Using the trans-neut module of the BOUT＋＋ code, we study how the fueling penetration depth of supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） is affected by plasma density and temperature profiles. The plasma densities ...Using the trans-neut module of the BOUT＋＋ code, we study how the fueling penetration depth of supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） is affected by plasma density and temperature profiles. The plasma densities and temperatures in L-mode are initialized to be a set of linear profiles with different core plasma densities and temperatures. The plasma profiles are relaxed to a set of steady states with different core plasma densities or temperatures. For a fixed gradient, the steady profiles are characterized by the core plasma density and temperature. The SMBI is investigated based on the final steady profiles with different core plasma densities or temperatures. The simulated results suggest that the SMB injection will be blocked by dense core plasma and high-temperature plasma. Once the core plasma density is set to be N（i0）= 1.4N0（N0= 1 × 10^19m^-3） it produces a deeper penetration depth. When N（i0） is increased from 1.4N0 to 3.9N0 at intervals of 0.8N0, keeping a constant core temperature of T（e0）= 725 eV at the radial position of ψ = 0.65, the penetration depth gradually decreases. Meanwhile, when the density is fixed at N（i0）= 1.4N0 and the core plasma temperature T（e0） is set to 365 eV,the penetration depth increases. The penetration depth decreases as T（e0） is increased from 365 eV to 2759 eV. Sufficiently large N（i0） or T（e0） causes most of the injected molecules to stay in the scrape-off-layer（SOL） region, lowering the fueling efficiency.展开更多
In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many...In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.展开更多
The ELMy H-mode plasmas realized with the supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） are studied in relation to the energy confinement and the heating power for the L–H transition（P_（L-H） ） in the HL-2A tokamak....The ELMy H-mode plasmas realized with the supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） are studied in relation to the energy confinement and the heating power for the L–H transition（P_（L-H） ） in the HL-2A tokamak. A database is assembled for this study based on the ELMy H-mode discharges during the experimental campaigns in the period 2009–2013at the HL-2A tokamak. The statistical results show that the SMBI is favourable for reaching the H-mode by reducing the heating power at the L–H transition and for the H-mode performance by improving the energy confinement compared with the ordinary gas puffing（GP）. The reduction of P_（L-H） is about 20% when the density is low, and the energy confinement enhancement factor of H_（H98y2）= τ_E/τ_（th,98y2） ≈ 1.5 is achieved with the SMBI. Note that in the database the density dependence of P_（L-H） is non-monotonic with the ˉne,min≈ 3×10^（19） m^（-3） at which the P_（L-H） is minimum. Most of P_（L-H） data are on the low density branch where the P_（L-H） increases with the decrease in density. The minimum of the P_（L-H） in HL-2A is comparable to the ITPA multi-machine threshold power scaling P_（thr_scal08）. The physics behind the reduction of the P_（L-H） with the SMBI is also investigated in relation to the change of the density gradient at the plasma edge, the gas fuelling efficiency, and the recycling.展开更多
We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared....We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.展开更多
HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed diwrtor were simulated by the current filament code and t...HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed diwrtor were simulated by the current filament code and they were in agreement with the diagnostic results in the divertor. Supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） system was first installed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak in 2004. In the present experiment low pressure SMBI fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the divertor was operated in the ＇linear regime＇ and during the period of SMB pulse injection into the HL-2A plasma the power density eonvected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. It is a useful fuelling method for decreasing the heat load on the neutralizer plates of the divertor.展开更多
SMBI （supersonic molecular beam injection）, as an effective fueling method for fusion plasmas, has been widely used on the HL-2A tokamak and other fusion devices. Two different types of SMBI system are now installed...SMBI （supersonic molecular beam injection）, as an effective fueling method for fusion plasmas, has been widely used on the HL-2A tokamak and other fusion devices. Two different types of SMBI system are now installed on HL-2A. One is an electromagnetic valve injector on the low field side （LFS）, and the other is a pneumatic valve injector on the high field side （HFS）. A new electron density record nc = 4.7× 10^19 m ^-3 which exceeds both the Oreenwald density limit and the maximum density obtained by gas puffing （GP）, was obtained on HL-2A with single-null-divertor operation. The HFS injection system is still under test, however, its outstanding fueling characteristics have already been observed, e.g. it has higher fueling efficiency compared to the LFS system. This excellent feature is still preserved during the process of ECRH.展开更多
Extreme ultraviolet （EUV） spectroscopy has been developed for impurity diagnostics in HL-2A tokamak. The EUV spectrometer consists of an entrance slit, a holographic varied-line- space （VLS） grating, a back-illumi...Extreme ultraviolet （EUV） spectroscopy has been developed for impurity diagnostics in HL-2A tokamak. The EUV spectrometer consists of an entrance slit, a holographic varied-line- space （VLS） grating, a back-illuminated charge-coupled device （CCD） and a laser light source for optical alignment. Spectral lines in wavelength region of 20-500 A observed from HL-2A plasmas were analyzed to study the impurity behavior. Spectral and temporal resolutions used for the analysis were 0.19A at CV （2×33.73 ,h,） and 6 ms, respectively. It was found that carbon, oxygen and iron impurities were usually dominant in the HL-2A plasma. They almost disappeared when the siliconization was carried out. Although the EUV spectra were entirely replaced by the silicon emissions just after the siliconization, the emissions were considerably decreased with accumulation of discharges. Aluminum and neon were externally introduced into the HL-2A plasma based on laser blow-off （LBO） and supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） techniques for a trial of the impurity transport study, respectively. The preliminary result is presented for time behavior of EUV spectral lines.展开更多
Divertor heat patterns induced by Lower Hybrid Current Drive （LHCD） L-mode plasmas are investigated using an infra-red （IR） camera system on an Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak （EAST）. A two-dimensi...Divertor heat patterns induced by Lower Hybrid Current Drive （LHCD） L-mode plasmas are investigated using an infra-red （IR） camera system on an Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak （EAST）. A two-dimensional finite element analysis code DFlux is used to compute heat flux along the poloidal divertor target and corresponding quantities. Outside the Origin Strike Zone （OSZ）, a Second Peak Heat Flux （SPHF） zone, where the heat flux is even stronger than that at the OSZ, appears on the lower-outer （LO） divertor plates with LHCD and disappears immediately after switching off the LHCD. The main heat-flux shifts from the SPHF zone towards the OSZ when the divertor configuration converts from double null to lower single null, indicating that the growth of the SPHF zone is apparently affected by a plasma magnetic configuration. The heat patterns on the LO divertor plates are observed to be different from that on the lower-inner （LI） targets as the SPHF zone appears only on the LO divertor target. It is also found that the heat flux at the SPHF zone was obviously enhanced after the Supersonic Molecule Beam Injection （SMBI） pulse.展开更多
Recently, hydrogen fueling experiments with supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） system have been performed in the J-TEXT tokamak. To evaluate the effects of the in- jection amount of SMBI on plasma behaviors,...Recently, hydrogen fueling experiments with supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） system have been performed in the J-TEXT tokamak. To evaluate the effects of the in- jection amount of SMBI on plasma behaviors, moderate and intensive SMBs have been separately injected and compared with each other in Ohmic discharges. With moderate SMBs, electron den- sity increases about twice as before, the size of magnetic island slightly decreases, and the edge toroidal rotation speed in a counter-current direction, measured by a high resolution spectrometer （Carbon V ion, 227.09 nm, r/a-= 0.7-0.8）, is accelerated from 8 km/s to 12 km/s. The state of higher electron density with moderate SMBI can be maintained for a long period, which indicates that plasma confinement is improved. However, with intensive SMBs, the accompanied magne- tohydrodynamic （MHD） activities are triggered, and the electron density increases moderately. The edge toroidal velocity is decreased, in certain cases even reversed in the co-current direction. The statistical result of experimental data for moderate and intensive SMBs suggests a preferred fueling amount （less than 3.2 ~ 1019） to improve the SMBI fueling efficiency in experiments.展开更多
In this paper, we describe the behavior of impurity transport in the HL-2A electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） L-mode plasma. The neon as a trace impurity is injected by the supersonic molecular beam injecti...In this paper, we describe the behavior of impurity transport in the HL-2A electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） L-mode plasma. The neon as a trace impurity is injected by the supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） technique, which is used for the first time to study the impurity transport in HL-2A. The progression of neon ions is monitored by the soft X-ray camera and bolometer arrays with good temporal and spatial resolutions. The convection and diffusion process of the neon ions are investigated with the one-dimensional impurity transport code STRAHL. The results show that the diffusion coefficient D of neon ions is a factor of four larger than the neoclassical value in the central region. The value of D is larger in the outer region of the plasma （ρ 〉 0.6） than in the central region of the plasma （ρ 〈 0.6）. The convective velocity directs inwards with a value of ～-1.0 m/s in the Ohmic discharge, but it reverses to direct outwards with a value of ～ 8.0 m/s in the outer region of the plasma when ECRH is applied. The result indicates that the impurity transport is strongly enhanced with ECRH.展开更多
Perturbative experiments on electron heat transport have been successfully con- ducted on the HL-2A tokamak. The pulse propagation of the electron temperature is induced by the supersonic molecular beam injection （S...Perturbative experiments on electron heat transport have been successfully con- ducted on the HL-2A tokamak. The pulse propagation of the electron temperature is induced by the supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI）, which has characteristics of good localization and deep deposition. A model based on the electron heat transport in cylindrical geometry has been applied to reconstruct the measured amplitude and phase profiles of the electron temperature perturbation. The results show that the heat transport is significantly reduced near the pedestal region of the H-mode plasma. In the ＂profile stiffness/resilience＂ region, similar heat diffusivities have been observed in L-mode and H-mode plasmas, which verifies the gradient-driven transport physics in tokamaks.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.11605143)the Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Sichuan Province,China(Grant No.05020732)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11575055)the Fund from the Department of Education in Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.15ZB0129)the China National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program(Grant No.2013GB107001)the National ITER Program of China(Contract No.2014GB113000)the Funds of the Youth Innovation Team of Science and Technology in Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.2014TD0023)
文摘Using the trans-neut module of the BOUT＋＋ code, we study how the fueling penetration depth of supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） is affected by plasma density and temperature profiles. The plasma densities and temperatures in L-mode are initialized to be a set of linear profiles with different core plasma densities and temperatures. The plasma profiles are relaxed to a set of steady states with different core plasma densities or temperatures. For a fixed gradient, the steady profiles are characterized by the core plasma density and temperature. The SMBI is investigated based on the final steady profiles with different core plasma densities or temperatures. The simulated results suggest that the SMB injection will be blocked by dense core plasma and high-temperature plasma. Once the core plasma density is set to be N（i0）= 1.4N0（N0= 1 × 10^19m^-3） it produces a deeper penetration depth. When N（i0） is increased from 1.4N0 to 3.9N0 at intervals of 0.8N0, keeping a constant core temperature of T（e0）= 725 eV at the radial position of ψ = 0.65, the penetration depth gradually decreases. Meanwhile, when the density is fixed at N（i0）= 1.4N0 and the core plasma temperature T（e0） is set to 365 eV,the penetration depth increases. The penetration depth decreases as T（e0） is increased from 365 eV to 2759 eV. Sufficiently large N（i0） or T（e0） causes most of the injected molecules to stay in the scrape-off-layer（SOL） region, lowering the fueling efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11575055,11375053,and 11475219)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(Grant Nos.2013GB111005,2014GB108004,and 2015GB110001)
文摘In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11375057 and 11175061)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program,China(Grant Nos.2010GB102003 and 2014GB108003)
文摘The ELMy H-mode plasmas realized with the supersonic molecular beam injection（SMBI） are studied in relation to the energy confinement and the heating power for the L–H transition（P_（L-H） ） in the HL-2A tokamak. A database is assembled for this study based on the ELMy H-mode discharges during the experimental campaigns in the period 2009–2013at the HL-2A tokamak. The statistical results show that the SMBI is favourable for reaching the H-mode by reducing the heating power at the L–H transition and for the H-mode performance by improving the energy confinement compared with the ordinary gas puffing（GP）. The reduction of P_（L-H） is about 20% when the density is low, and the energy confinement enhancement factor of H_（H98y2）= τ_E/τ_（th,98y2） ≈ 1.5 is achieved with the SMBI. Note that in the database the density dependence of P_（L-H） is non-monotonic with the ˉne,min≈ 3×10^（19） m^（-3） at which the P_（L-H） is minimum. Most of P_（L-H） data are on the low density branch where the P_（L-H） increases with the decrease in density. The minimum of the P_（L-H） in HL-2A is comparable to the ITPA multi-machine threshold power scaling P_（thr_scal08）. The physics behind the reduction of the P_（L-H） with the SMBI is also investigated in relation to the change of the density gradient at the plasma edge, the gas fuelling efficiency, and the recycling.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11375053,11575055,11405022,and 11405112)the Chinese National Fusion Project for ITER(Grant Nos.2013GB107001 and 2013GB112005)+1 种基金the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(Grant No.2015DFA61760)the Funds of the Youth Innovation Team of Science and Technology in Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.2014TD0023)
文摘We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.
基金Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 19775011, 10075016 and 10475024）.The authors wish to thank the HL-2A team members for their hard work.
文摘HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed diwrtor were simulated by the current filament code and they were in agreement with the diagnostic results in the divertor. Supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） system was first installed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak in 2004. In the present experiment low pressure SMBI fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the divertor was operated in the ＇linear regime＇ and during the period of SMB pulse injection into the HL-2A plasma the power density eonvected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. It is a useful fuelling method for decreasing the heat load on the neutralizer plates of the divertor.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10675043, 10975049)Chinese National Fusion Project for ITER (No.2009GB104007)
文摘SMBI （supersonic molecular beam injection）, as an effective fueling method for fusion plasmas, has been widely used on the HL-2A tokamak and other fusion devices. Two different types of SMBI system are now installed on HL-2A. One is an electromagnetic valve injector on the low field side （LFS）, and the other is a pneumatic valve injector on the high field side （HFS）. A new electron density record nc = 4.7× 10^19 m ^-3 which exceeds both the Oreenwald density limit and the maximum density obtained by gas puffing （GP）, was obtained on HL-2A with single-null-divertor operation. The HFS injection system is still under test, however, its outstanding fueling characteristics have already been observed, e.g. it has higher fueling efficiency compared to the LFS system. This excellent feature is still preserved during the process of ECRH.
基金supported partially by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11175061 and 11375057)the JSPS-NRF-NSFC A3Foresight Program in the field of Plasma Physics(NSFC:No.11261140328)
文摘Extreme ultraviolet （EUV） spectroscopy has been developed for impurity diagnostics in HL-2A tokamak. The EUV spectrometer consists of an entrance slit, a holographic varied-line- space （VLS） grating, a back-illuminated charge-coupled device （CCD） and a laser light source for optical alignment. Spectral lines in wavelength region of 20-500 A observed from HL-2A plasmas were analyzed to study the impurity behavior. Spectral and temporal resolutions used for the analysis were 0.19A at CV （2×33.73 ,h,） and 6 ms, respectively. It was found that carbon, oxygen and iron impurities were usually dominant in the HL-2A plasma. They almost disappeared when the siliconization was carried out. Although the EUV spectra were entirely replaced by the silicon emissions just after the siliconization, the emissions were considerably decreased with accumulation of discharges. Aluminum and neon were externally introduced into the HL-2A plasma based on laser blow-off （LBO） and supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） techniques for a trial of the impurity transport study, respectively. The preliminary result is presented for time behavior of EUV spectral lines.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(Nos.2014GB101001 and 2014GB101002)
文摘Divertor heat patterns induced by Lower Hybrid Current Drive （LHCD） L-mode plasmas are investigated using an infra-red （IR） camera system on an Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak （EAST）. A two-dimensional finite element analysis code DFlux is used to compute heat flux along the poloidal divertor target and corresponding quantities. Outside the Origin Strike Zone （OSZ）, a Second Peak Heat Flux （SPHF） zone, where the heat flux is even stronger than that at the OSZ, appears on the lower-outer （LO） divertor plates with LHCD and disappears immediately after switching off the LHCD. The main heat-flux shifts from the SPHF zone towards the OSZ when the divertor configuration converts from double null to lower single null, indicating that the growth of the SPHF zone is apparently affected by a plasma magnetic configuration. The heat patterns on the LO divertor plates are observed to be different from that on the lower-inner （LI） targets as the SPHF zone appears only on the LO divertor target. It is also found that the heat flux at the SPHF zone was obviously enhanced after the Supersonic Molecule Beam Injection （SMBI） pulse.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11005043 and 11205053)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program of China(No.2013GB106001)
文摘Recently, hydrogen fueling experiments with supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） system have been performed in the J-TEXT tokamak. To evaluate the effects of the in- jection amount of SMBI on plasma behaviors, moderate and intensive SMBs have been separately injected and compared with each other in Ohmic discharges. With moderate SMBs, electron den- sity increases about twice as before, the size of magnetic island slightly decreases, and the edge toroidal rotation speed in a counter-current direction, measured by a high resolution spectrometer （Carbon V ion, 227.09 nm, r/a-= 0.7-0.8）, is accelerated from 8 km/s to 12 km/s. The state of higher electron density with moderate SMBI can be maintained for a long period, which indicates that plasma confinement is improved. However, with intensive SMBs, the accompanied magne- tohydrodynamic （MHD） activities are triggered, and the electron density increases moderately. The edge toroidal velocity is decreased, in certain cases even reversed in the co-current direction. The statistical result of experimental data for moderate and intensive SMBs suggests a preferred fueling amount （less than 3.2 ~ 1019） to improve the SMBI fueling efficiency in experiments.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10975048,11175061,and 10975049)
文摘In this paper, we describe the behavior of impurity transport in the HL-2A electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） L-mode plasma. The neon as a trace impurity is injected by the supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） technique, which is used for the first time to study the impurity transport in HL-2A. The progression of neon ions is monitored by the soft X-ray camera and bolometer arrays with good temporal and spatial resolutions. The convection and diffusion process of the neon ions are investigated with the one-dimensional impurity transport code STRAHL. The results show that the diffusion coefficient D of neon ions is a factor of four larger than the neoclassical value in the central region. The value of D is larger in the outer region of the plasma （ρ 〉 0.6） than in the central region of the plasma （ρ 〈 0.6）. The convective velocity directs inwards with a value of ～-1.0 m/s in the Ohmic discharge, but it reverses to direct outwards with a value of ～ 8.0 m/s in the outer region of the plasma when ECRH is applied. The result indicates that the impurity transport is strongly enhanced with ECRH.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10975048,10975049 and 11005037)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China (Nos. 2010GB102003,2010GB101003 and 2010GB101004)
文摘Perturbative experiments on electron heat transport have been successfully con- ducted on the HL-2A tokamak. The pulse propagation of the electron temperature is induced by the supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI）, which has characteristics of good localization and deep deposition. A model based on the electron heat transport in cylindrical geometry has been applied to reconstruct the measured amplitude and phase profiles of the electron temperature perturbation. The results show that the heat transport is significantly reduced near the pedestal region of the H-mode plasma. In the ＂profile stiffness/resilience＂ region, similar heat diffusivities have been observed in L-mode and H-mode plasmas, which verifies the gradient-driven transport physics in tokamaks.
