while 12.5 mg/mL of extracts from H. tuberosus leaves with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as solvents had the highest inhibitory effect against P. capsici, reaching 100%. In case of various solvent extracts with different concentration gradients, ethyl acetate extract had the most significant inhibitory effect; when the concentration was 5 mg/mL, the inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate extract had reached 100% ; when the concentration reduced to 2.5 mg/mL, the inhibitory effect was still （27.91 ±2. 076） %, significantly higher than that of other solvent extracts at the same concentration. The 50 times dilution of ethyl acetate extract from H. tuberosus leaves was selected for pot test against pepper blight. , and the results showed that its control effect against pepper blight reached 100.00%, superior than that of chemical agent 25% metalaxyl WP 400 times dilution.