生态型港口海岸防护块体Coastalock的研究与工程应用

在积极稳妥推进碳达峰、碳中和的社会大背景下,针对传统的海岸防护结构无法满足应对气候变化、生物多样性、绿色低碳发展等凸出矛盾,通过大量文献调查研究,介绍一种基于仿生学的新型防护块体Coastalock解决方案,并进行有关物理模型试验及工程应用验证。结果表明,该块体具有较好的稳定性及消浪效果,适用于大部分海岸情况,其碳封存和生物多样性效果显著,有助于港口与海岸工程建设应对气候变化。

Gravity-Driven Listric Growth Fault and Sedimentation in the Lagoa do Peixe, Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain, Brazil

High frequency, high resolution GPR surveys are successfully applied to investigate near-surface stratification architecture of sedimentary units in coastal plains and to define their depositional conditions. However, low frequency GPR surveys to investigate fault-related depositional systems at greater depths are scarce. This survey was designed investigate a > 100 km long linear escarpment that controls the northwest margin of the Lagoa do Peixe, an important lagoon in Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RGSCP, Brazil). The traditional approach points that RGSCP was developed by juxtaposition of four lagoons/barrier systems as consequence of sea level changes;no deformational structure is admitted to exist before. The low frequency GPR (50 MHz, RTA antenna) and geological surveys carried out in the RGSCP showed the existence of a large, gravity-driven listric growth fault controlling the Lagoa do Peixe escarpment and hangingwall sedimentation. The radargrams in four subareas along the Lagoa do Peixe Growth Fault could be interpreted following the seismic expression of rift-related depositional systems. The radargrams enabled to distinguish three main lagoonal deposition radarfacies. The lower lagoonal radarfacies is a convex upward unit, thicker close to growth fault;the radarfacies geometry indicates that fault displacement rate surpasses the sedimentation rate, and its upper stratum is aged ~3500 l4C years BP. The second lagoonal radarfacies is a triangular wedge restricted to the lagoon depocenter, whose geometry indicates that fault displacement and the sedimentation rates kept pace. The upper lagoonal radarfacies is being deposited since 1060 ± 70 l4C years BP, under sedimentation rate higher than fault displacement rate. The results indicate that low frequency GPR surveys can help in investigating fault-related depositional systems in coastal zones. They also point to a new approach in dealing with RGSCP stratigraphy.

Surface Water Processes in Coping with Anthropogenic Impact in a Coastal Eastern Mediterranean Region

Rivers are progressively being exposed to increased anthropogenic pollution stresses that are undermining their designated uses and affecting sensitive coastal areas. In this study, three adjacent eastern Mediterranean coastal rivers, Ibrahim, Kaleb and Beirut, were evaluated. Water quality samples were collected in dry and wet seasons from different sampling sites along the river from the source to the outlet which represent a gradient of increased urbanization. The spatiotemporal variability of the physio-chemical properties, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) and organic matter (DOC) were statistically analyzed to better understand the contribution of point and nonpoint pollution sources. The three rivers (Beirut, Kaleb and Ibrahim) show a similar behavior in calcium and carbonate alkalinity due to the carbonate mineral weathering effect, so they are of calcium bicarbonate type due to their calcareous geological nature. The speciation of anions was affected by temporal variation. Moreover, it is obvious that the Beirut River has a different behavioral characteristic where the water is a sulfate type water with a preferable metal-OM complexation mainly with lead, zinc and copper, whereas Kaleb and Ibrahim are considered to be of a nitrate phosphate type with a preferable metal inorganic complexation, especially copper, that has a consistent behavior in both types of waters. This difference is attributed to the urbanization effect highly impacting the Beirut River.

An Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Regions of Lagos, Nigeria

This paper explains various factors that contribute to saltwater intrusion, including overexploitation of freshwater resources and climate change as well as the different techniques essential for effective saltwater intrusion management. The impact of saltwater intrusion along coastal regions and its impact on the environment, hydrogeology and groundwater contamination. It suggests potential solutions to mitigate the impact of saltwater intrusion, including effective water management and techniques for managing SWI. The application of A.I (assessment index) serves as a guideline to correctly identify wells with SWI ranging from no intrusion, slight intrusion and strong intrusion. The challenges of saltwater intrusion in Lagos and the salinization of wells were investigated using the hydro-chemical parameters. The study identifies four wells (“AA”, “CMS”, “OBA” and “VIL”) as having high electric conductivities, indicating saline water intrusion, while other wells (“EBM”, “IKJ, and “IKO”) with lower electric conductivities, indicate little or no salt-water intrusion, and “AJ” well shows slight intrusion. The elevation of the wells also played a vital role in the SWI across coastal regions of Lagos. The study recommends continuous monitoring of coastal wells to help sustain and reduce saline intrusion. The findings of the study are important for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners who are interested in addressing the challenges of saltwater intrusion along coastal regions. We assessed the SWI across the eight (8) wells using the Assessment Index to identify wells with SWI. Wells in “CMS” and “VIL” has strong intrusions. A proposed classification system based on specific ion ratios categorizes water quality from good (+) to highly (-) contaminated (refer to Table 4). These findings underscore the need for attention and effective management strategies to address groundwater unsuitability for various purposes.

Assessment of the Vulnerability of the Southwestern Coast of Benin to the Risk of Coastal Erosion and Flooding

The coastal zone of Benin is inherited from the last marine oscillations of the Quaternary. A rich and very fragile environment, it presented until the 1960s, a shoreline in dynamic equilibrium over the entire 125 km of coastal line. Since the 1960s, with the construction of important development infrastructures (ports, dams, groins), the Beninese coast is now subject to risks of coastal erosion and seasonal flooding due to the overflow of lagoon water bodies. The present study, based on socio-economic surveys in the communes of Ouidah, Comè and Grand Popo, exposes the extent of coastal risks and socio-economic and environmental damage in the southwestern coastal zone of Benin. The results show that in terms of land, 2.9 ha and 5.7 ha of land have been permanently lost to coastal erosion in the communes of Ouidah and Grand Popo respectively. Similarly, 212 ha of crops of all types were affected by the flooding, including 35 ha destroyed, i.e. 6.67 ha, 11.3 ha in Comè, 4.67 ha Ouidah and 14 ha Grand Popo. Also, 6435 buildings were affected, and 4235 huts were damaged. In addition, working tools, food stocks and other items are counted among the losses recorded by coastal hazards with their corollaries of diseases. The cost of losses and damages in the 08 districts amount to 418,000,000f cfa of which 266,000,000f cfa of damage and 152,000,000f cfa of loss.

瓯江流域下游温州平原地下水化学演化特征、控制因素及对人体健康的影响

【研究目的】滨海地带地下水化学演化特征及其控制因素研究对沿海城市地下水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。【研究方法】在野外调查取样和历史资料综合分析的基础上,运用水化学图解、离子比例关系、多元统计分析及环境同位素方法,系统分析了温州平原地下水化学演化特征,探讨了影响地下水化学演化的主要控制因素。【研究结果】(1)温州平原潜水以淡水为主,HCO_(3)^(-)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)占主导地位,承压水以微咸水和咸水为主,Cl^(-)、Na^(+)占绝对优势;(2)从山前到海积平原,研究区潜水由低矿化度的HCO3型水向较高矿化度的Cl型水转变,主要受天然水化学作用控制,人类活动使局部地区地下水化学出现异常;(3)十年尺度上,潜水主要组分含量存在一定程度下降,水化学类型向Cl^(-)比重减少、HCO_(3)^(-)比重增加的方向演化;(4)水岩相互作用、海水作用、氧化还原环境等自然因素和工农业生产、生活排污等人为因素是温州平原地下水化学演化的主要控制因素。【结论】地下水健康风险评价结果显示,区内地下水存在一定的潜在非致癌风险,潜水的非致癌风险小于承压水,饮水途径摄入是危害人体的主要途径,相同环境下儿童的非致癌风险高于成人。因此,有必要对存在健康风险的地下水进行长期监测,加强这类地区的地下水资源管理和污染防治。

我国沿海滩涂盐碱地改良与综合利用现状与展望

沿海滩涂盐碱地是我国重要的后备土地资源,其生态生产力价值是沿海“蓝碳”的重要组成部分。针对长期以来沿海地区盐碱地综合利用效率低下和经济、生态、社会效益不高等问题,本文通过梳理沿海滩涂开发的历史和现状,总结不同改良方式主导的滩涂盐碱地利用方式的转变,评估滩涂盐碱地的生态生产力价值,分析滩涂盐碱地利用亟需解决的问题,以期为新时期我国沿海滩涂盐碱地的改良与综合利用提供参考。

2021年6月和9月唐山近岸海域浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因素

依据2021年6月和9月唐山近岸海域的生态现状调查数据,分析该海域浮游植物群落结构的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示:2021年6月和9月共检出浮游植物3门39属79种;6月有4种优势种,以硅藻-甲藻混合占优;9月有5种优势种,均为硅藻;2个月无共有优势种。6月浮游植物丰度平均值为7.48×10^(4)个·m^(-3),9月为316.99×10^(4)个·m^(-3),浮游植物丰度的空间分布整体均表现出近岸高远岸低的分布趋势。聚类分析和多维尺度分析表明,2021年6月和9月唐山近岸海域浮游植物群落结构显著不同,物种演替明显,且6月浮游植物群落结构的差异性大于9月。冗余分析(RDA)显示,造成调查海域浮游植物群落结构6月和9月间存在显著差异的主要影响因素为盐度、温度、活性磷酸盐和悬浮物。6月海水环境特征为低温高盐水,磷酸盐质量浓度较低,而悬浮物质量浓度较高;9月海水环境特征为高温低盐水,活性磷酸盐较充足,悬浮物质量浓度较低。

Antibiogram, Genomic and Phylogeny of Stool and Seafood Isolates from Some Cholera-Prone Coastal Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria

Cholera is a significant public health threat across the globe, especially in coastal regions with poor water supply. This study was carried out to determine the antibiogram, genomic, and phylogeny of stool and seafood isolates from some cholera-prone coastal communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 400 stool samples and 42 different seafood were aseptically collected and examined using standard microbiology and molecular techniques. An antibiogram of isolates from seafood and stool samples was assayed. Genes for virulence, resistance, and relatedness of bacteria identified were also determined. The isolates from the stool and seafood were examined for susceptibility to some selected antibiotics. The findings showed the prevalence rate of cholera in the communities as follows: 16% in Kaa, 30% in Andoni, 4% in Ogu/Bolo, and 10% in Abua/Odual. The isolates from stool were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin with a susceptibility rate of 94.12% each while 100% resistance was recorded against Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 94.12% against Amikacin and 88.24% against Colistin. For the sea foods, the isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin with a susceptibility rate of 91.43% and 82.86% respectively. Resistance was also recorded against Colistin (88.57%) and Azithromycin (82.86%). Testing the isolates for the presence of 16SrRNA genes showed that all were positive with 1500 bp 16SrRNA gene band size. TEM, OXA, SHV, and CTX-M resistant genes were detected whereas the virulence genes were TDH and AcrB. The phylogenetic analysis revealed isolates from seafood to be Aeromonas dhakensis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio azureus, and Providencia rettgeri, while in stool samples they were Enterobacter sichuanensis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Providencia sneebia, and Proteus vulgaris. Providencia stuartii, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were common isolates from both seafood and stool samples. This study has shown that not all reported cases of cholera are caused by Vibrio cholerae. Therefore, attention should be paid to other water-borne bacteria in every outbreak, especially in coastal communities.

Abundance and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Ivory Coastal Zone (Toukouzou Hozalem-Assinie)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strongly associated with agricultural, residential, transportation, industrial and petroleum activities. In this study, the presence of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) was investigated in sediments of the ivory coastal zone (Toukouzou Hozalem-Assinie). The main objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and to predict the source of PAHs in the sediments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze sixteen priority PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations were from 1.31 to 3992.68 mg/kg in sediment with an average concentration of (307.54 ± 16.10) mg/kg. Among all PAHs, Naphthalene (Nap = 332.72 mg/kg) and Phenanthrene (Phe = 41.75 mg/kg) were found in the highest concentration, whereas Benzo (k) Fluoranthene was found in the least concentration in the range of 0 - 0.85 mg/kg (mean 0.24 mg/kg). Bassam-Modeste Lagune (BML) sampling site was the site with the highest concentration of total PAHs (all 16 PAHs) compared to the others due to their location in a highly populated estuary area that receives commercial, tourism, port, petroleum and heavy industrial activities. Diagnostic ratios were used to determine the sources of PAHs and suggested that the PAH profile in the sediments was dominated by 2 and 3 ring PAHs. The patterns of PAH compounds in sediment indicated that contamination is from mixed sources, with a strong indication of petrogenic contamination potentially from spills of fuel, oil and industrial activities.

Integrated Rice-Based Shrimp and Crabs Farming: Adaptation to Climate Change and Potential Mitigation of Global Warming in the Coastal Wetlands of Bangladesh

Coastal agriculture is vulnerable to climate change, thereby may affect food production systems and food security in Bangladesh. Methane (CH4) emission from coastal wetlands rice farming is a major environmental concern due to its global warming potential. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at the southern coastal region of Shyamnagar, Satkhira, to investigate the feasibility of Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming for adaptation to the changing climate and sustaining food production system. The experimental treatments were designed on rice-based diversified farming systems such as rice sole cropping with no NPKS + no soil amendments (T1), rice sole cropping following farmers’ practice (FP) without soil amendment (T2), rice sole cropping following FP with phosphogypsum (PG) amendment (T3), Rice-Shrimp mixed culture with PG amendment (T4), Rice-Crabs mixed culture with PG amendment (T5), Rice-Shrimp mixed culture + PG amendment with Spirulina (Cyanobacteria) inoculation (T6), and Rice-Crabs mixed culture + PG amendment with Spirulina inoculation (T7). A closed chamber technique was followed to collect gas samples from the rice paddy field and samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. It was found that Rice-Shrimp (T6) and Rice-Crabs mixed farming (T7) practices significantly decreased GWPs compared to the rice sole cropping system. In the dry boro season, the maximum GWPs 4175 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 was recorded from rice sole cropping (T2), which was decreased by 30% and 36.7% under Rice-Shrimp (T6) and Rice-Crabs (T7) mixed farming practices, respectively. Furthermore, in the wet aman season, maximum GWP 4525 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 was recorded from rice sole cropping (T2), which was decreased by 33.0% and 38.8% under Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming, respectively. Rice grain yield was low under rice sole cropping (3500 kg/ha), which was increased by 11.0% and 14.7% under Rice-Shrimp mixed farming amended with PG and Spirulina (T6) during wet aman and dry boro seasons, respectively. The postharvest soil properties, such as soil organic matter content, redox potential value (Eh), and exchangeable K+ and Ca2+, contents in soil increased significantly with Phosphogypsum and Spirulina applications, however, decreased Na+ content and electrical conductivity (EC) eventually improved rice plants’ tolerance to salinity and enhanced overall productivity of Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs mixed farming. Conclusively, the conversion of wetland mono rice cropping into mixed Rice-Shrimp and Rice-Crabs farming would be a feasible strategy to sustain rice aquaculture-based farming, ensure food security and mitigate GWPs in coastal wetlands ecosystem.

Impact of Dredging on Coastal Infrastructure: Case Studies from Okrika and Port Harcourt, Niger Delta

Sand excavations in river beds have compromised the safety of several bridges in recent years. Large scale sand mining from river beds is now common in the Niger Delta, due to the necessity of reclaiming land for development purposes and to meet construction needs in the region. There is currently no regulation as to where sand can be mined in river channels because of the lack of adequate understanding of the risks to coastal infrastructure involved with its abstraction. The phenomenon of bridge Abutment and bank failure induced by excessive dredging of sand river bed is considered. Two types of instability were distinguished, one relating to the equilibrium slope of the riverbed and the other riverbank instability. An empirical relationship in the form Xs = 3Htan(90 - α) has been developed through analysis, supported by examples that a minimum distance of 94 m (for sand river beds) from a bridge should be observed for sand abstraction in order to guaranty the safety of bridge foundation. For clay riverbeds, slightly shorter minimum distances can be considered safe. The study further shows that the capacity of sand borrowing in river channels to generate bank instability is dependent on the composition and stratigraphy beneath the river bed.

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Rapu-Rapu and the West Coast of Albay Province, Philippines

Coastal vulnerability assessment using the Integrated Sensitivity, Exposure, and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (ICSEA-C-Change) tool provides a deeper understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on coastal zones. Vulnerability ratings were obtained using rubrics that were presented to the stakeholders during focused group discussions. Derived scores were then averaged and consolidated to come up with the overall vulnerability rating. These ratings were based on the resource and status of coastal habitats’ reliance on near-shore fishing and other quality measures like fisheries ecosystem dependency, population, and water quality of the coastal habitats in the barangays. Ratings resulted in identifying 12 barangays out of 23 that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts such as waves, storm surges, sea level rise, increase in surface temperature, and extreme rainfall. These are Buenavista and Basicao (Pioduran), Catburawan (Ligao), Tapel, Nagas and Maramba (Oas), Talin-Talin, Pantao, Macabugos, and Tambo (Libon) and Buhatan and Villa Hermosa (Rapu-Rapu). Assessment results were highly influenced by the absence of three major marine habitats, i.e., coral reefs, seagrass/seaweeds, and mangroves in the coastal areas. Likewise, 11 barangays out of 23, which were Marigondon and Malidong (Pioduran), Maonon and Cabarian (Ligao), Badian and Cagmanaba (Oas), Apud and Rawis (Libon), and Galicia, Hamorawon, and Poblacion (Rapu-Rapu) obtained moderate vulnerability scores. This was attributed to the presence of marine habitats that although in poor state, may serve their ecological functioning when properly protected. Highly vulnerable barangays must be prioritized in coastal rehabilitation and disaster risk reduction management planning. Parameters encompassing the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of each barangay must be taken into consideration to reduce potential impacts brought by factors attributed to climate change. Vital information from the assessment will serve as basis for developing strategic plans for improving the climate change adaptation strategies of the local government units.

Concentration of Heavy Metals in Sediment and Seagrasses Tissue of the Red Sea Coastal Water of the Sudan

The study investigated the concentration of Lead, Cadmium, Nickels and Chromium in sediment and seagrass tissues at six selected sites along the Sudanese Red Sea coast. The findings of the study added some important and necessary information about the status and condition of the coastal environment in the Sudanese Red Sea coast in terms of the extent of pollution with heavy metals. The study sites included: Marsa Bashayer, Marsa Dama Dama, Green Area, Shipyard, Marsa Halout and Dungonab Bay. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to measure Lead, Cadmium and Nickels. The colorimetric detection method was used for Chromium using the Spectrophotometer. Marsa Dama Dama site revealed high levels concentration of heavy metals in sediment for Lead (60.5) μg/g, Cadmium (0.22) μg/g and Chromium (146.65) μg/g. Marsa Halout showed the highest mean concentration of Nickel in sediment at 14 μg/g. The variation of concentration of metals in sediment between the sites was not significant. The mean concentration of metals in seagrass species tissues ranged from 3.9 to 26.25 μg/g for Lead, 0.1 to 0.90 μg/g for Cadmium, 0.38 to 5.96 μg/g for Nickel and 0.15 to 0.495 μg/g for Chromium. The differences of concentration of heavy metals in seagrass tissues among the sites were significant for Lead and not significant for Cadmium;Nickel and Chromium.

Reclamation of Coastal Soil Salinity towards Sustainable Rice Production and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials in the Changing Climate

Soil salinity has become a major constraint to rice productivity in the coastal region of Bangladesh, which threatened food security. Therefore, field experiment was conducted at salt stressed Shyamnagor Upazilla of Satkhira district to improve the soil salinity status, sustainable rice production and suppression of global warming potentials. Selected soil amendments viz. trichocompost, tea waste compost, azolla compost and phospho-gypsum (PG) were applied in the field plots one week prior to rice transplanting. In addition, proline solution (25 mM) was applied on the transplanted rice plants at active vegetative stage. Gas samples from the paddy field were collected by Closed Chamber technique and analyzed in by Gas Chromatograph. The 25% replacement of chemical fertilizer (i.e., 75% NPKS) with trichocompost, tea waste compost, Azolla compost and Phospho-gypsum amendments increased grain yield by 4.7% - 7.0%, 2.3% - 7.1% 11.9% - 16.6% and 9.5% - 14.2% during dry boro rice cultivation, while grain yield increments of 5.0% - 7.6%, 2.3% - 10.2%, 12.8% - 15.3% and 10.2% - 15.3% were recorded in wet Aman season respectively, compared to chemically fertilized (100% NPKS) field plot. The least GWPs 3575 and 3650 kg CO2 eq./ha were found in PG Cyanobacterial mixture with proline (T10) and tea waste compost with proline (T8) amended rice field, while the maximum GWPs 4725 and 4500 kg CO2 eq./ha were recorded in NPKS fertilized (100%, T2) and NPKS (75%) with Azolla compost (T5) amended plots during dry boro rice cultivation. The overall soil properties improved significantly with the selected soil amendments, while soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH and Na+ cation in the amended soil decreased, eventually improved the soil salinity status. Conclusively, phospho-gypsum amendments with cyanobacteria inoculation and proline solution (25 mM) application could be an effective option to reclaim coastal saline soils, sustaining rice productivity and reducing global warming potentials.

Assessing the Impact of Industrial Zones on the Environmental Pollution in Hai Phong’s Coastal Areas, Vietnam

Pollution in the coastal areas negatively affects biochemical indicators of seawater, human health and marine organisms. Hai Phong is a coastal city of Vietnam with the development of socio-economic activities, representing through an increasing number of industrial zones. This study is to evaluate the pollution of large industrial zones in Hai Phong city using numerical models. The numerical simulation (MIKE 21 SW, FM, ECO Lab) models were applied to simulate the wave propagation, hydraulic regime, water quality in coastal Hai Phong area. The MIKE 21 ECO Lab model was used to evaluate sources of waste from the large coastal industrial zones to some aquaculture zones. The calibration and validation results of wave propagation and the hydrodynamic models were resonably good, with Nash coefficient ranging from 0.65 to 0.90 and a percent bias (PBIAS) from 5.6% to 9.4%. The simulation results of water quality and concentration of pollutants (DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, Fe, and Coliform) in 2023 at the aquaculture locations show that the BOD5, COD, and TSS concentrations were higher than the allowable limits stated in the national technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08:2023/BTNMT) and lower than the allowable limits stated in the national technical regulation on marine water quality (QCVN 10:2023/BTNMT). The outcomes of this study will provide more information to support managers to come up with a better socio-economic development plan for Hai Phong city to achieve sustainable development.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients and Relationship with Phytoplankton Density in Coastal Water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

Coastal areas of Kudat are dominated by fisheries activities. Development of infrastructure for fishing facilities like jetty, landing centre and other human activities can increase the loading of nutrients in coastal area. High load of nutrients accelerates the blooming of phytoplankton and in long run creates eutrophication. This study was conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrients and relationship of phytoplankton density in coastal water of Kudat. Five stations were selected with three replicated in the study area. Phytoplankton samples, water samples and in situ environmental parameters were collected from May 2019 to February 2020 (10 months). The highest concentration of nitrate (NO3) was observed in May 2019, but the highest concentration of phosphate (PO4) observed in July 2019. On the other hand, higher concentrations of phosphate (PO4) were determined than the concentration of nitrate (NO3) in all stations during study period. The distribution of nutrients is due to monsoonal runoff from surrounding areas as well due to anthropogenic activities. Among the 21 species three of them are from harmful algal species and but dominated by diatoms. Poor relationship observed among the dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton density, indicates that the relationship does not depend on only nutrients but with favourable environmental parameters. Anthropogenic activity can lead to excessive load of nutrients in Kudat coastal water and in long run cause eutrophication problem in ecosystem with potentially larger economic impacts in a long run period.

破解海岸带环境司法困境:基于陆海统筹原则

我国海岸带环境案件存在管辖权冲突、法律适用有争议、原告资格不明确、诉讼性质认定有争鸣、诉讼程序衔接未确定、司法执行机制不完善等环环相扣的问题,造成海岸带环境司法困境。究其根源,主要在于陆海“二分法”的分类思维影响较大,其与陆海统筹合为表里的内涵尚未得到全面、深入的理解。为破解海岸带环境司法困境,既要重视海岸带环境案件的特殊性,将其确立为类型化案件并由海事法院专门管辖,又要贯彻陆海统筹原则,实现司法规则内在融贯、法治环节协调一致。

Study of the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of the Soil of Limbita 1 in the Guinean Coastal Area

Limbita 1 is a hilltop settlement in the rural town of khorira, the district of Dubreka. It is a land of the locality commonly called “limbita quarry”, and widely converted by bricks manufacturers of Dubreka district and those of conakry area. However, no information about the characteristics of this land’s soil is yet available. The soil’s characteristics are then determined through the series of tests (granulometry, Atterberg limits, modified proctor, CBR, shear, odometric compressibility). These tests are carried out with samples derived from the site of Limbita within the area of Limbita 1. This work shows very consistent results that made it possible to deduce the very swelling nature of the soil.

1300—2019年江苏沿海风暴潮灾害时空分布特征

历史上江苏沿海曾频发2类风暴潮灾害,给当地带来了巨大损失。建立该地区长时间尺度的风暴潮灾害序列对了解过去与预测未来意义重大。以历史文献、地方志、海洋灾害公报等记载的风暴潮资料为基础,建立了风暴潮灾害识别体系,重建了1300—2019年江苏沿海风暴潮灾害序列,分析了风暴潮灾害时空变化规律,探究了其与气候异常和黄河、长江入海口变迁之间的关系。结果表明:江苏沿海地区主要受台风风暴潮灾害的影响,1300—2019年间共发生246次风暴潮灾害,平均周期为2.9年,且近100年来发生频率有增大的趋势;小波分析结果显示,风暴潮灾害年际变化存在17年、61年和115年的时间尺度周期,其中115年周期最为明显。海气相互作用影响下,厄尔尼诺活跃年江苏沿海台风风暴潮灾害偏少;气温与台风风暴潮灾害频次有一定的正相关性,但其影响机制尚不明确。盐城、南通和苏州为风暴潮灾害高发地区,常州和无锡发生频率较小。在气候变暖与江苏海岸冲淤变化的作用下,1855年后盐城和南通地区风暴潮灾害发生频率增加,连云港地区明显增加;随着海岸线的变迁与长江河口的演变,镇江、扬州、泰州与苏锡常地区受风暴潮灾害影响减少。