Effect of Foliar Spray of Fe, GA3, Cultivars and Their Interactions on Growth of Olive （Olea europaea L.） Transplants cvs. Khithairy and Sorany

The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cultivars （Kithary and Sorany）, the transplant were sprayed with four levels （0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L^-1 GA3） and four levels of chelated iron （0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Fe L^-1）. Foliar application of GA3 at 500 mg Ll increased significantly stem diameter （mm）, leaf number, increasing GA3 level up 750 mg L^-1 significantly increase shoot length （cm） plantl, leaf area. However, 50 mg Fe L^-1 increased significantly leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and when treated with 75 mg Fe L^-1 significantly increase stem diameter, shoot length cm plant^-1, leaf fresh weight （g）, leaf dry weight （g）. While, Kithary cultivar significant dominated Sorany cultivar of the most studied characteristics. The interactions between GA3, Fe and cultivars significantly affected on the most of the characteristics studied, foliar sprays of Kithary cultivar with 750 mg Ll GA^-1 and 0 mg Fe Ll significantly increase chlorophyll content and leaf area, and Kithary cultivar when treated only by 75 mg Fe Ll increase significantly plant high （cm）, stem diameter （mm）, leaf dry weight （g） and leaf fresh weight when compared with the control.

浙江省3个油橄榄主栽品种果实表型与品质性状分析

为摸清油橄榄Olea europaea引入浙江栽植后的表现,以3个主栽品种‘城固32号’O.uropaeain‘Chenggu32’‘鄂植8号’O.uropaeain‘Ezhi 8’和‘豆果’O.uropaeain‘Arbequina’的果实为材料,测定不同成熟度下的果实表型和品质性状,并采用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析法确定最佳采收期及果实表型与品质性状的差异性。结果表明,3个品种果实的成熟时间不同,成熟时间从早到晚依次为‘城固32号’(9月18日)、‘鄂植8号’(10月7日)和‘豆果’(10月28日);3个品种果实的成熟期也不同,分别为28 d(‘城固32号’)、47d(‘鄂植8号’)和68d(‘豆果’);根据鲜果质量和含油率确定‘城固32号’‘鄂植8号’和‘豆果’的最佳采收期分别为第5成熟度、第4成熟度和第5成熟度;方差分析结果表明,3个油橄榄品质性状在品种间差异显著(P<0.05),同一品种不同成熟度也存在显著差异(P<0.05);相关性分析分析结果表明,油橄榄果实表型性状间和品质性状间存在显著相关性,通过果实表型性状可以推测果实品质的差异;通过油橄榄果实品质性状主成分分析结果表明,前三个主成分的特征值最大,分别为5.88、3.52和2.16,累积贡献率达到88.86%。本文研究结果有助于通过不同油橄榄品种的表型性状差异来推断果实品质性状的差异性,可为浙江油橄榄品种引种工作提供重要参考。

油茶庄园建设构想

为解决现阶段油茶产业发展中存在的“卡脖子”问题,通过对希腊油橄榄(Oleaeuropaea)企业进行实地走访和交流,学习和借鉴希腊成熟油橄榄企业在栽培、加工和销售等方面的经营理念,结合我国油茶发展现状,提出油茶庄园建设构想。广西具备深厚的油茶文化底蕴、优质的种苗基础、先进的栽培加工技术和强大的政策与资金扶持等发展油茶庄园的优势条件。油茶庄园建设应规模适当、委托管理和创新经营模式,同时利用油茶种质打造富有层次的花果景观,实现三产互通互融和协调发展,实现产业转型升级。

油橄榄幼嫩茎段组培快繁技术研究

以阿贝基纳优良单株幼嫩茎段为试验材料,通过对油橄榄外植体灭菌、基本培养基、生长调节剂等因素对油橄榄组织培养技术影响的研究,试验结果表明:使用75%乙醇30 s、0.1%HgCl_(2) 10 min进行外植体消毒处理时获得率最高,达36.15%;改良MS培养基适宜外植体诱导芽萌发,最佳增殖培养基为改良MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L^(-1)+NAA 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+TDZ 0.5 mg·L^(-1),诱导率为65.3%,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+ABT 0.6 mg·L^(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L^(-1),生根率90%,活性炭浓度最佳添加浓度0.5 g·L^(-1),蔗糖最佳添加浓度30 g·L^(-1)。

缓控释肥处理下油橄榄土壤微生物多样性特征分析

为了探究油橄榄健康施肥和实现土壤可持续化经营管理提供理论和实践依据,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对不同缓释肥处理下的油橄榄种植地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性及群落特征进行研究。结果显示:(1)细菌OUT隶属于35门111纲268目485科1087属;真菌OUT隶属14门42纲95目230科431属。(2)变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势细菌门,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被包霉门为优势真菌门;假单胞菌属、67-14、索利红杆菌属、Subgroup_6和红色杆菌属为优势细菌属,镰刀菌属、无茎真菌属、瓶毛壳属、小囊菌属和葡孢霉属为优势真菌属。(3)施肥处理能明显促进土壤中0~20 cm土层的真菌和0~10 cm土层的细菌生长,而抑制10~20 cm细菌生长。(4)细菌和真菌群落分布与土层相关性较小;各个处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,而真菌则存在明显差异。研究表明,施用缓控释肥能够有效增加土壤中微生物多样性,尤其是混合施肥效果更明显,6 kg半焦肥+8颗力浮丸的组合可作为生产实践中的优选参考方案。

12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

【目的】为油橄榄辐照诱变育种提供理论参考。【方法】以‘皮削利’‘切姆拉尔’‘豆果’‘奇迹’‘阿尔波萨纳’5个品种的种子为试验材料,以5种剂量(0、50、100、150和250 Gy)的12C^(6+)辐照油橄榄种子,播种后统计不同处理下的发芽率、存活率、鲜质量、株高、总叶数量、根长和侧根数量等7项指标,运用隶属函数法综合评价不同辐照剂量对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并计算半致死辐照剂量。【结果】12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子发芽率的影响存在差异。随着辐照剂量增加,‘皮削利’和‘切姆拉尔’种子发芽率先升高后降低,‘豆果’‘奇迹’‘阿尔波萨纳’种子发芽率逐渐降低,250 Gy辐照处理下发芽率分别降至11.46%、8.33%、14.58%、7.29%和11.46%。12C^(6+)辐照对各品种油橄榄幼苗的生长有抑制作用。随着辐照剂量增加,鲜质量、株高、总叶数量、根长和侧根数量均逐渐下降,250 Gy辐照处理下均降至最低。12C^(6+)辐照对油橄榄幼苗具有一定的致死效应,且与辐照剂量紧密相关。与种子发芽后40 d时相比,发芽后90 d时各辐照处理下不同品种油橄榄幼苗的存活率均有不同程度的下降。隶属函数分析结果表明,各辐照剂量按照5个品种的总得分由高到低排序,依次均为0、50、100、150、250 Gy,表明不同剂量辐照处理(50~250 Gy)均不同程度地影响了不同品种油橄榄幼苗的长势。5个油橄榄品种按照种子半致死剂量由高到低排序,依次分别为‘豆果’(153.7 Gy)、‘皮削利’(143.5 Gy)、‘切姆拉尔’(129.9 Gy)、‘奇迹’(115.3 Gy)、‘阿尔波萨纳’(108.1 Gy)。【结论】12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长整体上有抑制作用,且辐照剂量越大,抑制作用越强。综合考虑发芽率、存活率、幼苗生长等情况,油橄榄种子的适宜辐照剂量为100~150 Gy。

油橄榄叶提取物对HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及抑菌活性

为研究油橄榄叶提取物对人永生化角质形成细胞(HaCaT)氧化损伤的保护作用及抑菌作用,采用肌红蛋白保护率评价油橄榄叶提取物对不同种类自由基的胞外抗氧化能力,建立HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤和炎症模型,评价油橄榄叶提取物对细胞氧化损伤的保护作用,并进一步考察油橄榄叶提取物对常见病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明油橄榄叶提取物对羟基自由基、次氯酸根和过氧自由基均具有抗氧化作用,其中对羟基自由基和过氧自由基的抗氧化效果较好。在细胞水平上,油橄榄叶提取物能够显著降低HaCaT的胞内自由基,可以有效改善HaCaT细胞的氧化应激状态。同时,0.156~0.625μg/mL的油橄榄叶提取物能够有效降低炎症细胞中的白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)因子水平,0.156~0.312μg/mL的提取物能够降低肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平。此外,油橄榄叶提取物能够有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌,而对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌敏感度低。综上,油橄榄叶提取物对HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用,且具有抗炎效果和抑菌活性。

武都地区初榨橄榄油酚类和脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性研究

对武都地区的白橄榄(U)、恩帕特雷(E)、奇迹(K)、阿斯(As)、中山24(Z)、云台14(Y)、皮瓜尔(P)、豆果(Arbe)、小苹果(M)、鄂植8(Ez)、阿尔伯萨拉(Arbo)、科拉蒂(C)、莱星(L)、佛奥(F)这14个品种初榨橄榄油的脂肪酸、酚类成分及油脂氧化稳定性进行检测和分析,单因素方差分析表明:品种间多酚和脂肪酸含量及油脂氧化稳定性存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。所有分析样品的脂肪酸组成均符合欧盟特级初榨橄榄油标准,初榨橄榄油中油酸质量分数在(56.12±0.24)%(豆果)和(71.45±0.42)%(科拉蒂)之间,亚油酸质量分数在(5.73±0.06)%(皮瓜尔)和(15.80±0.05)%(阿斯)之间,棕榈酸质量分数在(12.67±0.12)%(科拉蒂)和(18.76±0.04)%(豆果)之间。裂环烯醚萜类是主要的酚类成分,总酚质量分数最高为奇迹,为(471.35±29.34)mg/kg,最低为豆果,仅(165.65±8.08)mg/kg。主成分分析表明:富含橄榄苦苷苷元、女贞子苷元、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、油酸、芹菜素的品种氧化稳定性越高,而富含棕榈酸、亚油酸、酪醇、羟基酪醇、刺激醛的品种氧化稳定性越低。基于芹菜素、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、木犀草素和亚油酸建立的多元线性逐步回归模型可以预测90.70%的油脂氧化稳定性变化(p<0.001)。

油橄榄叶提取物/光甘草定纳米乳的经皮渗透性能及美白功效评价

采用高压均质技术制备了共载油橄榄叶提取物和光甘草定的纳米乳(OLE/GLA-NEs),研究OLE/GLA-NEs的经皮渗透性能及美白功效。通过皮肤渗透试验,发现将光甘草定包装在纳米乳中,其皮肤吸收和储存量优于游离光甘草定。细胞美白试验结果表明,光甘草定质量浓度为20μg/mL时,OLE/GLA-NEs相较于Free OLE/GLA,酪氨酸酶活性抑制率达到78.51%,黑色素相对含量仅为16.48%,差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。3D黑色素皮肤模型研究结果表明,OLE/GLA-NEs相较于油橄榄叶提取物和光甘草定的游离活性物(Free OLE/GLA),L^(*)值提升率为6.11%,黑色素含量抑制率为12.90%,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。人体临床试验结果表明,使用含有质量分数5%OLE/GLA-NEs的精华28 d后,志愿者皮肤的光泽度、ITA°值明显增高,皮肤黑色素含量及色斑总面积明显下降,色斑变淡,皮肤白皙有光泽。因此,OLE/GLA-NEs对皮肤有显著的美白功效,作为化妆品美白功效原料具有良好的应用前景。

油橄榄压条不定根发生的转录组分析

探明油橄榄生根过程中基因表达调控的变化规律,可为控制不定根发生的关键基因的筛选奠定基础。以油橄榄品种‘田园1号’为研究对象,采用生根粉1号(1500 mg/kg)处理油橄榄压条,并在压条后的第0、10、20、30和40 d取样(记为YT0、YT10、YT20、YT30、YT40)进行转录组测序,分析油橄榄生根过程不同阶段的差异基因的表达变化,挖掘出参与油橄榄生根过程的重要代谢通路及生根相关差异表达基因。结果显示:(1)压条生根过程中差异表达基因在YT0与YT10间共1218个,包括829个上调和389个下调;在YT10与YT20间共有1157个,包括567个上调和590个下调;在YT20与YT30间共1163个,包括499个上调和664个下调;在YT30与YT40间共1458个,包括952个上调和506个下调。(2)通过差异基因GO功能注释分析发现显著富集的类名包括细胞膜、催化活性、氧化还原酶活性、辅因子结合、转运活性、跨膜转运蛋白活性、碳水化合物代谢过程等。(3)通过差异基因KEGG富集分析,发现参与生根过程的主要通路包括植物激素信号转导、苯丙烷生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化、氨基糖和核苷酸糖、核糖体、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢等。结果表明:在压条生根过程中,与植物激素信号转导有关的基因包括ARF、GH 3、AUX1、SAUR、JAZ、CYCD3、MYC 2等;与苯丙烷生物合成途径相关的基因包括β-葡萄糖苷酶、反-肉桂酸4-单加氧酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等;参与生根过程的转录因子包括bHLH、MYB、ERF、NAC、C2H2和WRKY等家族。

3个油橄榄品种光合特性与同化物分配规律

为研究油橄榄光合特性及同化物分配规律,使用LI-6400XT光合测定系统及13C同位素标记分别测定3个油橄榄品种的光合指标和同化物分配。结果表明,3个品种光合日变化均为典型的双峰型,存在“午休”现象。灰色关联度分析表明,影响净光合速率的主要因子是气孔导度和大气CO_(2)浓度。3个油橄榄品种的光饱和点、光补充点均高于一般阳性植物,为强阳性树种。不同品种间光合及CO_(2)响应曲线特征参数存在差异,‘佛奥’、‘鄂植8号’光合能力较强,对光和CO_(2)的利用范围及利用率高。用13C同位素法标记72 h后,光合同化物主要集中在叶片,分配率为39.52%~49.92%;种仁的光合同化物含量最低,分配率仅为6.67%~8.18%。

5种油橄榄果营养成分分析与品质综合评价

旨在为油橄榄作为食品应用提供科学依据,以田园1号、佛奥、鄂植8号、豆果及柯基5种油橄榄果为研究对象,参考国家标准对油橄榄果中主要营养成分、羟基酪醇和橄榄苦苷含量,矿物质元素、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及含量等进行测定,并通过主成分分析对5种油橄榄果的综合品质进行评价。结果表明:油橄榄果中含量较多的是水分、脂肪和膳食纤维,依次为60.50~68.20 g/100 g、10.20~20.00 g/100 g和7.03~13.50 g/100 g;矿物元素中K元素含量最高,Na元素仅在佛奥和柯基中检出,Zn元素仅在鄂植8号、豆果、柯基中检出;5种油橄榄果的必需氨基酸含量均占总氨基酸含量的43%左右,与FAO/WHO推荐人体每日所需摄入氨基酸比例接近;氨基酸评分最高的是苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸,其中与FAO/WHO标准最接近的品种是鄂植8号;5种油橄榄果中共检出15种脂肪酸,其中油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量较高;油橄榄果中均含有橄榄苦苷和羟基酪醇,除田园1号外,其余品种中羟基酪醇含量均高于橄榄苦苷;综合评分最高的品种是柯基。综上,油橄榄果中营养成分较为丰富,在食品深加工等方面具有较高的开发利用价值。

攀西地区5个油橄榄品种细根形态特征及碳氮磷化学计量特征研究

探究油橄榄(Olea europaea)细根形态特征和养分分配格局对油橄榄引种栽培生产具有重要意义。通过对攀西地区5个油橄榄品种的细根直径、比表面积、比根长、组织密度等形态参数和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征研究,探讨细根形态和养分含量在不同油橄榄品种细根根序等级间的差异和与土壤理化性质间的关联。研究结果表明:(1)随着根序等级的增加,细根直径、组织密度呈明显的递增趋势,比表面积、比根长则呈现出明显递减趋势;(2)细根C含量、C:N、C:P随根序的增加而逐渐增大,细根N、P含量基本呈现随着根序的增加而降低,除白橄榄外,细根N:P总体呈现随着根序序级增加而增加的趋势;(3)细根C含量与土壤理化特征指标间均无显著相关性;细根N含量与土壤C、P含量间存在显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤C:N间存在着极显著的正相关(p<0.01);细根P含量与土壤C、P含量及C:N间存在极显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤N:P间存在显著负相关(p<0.05);细根C:N与土壤C:N呈显著负相关(p<0.05),细根N:P、C:P与土壤理化特征指标间无显著的相关性。

气象因子对油橄榄多孔横沟象种群动态的影响

采用昆虫诱捕网对陇南市油橄榄多孔横沟象(Pimelocerus perforates Roelofs)种群动态进行了监测,并结合同期气象因子,分析影响其种群动态变化的关键气象因子。结果表明:陇南地区多孔横沟象一年发生2代,主要以老熟幼虫在枝干中越冬,个别出现成虫在枝干中越冬,始见成虫为3月中旬,5月上旬和8月中下旬为盛发期,11月中旬开始进入越冬期。统计分析表明,多孔横沟象在不同危害时期主要影响气象因子不同,3月中旬至5月上旬影响成虫数量的主要气象因子是降雨量(P<0.01),5月中旬至8月下旬成虫数量与平均最高温显著负相关(P<0.01),而在9月上旬至11月上旬温度(平均温度、平均最高温、平均最低温)是该阶段影响成虫数量的关键气象因子,平均温度相关性最强。

云南省油橄榄全产业链发展思路

在介绍云南省油橄榄产业发展现状的基础上,分析了云南省油橄榄产业发展中存在的问题,从提升种植水平、扩大产业规模、重视品牌建设、优化市场营销、提升林农组织度等方面,探讨了云南省油橄榄全产业链发展思路。

武都油橄榄大粒横沟象危害及防治措施

油橄榄作为世界四大木本油料作物之一,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。然而,油橄榄产业在陇南武都地区的发展受到了大粒横沟象的严重威胁。本研究通过实地踏查、询问、标准地调查等方法,对武都区油橄榄病虫害发生情况进行调查。结果显示,该虫害在调查区内危害范围广、危害程度严重,包括生长衰弱、叶片黄化脱落、结实能力下降,甚至整株死亡。在385棵调查的油橄榄中,有246棵受到危害,死亡率达到14%。本研究进一步探究了大粒横沟象的生物学特性,包括时代重叠、成虫假死行为和隐蔽取食习性。为了有效控制该虫害的发生和危害,本文提出了一系列综合防治措施,包括加强对该虫害的监测和预警,强化综合管理技术,将园艺管理、物理防治、化学防治、生物防治等防治措施有效结合,做到绿色防治、群防群治。维护油橄榄与环境和谐共生良好生态系统,促进油橄榄产业的可持续发展。

Oleuropein-Specific-β-Glucosidase Activity Marks the Early Response of Olive Fruits (Olea europaea) to Mimed Insect Attack

Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both by pathogens and by mechanical damages has been associated with the enzyme β-glucosidase, which specifically hydrolyses oleuropein, producing highly reactive aldehyde molecules. In situ detection of ^-glucosidase activity in olive fruit tissues following injury, which simulates Bactrocera oleae punctures, is reported. The assay was performed in two cultivars showing different degrees of susceptibilities to fly infestation. In both cultivars, the histochemical assay for β-glucosidase showed that within 20 min after the injury, a strong ^-glucosidase activity could be observed in the damaged tissues. Thereafter a progressive enzyme inactivation occurred starting from tissues around the boundary of the injury with decrease of the enzyme activity and stopped after 3 h. Whereas the mass of active cells reached a distance of （300±50） μm from the edge of the injury. Biochemical analyses showed that in extracts of the injured fruit, β-glucosidase activity rapidly increased within 20 min from injury, thereafter decreasing and reaching values comparable with those in intact fruits. Following puncture, the oleuropein contents did not change significantly in the high susceptibility cultivar, whereas it rapidly decreased in the cultivar showing low susceptibility. The results strongly suggest that olive fruits susceptible towards fly infestation could be related to the ability of the oleuropein-degrading-β-glucosidase to produce the highly reactive molecules in the damaged tissues. As a consequence of puncture, high level of peroxidase activity was detected. This feature also suggested that this enzyme could play a key role in the defence response against insect injuries.

Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria

Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia(B.)microti in vivo.Methods:Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments,8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1× 107 B.microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.Results:The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of AAL against B.bovis,B.bigemina,B.divergens,B.caballi,and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts.Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney,mouse embryonic fibroblast(NIH/3T3),and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations(EC50)of(794.7±41.9)and(873.9±17.5)μg/mL,respectively.The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B.microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%,respectively.The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions:MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis.Furthermore,the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B.microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.

Quality assessment of local Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera, Tri- chogrammatidae) to control the olive moth Prays oleae Bern. (Lepidop- tera, Yponomeutidae)

Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of the olive moth Prays oleae Bern(Lepidoptera,Yponomeutidae).Thirteen local strains were preselected on the basis of the geographical origin and the availability from mass production of the rearing host Ephestia kuehniella ZELL.(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions.Selection tests were focusing on acceptance and preference for P.oleae eggs.In the acceptance test,a single parasitoid female was offered P.oleae eggs on "tricho-card" for 6 hours at 25°C,70% HR and L16:D9 and assessed for parasitism after 6 days.The preference was determined by offering the choice and observing contacts with eggs of the target pest P.oleae and eggs of the host E.kuehniella.Parasitism was therefore assessed 6 days after the experiment under similar laboratory conditions.In host acceptance test,most eggs of P.oleae were parasited by strains belonging to the species T.oleae,T.bourarachae and T.cacoeciae.These strains also showed a high number of contacts with olive moth eggs in preference tests.However,a small number of T.bourarachae observed ovipositions resulted in successful parasitism.Therefore,T.oleae and T.cacoeciae were selected as candidates for further experiments.

Study of the Population Dynamics of the Olive Fly, <i>Bactrocera oleae</i>Rossi. (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the Region of Essaouira

The Bactrocera oleae Rossi fly is the most important olive pest. It is of major economic importance in the olive production area of Essaouira, where weather conditions are optimal for the conduct of the various stages of its life cycle. The lack of phytosanitary treatments worsens this situation. The development of the larval stages and different generations are related to the phenological stages of the olive and are controlled by changes in habitat conditions. Trapping of adult males by Deltas traps baited with sex pheromone, at the four study sites, has identified some characteristics of the evolution of the adult populations’ flight dynamics. Our main results show a decreasing gradient of early emergences of different stages from the coast to the continental areas as well as the absence of the summer generation at the inner station. Soil analysis in the two stations showed that the hypogenous pupae wintering in the soil survive until June. Knowledge of the factors involved in the bio-ecology of the olive fly and the phenology of the host allows the elaboration of monitoring/ warning calendars, and phytosanitary measures in order to establish an IPM program adapted to the requirements of olive orchards in the region.